The Human Person in their Environment PDF

SH1905 The Human Person in their Environment 1. Consequentialism - class of normative theories in Ethics stating that one's actions bear consequences, which become the ultimate bases for any judgment about its morality (i.e., rightness or wrongne...

SH1905 The Human Person in their Environment 1. Consequentialism - class of normative theories in Ethics stating that one's actions bear consequences, which become the ultimate bases for any judgment about its morality (i.e., rightness or wrongness) 2. Deontology - class of normative theories in Ethics that deconstructs the righteousness of one's actions themselves rather than the consequences of such acts or to one's character and habits Example The Tokhang Cases (War on Drugs) Consequential Deontological Crime rates are lowered Human rights are violated Drug addicts actively sought rehabilitation Innocent people may be harmed Mandatory drug testing is now done as early Tokhang can be used to justify manslaughter as Grade 4 based on vengeance and/or personal Duterte's public satisfaction ratings become grudges polarized Anthropocentrism vs. Ecocentrism Anthropocentrism Ecocentrism Human-centered point of view Nature-centered point of view o Anthropos- [Gk., "human"] o Eco- [Gk. oikos, "home"] o -centros [Gk. kentrikos, fr. kentron, o -centros "center"] Views nature as the homestead of humans Man is the central fact of creation Nature is the central fact of creation Man is the primary holder of morality Man is one of the moral co-holders Views nature as supplementary to man's Views nature as complementary to man's development development "Preservation of nature enhances the human All living things have equal values spirit" Sustainable Development The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 Source: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/12/sustainable-development-goals-kick-off-with-start-of-new-year/ 04 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 1 of 5  SH1905 Goal Definitions Agenda Objective No Poverty Problem 836 million people live in extreme poverty. Poverty is more than the lack of income and resources to ensure a sustainable livelihood. Its manifestations include hunger and malnutrition, limited access to education and other essential services, social discrimination and exclusion as well as the lack of participation in decision-making. Response Donate what you don't use. Reason Economic growth must be inclusive of providing sustainable jobs and promoting equality. Zero Hunger Problem Over 1/3 of the world's food is wasted. The majority of the world’s hungry people live in developing countries, where 12.9% of the population is undernourished. Poor nutrition causes nearly half (45 percent) of deaths in children under five – 3.1 million children each year. Response Avoid throwing away food. Reason The food and agricultural sector offers critical solutions for development and is central for hunger and poverty eradication. Good Health and Well- Problem Children born into poverty are almost twice as likely to die before Being the age of five as those from wealthier families. Also, only half of women in developing regions receive the recommended amount of health care they need. Response Vaccinate your family to protect them and improve public health. Reason Ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being for all at all ages is essential to sustainable development. Quality Education Problem Over 265 million children are currently out of school, and 22% of them are of primary school age. Additionally, even the children who are attending schools are lacking the necessary skills in reading and math. Response Help children in your community to read. Reason Obtaining a quality education is the foundation for improving people’s lives and sustainable development. Gender Equality Problem One (1) in five (5) women and girls between the ages of 15-49 have reported experiencing physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner within 12 months, yet 49 countries currently have no laws protecting women from domestic violence. In 18 countries, husbands can legally prevent their wives from working; in 39 countries, daughters and sons do not have equal inheritance rights; and 49 countries lack laws protecting women from domestic violence. Response Call out sexist language and behavior. Reason Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous, and sustainable world. Clean Water and Problem Water scarcity affects more than 40% of the world's population. Sanitation At the current time, more than 2 billion people are living with the risk of reduced access to freshwater resources. By 2050, at least one in four people is likely to live in a country affected by chronic or recurring shortages of fresh water. Drought in specific afflicts some of the world’s poorest countries, worsening hunger, and malnutrition. Response Avoid wasting water 04 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 2 of 5  SH1905 Reason Clean, accessible water for all is an essential part of the world we want to live in Affordable and Clean Problem There are approximately 3 billion people who lack access to Energy clean cooking solutions and are exposed to dangerous levels of air pollution. Additionally, slightly less than 1 billion people are functioning without electricity, and 50% of them are found in Sub- Saharan Africa alone. Response Use only energy-efficient appliances and light bulbs.. Reason Energy is central to nearly every major challenge and opportunity. Decent Work and Problem Many countries in the developing world have decelerating Economic Growth economic growth rates and moving farther from the 7% growth rate target set for 2030. As labor productivity decreases and unemployment rates rise, standards of living begin to decline due to lower wages. Globally, 61% of all workers were engaged in informal employment in 2016. Excluding the agricultural sector, 51% of all workers fell into this employment category. Men earn 12.5% more than women in 40 out of 45 countries with data. Response Buy from green companies that are equal opportunity employers. Reason Sustainable economic growth will require societies to create conditions that allow people to have quality jobs. Industry, Innovation, and Problem Basic infrastructure like roads, information and communication Infrastructure technologies, sanitation, electrical power, and water remains scarce in many developing countries. Sixteen percent (16%) of the global population does not have access to mobile broadband networks. Response Think of innovative new ways to repurpose old material. Reason Investments in infrastructure are crucial to achieving sustainable development. Reduced Inequalities Problem Evidence from developing countries shows that children in the poorest 20% of the population are still up to three times more likely to die before their fifth birthday than children in the wealthiest quintiles. Despite overall declines in maternal mortality in most developing countries, women in rural areas are still up to three times more likely to die while giving birth than women living in urban centers. Also, up to 30% of income inequality is due to inequality within households, including between women and men. Women are also more likely than men to live below 50 percent of the median income. Response Raise your voice against discrimination Reason To reduce inequalities, policies should be universal in principle, paying attention to the needs of disadvantaged and marginalized populations. Sustainable Cities and Problem Half of humanity – 3.5 billion people – lives in cities today, and 5 Communities billion people are projected to live in cities by 2030. 95 percent of urban expansion in the next decades will take place in the developing world. Despite this, 883 million people still live in slums today, and most of them are found in Eastern and Southeastern Asia. Response Bike, walk or use public transportations to keep our cities' air clean. Reason There needs to be a future in which cities provide opportunities for all, with access to essential services, energy, housing, transportation, and more. 04 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 3 of 5  SH1905 Responsible Production Problem Should the global population reach 9.6 billion by 2050, the and Consumption equivalent of almost three planets could be required to provide the natural resources needed to sustain current lifestyles. Humankind is polluting water in rivers and lakes faster than nature can recycle and purify. Despite technological advances that have promoted energy efficiency gains, energy use in OECD countries will continue to grow another 35 percent by 2020. Commercial and residential energy use is the second most rapidly growing area of global energy use after transport. And each year, an estimated 1/3 of all food produced – equivalent to 1.3 billion tons worth around $1 trillion – ends up rotting in the bins of consumers and retailers, or spoiling due to poor transportation and harvesting practices. With this food crisis, 2 billion people globally are overweight or obese because of poor nutrition. Response Recycle paper, plastic, glass, and aluminum. Reason Since sustainable consumption and production aims at “doing more and better with less,” net welfare gains from economic activities can increase by reducing resource use, degradation and pollution along the whole life cycle, while improving the quality of life. Climate Action Problem Climate change is now affecting every country on every continent. It is disrupting national economies and affecting lives, costing people, communities, and countries dearly today and even more tomorrow. Weather patterns are changing, sea levels are rising, weather events are becoming more extreme, and greenhouse gas emissions are now at their highest levels in history. Without action, the world’s average surface temperature is likely to surpass 3 degrees centigrade this century. The poorest and most vulnerable people are being affected the most. Response Educate young people on climate change to put them on a sustainable path early on Reason Climate change is a global challenge that affects everyone everywhere. Life Below Water Problem Coastal waters are deteriorating due to pollution and eutrophication. Without concerted efforts, coastal eutrophication is expected to increase in 20 percent of large marine ecosystems by 2050. Response Avoid plastic bags to keep the oceans safe and clean. Reason Careful management of this essential global resource is a vital feature of a sustainable future. Life on Land Problem At the current time, thirteen million hectares of forests are being lost every year, while the persistent degradation of drylands has led to the desertification of 3.6 billion hectares. Even though up to 15% of the land is currently under protection, biodiversity is still at risk. Deforestation and desertification – caused by human activities and climate change – pose major challenges to sustainable development and have affected the lives and livelihoods of millions of people in the fight against poverty. Response Plant a tree and help protect the environment. Reason Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss Peace, Justice, and Problem Corruption, bribery, theft, and tax evasion cost some US $1.26 Strong Institutions trillion for developing countries per year; this amount of money could be used to lift those who are living on less than $1.25 a day 04 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 4 of 5  SH1905 above $1.25 for at least six years. Among the institutions most affected by corruption are the judiciary and police. Response Use your right to elect the leaders in your country and local community. Reason Access to justice for all, and building effective, accountable institutions at all levels. Partnership for the Goals Problem 79 percent of imports from developing countries enter developed countries duty-free. The debt burden on developing countries remains stable at about 3 percent of export revenue. Thirty percent of the world’s youth are digital natives, active online for at least five years, but 4 billion people do not use the Internet, and 90% of them are from the developing world. Response Download the SDGs in Action app. Reason Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development. References: Allen, D. C. (n.d.). What is philosophy? Retrieved from http://personal.bgsu.edu/~dcallen/unitoneheid.html Curry, P., Gray, J., & Whyte, I. (2018). Ecocentrism: What it means and what it implies. Lifted and modified from https://www.ecologicalcitizen.net/article.php?t=ecocentrism-what-means-what-implies Padwe, J. (2013). Anthropocentrism. Lifted and modified from https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo- 9780199830060/obo-9780199830060-0073.xml United Nations (n.d.). About the sustainable development goals. Lifted and modified from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals 04 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 5 of 5