Zoology Study Guide 6 PDF

**Study Guide 6** **Prepare for Exam 6 (final exam)** **Chapter 31 (skip pgs. 705 -- 708)** ------------------------------------- **31.1 Why are circulatory systems needed?** -To transport essential nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body, while removing waste products. **3...

**Study Guide 6** **Prepare for Exam 6 (final exam)** **Chapter 31 (skip pgs. 705 -- 708)** ------------------------------------- **31.1 Why are circulatory systems needed?** -To transport essential nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body, while removing waste products. **31.2 What is the difference between the intracellular and extracellular compartments?** Intra= inside the cell Extra= outside the cell **31.3 How does the composition of vertebrate blood differ from the hemolymph of invertebrates?** \- blood- 55% plasma and 45% cellular composition \- hemolymph- no separation of plasma and lymph (no cells carrying oxygen) **31.4 How do animals prevent blood loss.** -Through a process of clotting / coagulation **31.5 What is the difference between an open and a closed circulatory system? Describe the anatomy of each.** -Open- coelom fuses with the blastocoel; large volume and low pressure, usually not for gas transport -Closed- coelom obliterate the blastocoel and vessel form; low volume and high pressure / heart to vessels **31.6 Compare the circulatory system and pathway of blood in a fish and a mammal. Describe all of the differences.** -Fish- one way circuit and respiration is in the gills -Mammals- separate pulmonary and systemic circuit **31.7 Describe the flow of blood through the mammalian heart in order from when venous blood enters the heat. Name all the chambers and structures the blood flows through before entering the aorta to exit the heart.** -Blood enters through the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava into the right atrium, then flows through valves to the right ventricle where it is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. It returns to the heart via pulmonary veins into the left atrium, passes through valves to the left ventricle, and finally exits the heart through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta. **31.8 Define the following:** -Sinoatrial node- initiates impulse -Diastole- relaxation -Systole- contraction -Myogenic- muscle itself triggers contraction -Neurogenic- nerve trigger contraction **31.9 What is the function of the lymphatic system?** -Network of blind vessels that drains into interstitial spaces, returns to the blood stream via ducts at the subclavian vein **31.10 Describe how the tracheal system works in insects.** -A network of air-filled tubes that run throughout their body, allowing for direct gas exchange with tissues by delivering oxygen through openings on the body called spiracles. **31.11 Describe the different structures used for respiration in water.** -External gills- papulae, branchial tufts, and parapodia -Internal gills- fish, mollusc, and arthropods **31.12 What is the difference between respiration via positive pressure and negative pressure?** -Positive pressure- no need for constant breathing; can 'hold' air in the lungs -Negative pressure- lungs are covered by visceral pleura; cannot 'hold' air inside **31.13 Describe the pathway of air from the mouth to the lungs in human. What structures does the air pass through?** -Air enters via mouth pharynx larynx trachea bronchi reaches end in the alveoli =============================================================================== Chapter 32 (skip section 32.5) ============================== **32.1 Define the following:** -Autotrophic (phototroph, chemotroph)- absorbs inorganic compounds for synthesis and growth -Heterotrophic- utilize synthesized compounds and requires digestion -Carnivorous- eat animals -Herbivorous- eat plants -Omnivorous- eat both plants and animals -Saprophagous- eats decaying matter **32.2 Describe 3 ways in which organisms feed on particulate matter** -Suspension feeding- entrap food using cilia or mucus; non-selective -Filter feeding- active capture; selective and strains food Ram feeding and suction feeding -Deposit feeding- feed on organic deposits **32.3 How is intracellular digestion different from extracellular digestion?** -Intra- all digestion occurs within an individual cell -Extra- require a gut; chemical breakdown occurs outside of the cell. May also require mechanical **32.4 Describe the flow of blood through the mammalian heart in order from when venous blood enters the heat. Name all the chambers and structures the blood flows through before entering the aorta to exit the heart.** -enters the heart through the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava into the right atrium, then flows through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, is pumped through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs, returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins entering the left atrium, passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle, and finally exits the heart through the aortic valve into the aorta.  **32.5 Describe the function of each of the following regions of the digestive tract:** -Buccal cavity- receives food -Salivary glands- receives food -Esophagus- conduction -Crop- storage and early digestion -Gizzard- grinds the food -Intestine- terminal digestion and absorption -Villi- absorbs nutrients from digested food within the small intestine -Lacteal- absorbs the dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins from digested food -Large intestine- water absorption **32.6 What is the function of the gall bladder and pancreas?** -Gall bladder- produces bile (salts and pigments that emulsifies fat) -Pancreas- produces pancreatic juices that neutralize gastric juices (trypsin and chymotrypsin enzymes breakdown the food and other enzymes break down starch, fats, and nucleotides) **32.7 How is the process of digestion regulated?** -Regulated by hormone cascade. -Food enters the stomach gastrin is releases (stimulates HCl secretion) cholecystokinin is released by the small intestines in response to fats and amino acids stimulates the gall Bladder and pancreases to release their secretions (gall bladder = bile and pancreas = trypsin and chymotrypsin) acid enters the duodenum secretin is releases (stimulates alkaline secretion from pancreas) **Chapter 33** **NOTE**: I may not finish all content from this chapter before the exam. If I didn't talk about the topic in class I will [not] test you on it. ***Study only what was covered in lecture.*** **33.1 Define the following terms:** -Neuron- functional unit of the nervous system -Axon- conductive -Dendrite- receive information -Myelin sheath- bundle of Schwann cells used for insulation -Afferent neuron- sensory -Efferent neuron- motor **33.2 Describe the resting potential of a neuron.** -Lots of sodium in the interstitial space, lots of potassium and impermeable ions inside the cell, and potassium is at equilibrium (cell mostly impermeable to sodium and some leakage may occur) **33.3 Explain what happens when an action potential occurs and describe the role of Na^+^ and K**^+^ -Occurs when an electrochemical message of neurons is sent, the membrane depolarizes from -70mV to + 35 m. -Sodium rushes via voltage-gated sodium channels (depolarization) or sodium gates close and potassium channel opens (repolarization) **33.4 Explain different ways in which invertebrates and vertebrates have achieved high velocity for conduction of action potentials occurs.** -invertebrates developed a larger diameter axon, while vertebrates utilize a myelin sheath around their axons. **33.5 Describe the microstructure of a chemical synapse. Summarize what happens when an action potential arrives at a synapse.** -during an action potential, it triggers an influx of calcium ions, casing the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, where they bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron initialing a signal in the receiving cells \- a presynaptic terminal (axon ending) containing synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters, a narrow synaptic cleft separating neurons, and a postsynaptic membrane with neurotransmitter receptors. **33.6 Describe the anatomy of a reflex arc.** -Receptor- sense organ -Afferent nerve- dorsal root (sensory) -Efferent- ventral root (motor) -Effector- organs respond **33.7 Name major functions associated with the following brain structures:** -Medulla oblongata- controls vital involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and swallowing -Cerebellum- responsible for coordinating movement, balance, and muscle control. Also -contributes to fine motor skills and posture -Tectum- sensory relay center, used for visual and auditory reflexes -Thalamus- functions as a sensory relay station. Processes and distributes information to the cerebral cortex. Also plays a role in sleep and wakefulness -Hypothalamus- regulates critical bodily functions such as body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep cycles, and hormone secretion -Cerebrum- cognitive functions such as thought, reasoning, perceptions, language, and voluntary movement -Limbic system- emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation **[Representative comprehensive concepts you should know for the final exam:]** Basic principles of science; hypothesis testing; control vs. experimental; interpreting statistical data (*t*-test) Concepts of evolution; species concept, phylogenetic systematics, synapomorphy, monophyly (monophyletic group) Origin and evolution of animals; endosymbiosis Basic body plans of animals and coelom formation; animal symmetry and body planes; germ layers and their derivatives Know major clades and phyla studied in this class Know key defining features (i.e., synapomorphies) of clades and phyla; examples of animals in each clade/phylum Understand the evolution and function of major body systems: excretory, digestive, nervous, circulatory, respiratory; examples of types found in different animal groups Diffusion, osmoregulation, surface area to volume relationships Movement in animals