Water Sources PDF

WATER SOURCES WATER RESOURCES Factors to Consider ▪ Adequacy and Reliability ▪ Quality ▪ Cost ▪ Legality ▪ Politics WATER RESOURCES From the An inexhaustible supply, whether from surface standpoint of or groundwater, which flows by gravity through reliabili...

WATER SOURCES WATER RESOURCES Factors to Consider ▪ Adequacy and Reliability ▪ Quality ▪ Cost ▪ Legality ▪ Politics WATER RESOURCES From the An inexhaustible supply, whether from surface standpoint of or groundwater, which flows by gravity through reliability, the the distribution system A gravity source supplemented by storage most desirable reservoirs supplies are, in An inexhaustible source that requires pumping A source or sources that require both storage descending and pumping order: BASIC CLIMATOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES The Climate of the Philippines is tropical and maritime. Characterized by: 1. high temperature 2. high humidity 3. abundant rainfall. BASIC CLIMATOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES Temperature ✓Mean annual temperature: 26.6°C (excludes Baguio) ✓Coolest month: January (25.5°C) ✓Warmest month: May (28.3°C) (Mean annual temperature of Baguio with an elevation of 1,500 meters is 18.3°C) BASIC CLIMATOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES Humidity -refers to the moisture content of the atmosphere ✓Philippines’ high relative humidity is due to: high temperature and the surrounding bodies of water ✓Average monthly relative humidity: 71% (March) - 85% (September) BASIC CLIMATOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES Rainfall -the most important climatic element in the Philippines ✓ Mean annual rainfall: 965mm-4,064mm ✓ Places with greatest amount of rainfall: Baguio City, Eastern Samar & Eastern Surigao ✓ Place with least amount of rainfall: Southern Cotabato BASIC CLIMATOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES Seasons Two major seasons: ▪ Rainy Season (June-November) ▪ Dry Season (December-May) Cool Dry Season (December to February) Hot Dry Season (March to May) BASIC CLIMATOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES Climate Types Climate Characteristics Regions Covered Type Two pronounced seasons: dry from November Western parts of Luzon, Mindoro, Negros and to April and wet during the rest of the year. Palawan experience this climate Type I Areas are shielded by mountain ranges but are open to rains brought in by southwest monsoons (Habagat) and tropical cyclones. Characterized by the absence of a dry season Includes Catanduanes, Sorsogon, eastern part but with a very pronounced maximum rain of Albay, eastern and northern parts of Type II period from November to January. Regions Camarines Norte and Sur, eastern part of with this climate are located along or very Samar, and large portions of near the eastern coast. Eastern Mindanao BASIC CLIMATOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES Climate Types Climate Characteristics Regions Covered Type Seasons are not very pronounced but are Includes western part of Cagayan, Isabela, relatively dry from November to April and parts of Northern Mindanao wet during the rest of the year. Areas are and most of Eastern Palawan Type III partly sheltered from the trade winds but are open to Habagat and are frequented by tropical cyclones. Includes Batanes, Northeastern Luzon, Southwest Camarines Norte, Western Characterized by a more or less even Type IV Camarines Sur, Albay, Northern distribution of rainfall throughout the year. Cebu, Bohol and most of Central, Eastern and Southern Mindanao. BASIC CLIMATOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES ✓ Climate Types and the rainfall data can be used in assessing the average volume of rain for a given area to determine the feasibility of rain harvesting or capacity of certain surface sources to supply projected demands. ✓ Generally, the east and west coasts of the country receive the heavier rainfall. ✓ The northeast monsoon or Amihan brings frequent rains to the east coast of the islands ✓ The southwest monsoon or Habagat brings rainy season in Manila, western coast, and the northern parts of the archipelago. CLASSIFICATION OF WATER SOURCES 1. Rainwater -is a product of water vapor that has risen due to evaporation and accumulated in the atmosphere, which condenses and falls on the Earth's surface. CLASSIFICATION OF WATER SOURCES 2. Surface Water -exposed to the atmosphere and subject to surface runoff. It comes from rains, surface runoff and groundwater, and includes rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, impounding reservoirs, seas, and oceans. CLASSIFICATION OF WATER SOURCES 2. Surface Water Quantity of surface runoff depends on (but not limited to): ▪ Amount and intensity of rainfall ▪ Climate and vegetation ▪ Geological, geographical, and topographical features of the catchment area CLASSIFICATION OF WATER SOURCES 2. Surface Water Quality of surface runoff depends on: ▪ the amount of pollutants ▪ contaminants picked up by the water in the course of its travel CLASSIFICATION OF WATER SOURCES 3. Groundwater -is that portion of rainwater which has percolated beneath the ground surface to form underground deposits called aquifers -generally preferred as a water source ✓The upper surface of groundwater is the water table ✓Groundwater is often clear, free from organic matter and bacteria due to the filtering effect of soil on water percolating through it CLASSIFICATION OF WATER SOURCES Types and Extraction Methods ▪ Spring -is a point where groundwater flows out of the ground ▪ Well -is a hole constructed by any method such as digging, driving, boring, or drilling for the purpose of withdrawing water from underground aquifers CLASSIFICATION OF WATER SOURCES Types and Extraction Methods ▪ Infiltration Galleries/Wells -are horizontal wells, constructed by digging a trench into the water-bearing sand and installing perforated pipes in it. Water collected in these pipes converges into a “well” from which it is pumped out.