Zoology 113 Past Paper 2024-2025 PDF

15727-C: ZOO 113 4.00 UNITS 1st SEMESTER | AY. 2024-2025 TRANSCRIBED BY: ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES LECTURER: ARVIN JET MARCAIDA...

15727-C: ZOO 113 4.00 UNITS 1st SEMESTER | AY. 2024-2025 TRANSCRIBED BY: ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES LECTURER: ARVIN JET MARCAIDA OUTLINE 01: Platyhelminthes A. Class Trematoda a. Echinostoma spp. b. Fasciola hepatica c. Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum, S. haematobium, S. intercalatum d. Clonorchis sinensis e. Dicrocoelium dendriticum f. Paragonimus spp. B. Class Monogenea C. Class Cestoda a. Diphyllobothrium spp. b. Taenia saginata, T. asiatica, T. solium c. Hymenolepis nana, H. diminuta DEVELOPMENT & LIFE CYCLE At least two host serve in life cycle PLATYHELMINTHES ○ Vertebrate (w/ a few exceptions) ○ Mollusk Sexual and asexual reproduction (i.e., budding, polyembryony, parthenogenesis) Life cycle: a. EGG – brought out through sputum, feces, urine, deposited in land and ingested by snail BUT is deposited b. MIRACIDIUM – ciliated, swimming larva; penetrates body wall of a snail c. SPOROCYST – saclike, gutless, with several embryo /germ cells; embryo develops into another sporocyst or: d. REDIA – w/ mouth, pharynx, gut plus embryos; travels to gonads/ digestive tract. e. CERCARIA – w/ digestive tract, suckers, tail; leaves the snail host searches for 2nd IH or encyst in vegetation f. METACERCARIAE – encysted larvae; tissues of 2nd IH; excyst and migrate to their characteristic location and mature CLASS TREMATODA Digenetic trematode or flukes Most common and abundant parasitic worms, second only to nematodes All classes of vertebrates At least two hosts Cause economic losses to society BODY FORM Exhibit a great variety of shapes and sizes as well as variations in internal anatomy Size from 0.16 mm to 5.7 cm in length and 2.5 cm in width DIGENEAN SYSTEMATICS Dorsoventrally flattened and oval in shape, but some are as thick as they are wide Some are filiform, round, or even wider than they are long Powerful oral sucker surrounds mouth Acetabulum or ventral sucker Lappets, tentacles, spines, retractable proboscis UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES - BAGUIO ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES COLLEGE OF SCIENCE (BS BIOLOGY) STUDENT NO: 2021-00510  15727-C: ZOO 113 4.00 UNITS 1st SEMESTER | AY. 2024-2025 TRANSCRIBED BY: ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES LECTURER: ARVIN JET MARCAIDA ECHINOSTOMA SPP. Order: Echistomatiformes Family: Echinostomatidae Echinostoma spp. Echinostomes Echinostoma ➔ Circumoral collar of peglike spines ➔ Cosmopolitan ➔ Slender w/ large pre-equatorial ➔ Non-host specific parasites acetabula, pretesticular ovaries, ➔ At least 15 species in and tandem testes humans ➔ Vitellaria are voluminous and ➔ Fairly common in the Orient mainly post-acetabular (Taiwan and Indonesia) ➔ Parasites of intestines or bile duct ➔ Model species in of reptiles, birds, and mammals Experimental Parasitology (aquatic environments) PATHOLOGY Fascioliasis ○ Liver rot (migration of flukes through liver parenchyma) Anemia Pipestem fibrosis of the bile ducts Cirrhosis of the liver Jaundice PATHOLOGY Gallbladder damage Echinostomiasis: Migrating juveniles in ectopic locations such as the ○ Physical damage to the intestinal eye, brain, skin, and lungs epithelium Diagnosis: ○ Epigastric and abdominal pain, ○ Stool analysis malaise, weight loss, anorexia, ○ Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Treatment: ○ Ulceration and erosion, bleeding, ○ Excretory/secretory antigens as potential vaccines and chronic gastritis ○ Proteases ○ Adenocarcinoma ○ Fatty acid binding proteins (FABP) Diagnosis: ○ Saposin-like lytic proteins ○ Stool analysis (Kato-Katz) ○ Chemotherapy (Rafoxanide): Oxidative phosphorylation ○ PCR ○ Triclabendazole ○ Endoscopy Treatment: SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI, S. JAPONICUM, S. HAEMATOBIUM, S. ○ Praziquantel INTERCALATUM Order: Strigeiformes FASCIOLA HEPATICA Family: Schistosomatidae Order: Echistomatiformes Schistosoma spp. (blood flukes) Family: Fasciolidae Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES - BAGUIO ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES COLLEGE OF SCIENCE (BS BIOLOGY) STUDENT NO: 2021-00510  15727-C: ZOO 113 4.00 UNITS 1st SEMESTER | AY. 2024-2025 TRANSCRIBED BY: ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES LECTURER: ARVIN JET MARCAIDA Diagnosis: ○ Repeated stool/urine tests ○ Serological/Blood tests (antigen) ○ Sophisticated imaging techniques Treatment: ○ Praziquantel ○ Oxamniquine ○ Metrifonate Control: ○ Hygienic waste disposal ○ Community commitment, education, healthcare facilities PATHOLOGY Schistosomiasis / Bilharziasis / Snail fever ○ 3 phases (Migratory, Acute, and Chronic) ○ Migratory – symptomless, dermatitis (Swimmer’s itch) CLONORCHIS SINENSIS ○ Acute – egg productions leads to immune response Order: Opisthorciformes (Katayama fever) Family: Opisthorchiidae The change in antigen-antibody ratio leads to Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese liver flukes) formation of large immune complexes that must be Opisthorchis sinensis cleared by cells of the Reticuloendothelial system Chills and fever, fatigue, headache, malaise, muscle aches, lymphadenopathy, and gastrointestinal discomfort High eosinophilia, and granulomas around eggs contain large numbers of eosinophils, as well as neutrophils and macrophages Pseudotubercles: nodule or granuloma resembling a tubercle of tuberculosis but due to other causes. ○ Chronic – commonly asymptomatic or intestinal schistosomiasis Mild, chronic, bloody diarrhea with mild abdominal pain and lethargy Schistosomiasis haematobia, pain on urination and blood in urine Eggs become lodged in the intestinal wall Granulomatous reaction Obstruction of the colon and blood loss Eggs become lodged in the liver High blood pressure, enlarged spleen Ascites Blood in urine Pain or difficulty urinating and frequent urination Blood loss leads to iron deficiency anemia Blocking the urinary tract and bladder cancer Genital, urinary, kidney involvement PATHOLOGY Clonorchiasis ○ Second-order bile – erosion of epithelium lining, excess mucus production, and epithelial cell proliferation Heavy eosinophil and mononuclear infiltration Periductal fibrosis, and necrosis and atrophy of surrounding liver cells UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES - BAGUIO ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES COLLEGE OF SCIENCE (BS BIOLOGY) STUDENT NO: 2021-00510  15727-C: ZOO 113 4.00 UNITS 1st SEMESTER | AY. 2024-2025 TRANSCRIBED BY: ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES LECTURER: ARVIN JET MARCAIDA Diagnosis: PATHOLOGY ○ Stool analysis Dicrocoeliasis ○ Liver test ○ Same as those for fascioliasis Treatment: Except that there is no ○ Praziquantel trauma to the gut wall or liver parenchyma resulting from migrating juveniles General biliary dysfunction, with several symptoms, such as bile duct inflammation and fibrosis and hepatocyte degeneration, is typical Diagnosis: ○ Stool analysis OPISTHORCHIS SPP. Treatment: ○ Praziquantel ○ Benzimidazoles PARAGONIMUS SPP. Order: Plagiorchiformes Family: Troglotrematidae Paragonimus spp. (Japanese lung fluke) DICROCOELIUM DENDRITICUM Order: Plagiorchiformes Family: Dicrocoeliidae Dicrocoelium dendriticum (lancet liver fluke) PATHOLOGY Paragonimiasis ○ Few or no symptomatic pathological conditions ○ Lung or an ectopic site – it stimulates an inflammatory response. ○ Spinal cord – paralysis ○ Heart – fatal cases ○ Cerebral – cerebral cysticercosis ○ Pulmonary – chest symptoms, breathing difficulties, chronic cough, sputum containing blood or brownish streaks (eggs). Rare cases. Diagnosis ○ Sputum, aspirated pleural fluid, feces, ulcer ○ X-ray examination ○ Seroimmunological diagnosis ○ Intradermal test ○ Assay test Treatment: Praziquantel UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES - BAGUIO ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES COLLEGE OF SCIENCE (BS BIOLOGY) STUDENT NO: 2021-00510  15727-C: ZOO 113 4.00 UNITS 1st SEMESTER | AY. 2024-2025 TRANSCRIBED BY: ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES LECTURER: ARVIN JET MARCAIDA CLASS MONOGENEA BODY FORM Strobila Scolex (plu: Scolices) 8000 parasitic species (25,000 are thought to ➔ Linear series of sets of ➔ Head that may be equipped exist) reproductive organs of both with a variety of holdfast organs Hermaphroditic ectoparasites sexes ◆ Suckers, grooves, hooks, Vertebrates, particularly fish (gills, external ◆ Genitalium spines, glands, tentacles, or surfaces, ureters), turtles, frogs, salamanders, ◆ Proglottid or proglottis combinations of these and caecilians (bladders) (monozoic/ polyzoic) ◆ Simple or absent Invertebrates (crustaceans and squid) ◆ Strobilation ◆ Pseudoscolex Causes fish deaths (hatcheries or farming ◆ Gravid ◆ Acetabula, bothria, and operations) ◆ Apolysis (pseudoapolysis/ bothridia anapolysis/ hyperapolysis) ◆ Rostellum BODY FORM ◆ Craspedote/ Acraspedote ◆ Apical organ or anterior canal Bilaterally symmetrical, but with partial ◆ Neck asymmetry Haptor (formerly known as opisthaptor) Cephalic region (anterior to pharynx) Trunk (Body proper) Peduncle (portion of body tapered posteriorly) Small (0.003 mm to 20.00 mm) Dorsal surface usually convex Colorless or gray DEVELOPMENT & LIFE CYCLE Single-host life cycle: a. Egg b. Oncomiracidium - Resembles a ciliate protozoan in shape and size - 3 zones of cilia - Cephalic glands, 1 or 2 pairs of eyes, digestive tract, excretory pores, hook sclerites c. Adult DEVELOPMENT & LIFE CYCLE Eggs → oncosphere/ coracidium → cysticercus/ procercoid → plerocercoid → adult CLASS CESTODA Tapeworms Intestines or its diverticula (rarely in coelom) of vertebrates Wild animals, domestic animals, and humans Apolysis: shedding of gravid proglottids The formation of the proglottids is derived from the germinating cells within the neck region. Since each segment (especially when mature) has male and female reproductive organs, copulation can occur between segments. For instance, the cirri can penetrate the vagina of the next segment. UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES - BAGUIO ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES COLLEGE OF SCIENCE (BS BIOLOGY) STUDENT NO: 2021-00510  15727-C: ZOO 113 4.00 UNITS 1st SEMESTER | AY. 2024-2025 TRANSCRIBED BY: ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES LECTURER: ARVIN JET MARCAIDA DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM SPP. PATHOLOGY Order: Diphyllobothriidae Taeniasis: Family: Diphyllobothriidae ○ Similar to those of infection by any large tapeworm Diphyllobothrium spp. (Fish/ broad tapeworm) ○ Avitaminosis B12 is unknown Dibothriocephalus latus ○ Asymptomatic or have mild to moderate symptoms Dizziness, abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache, localized sensitivity to touch, and nausea Delirium is rare Intestinal obstructions, hunger pains, loss of appetite, allergic reactions Diagnosis: ○ Stool analysis (but impossible for identification) ○ Scolex or gravid segment ○ ELISA and PCR Treatment: ○ Praziquantel ○ Niclosamide(Yomesan) HYMENOLEPIS NANA, H. DIMINUTA Order: Cyclophyllidea Family: Hymenolepididae H. nana (dwarf tapeworm); H. diminuta (rat tapeworm) PATHOLOGY Diphyllobothriasis: ○ Asymptomatic or have poorly defined symptoms ○ Vague abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, nausea, and weakness ○ Megaloblastic anemia (Vitamin B12) ○ Pernicious anemia Diagnosis: ○ Stool analysis Treatment: ○ Praziquantel ○ Niclosamide (Yomesan) TAENIA SAGINATA, T. ASIATICA, T. SOLIUM Order: Cyclophyllidea PATHOLOGY Family: Taeniidae Hymenolepiasis: Taenia spp. (Beef, Asian, and Pork tapeworm) ○ Rare and usually occur in massive infections ○ Autoinfection ○ Same symptoms with Taenia saginata Diagnosis: ○ Stool analysis (but impossible for identification) ○ Scolex or gravid segment ○ ELISA and PCR Treatment ○ Praziquantel ○ Niclosamide (Yomesan) UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES - BAGUIO ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES COLLEGE OF SCIENCE (BS BIOLOGY) STUDENT NO: 2021-00510  15727-C: ZOO 113 4.00 UNITS 1st SEMESTER | AY. 2024-2025 TRANSCRIBED BY: ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES LECTURER: ARVIN JET MARCAIDA Stomodaeum – The Foregut ○ Oral aperture (Mouth) OUTLINE ○ Stoma (Buccal cavity) ○ Oesophagus (Pharynx) 01: Nematoda (roundworms) ○ Cardia (Oesophagu-intestinal valve) Mesenteron – The Midgut A. Class Enoplea ○ Intestine a. Trichuris trichiura Proctodaeum– The Hindgut b. Trichinella spiralis ○ Rectum c. Strongyloides stercoralis ○ Anus B. Class Chromadorea Stomodaeum Mesenteron Proctodaeum a. Ancylostoma duodenale/ Necator americanus ➔ En-face: ➔ Intestine: single ➔ Rectum: intestine b. Angiostrongylus cantonensis ◆ Sensilla / layer of epithelial joins vas deferens c. Ascaris lumbricoides, A. suum Cephalic setae – cells; inner margins to form common d. Enterobius vermicularis small sense lined with microvilli tube - cloaca e. Wuchereria bancrofti organ ➔ Anus: females have C. Quiz ◆ Head Papillae – separate opening; tactile sensory pore-like on ventral organs side ◆ Amphid – pair of NEMATODA glandular sensory organs Nematodes are the most abundant multicellular (Chemotaxis) animals on Earth. ◆ Phasmid – pair, 75% of all nematode species are free-living in lateral, tail marine, freshwater, and soil habitats ◆ Labia – lobes or Parasitic cause diseases of great importance to lips (normal 6) human, domestic, and wild plants and animals Caenorhabditis elegans BODY PARTS/ FUNCTION Bilaterally symmetrical, elongated, and tapered at both ends Coelomate/ Psuedocoelomate Complete digestive system ○ Mouth and anus Pharynx or eosophagus (triradiate) ➔ Stoma Most are dioecious / sexual dimorphism Most are oviparous, but some are ovoviviparous 0.5mm –10 meters Cuticle, hypodermis, and body wall musculature Cuticle ○ Cortical zone (cuticulin) ➔ Oesophagus ○ Median (homogeneous gel or ◆ Corpus: anterior fluid-filled layer) end ○ Basal zones (2-3 fibrous ◆ Isthmus: middle layer) part ○ Basement membrane (fine ◆ Bulb: posterior fibrils) part ○ Annules Punctations, pores, spines, alae Reproductive: ○ Dioecious (Hermaphrodite but rare) ○ Both sexes look alike ○ Tubular reproductive system ○ Males vs. Females Males are slightly shorter Tail end curved ventrally (males) Possess secondary sexual organs Spicules Gubernaculum and Spicules Bursa ○ Ovary Germinal zone: Production of oogonia Growth zone: Oogonia increase in size ○ Spermatheca – store sperms; oogonia get fertilized when pass through ○ Uterus – Columellar glandular cells deposit egg shell around fertilized egg UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES - BAGUIO ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES COLLEGE OF SCIENCE (BS BIOLOGY) STUDENT NO: 2021-00510  15727-C: ZOO 113 4.00 UNITS 1st SEMESTER | AY. 2024-2025 TRANSCRIBED BY: ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES LECTURER: ARVIN JET MARCAIDA ○ Vagina – expulsion of egg ○ Vulva – slit-like on ventral side; help in egg laying and copulation ○ No. of genital tracts Monodelphic Didelphic ○ Direction of genital tracts Prodelphic (anteriorly) Opisthodelphic (posteriorly) Amphidelphic (both direction) ○ Testis ○ Seminal vesicle CLASS ENOPLEA ○ Vas Deferens TRICHURIS TRICHIURA ○ Cloaca ○ Cloacal aperture Order: Trichinellida ○ Spicules Family: Trichuridae ○ Gubernaculum Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) ○ Bursa Sensory organs: ○ Chemoreceptors: Amphids (host finding/ chemotaxis) Phasmids Tactoreceptors (perceive the sense of touch) Papillae/Setae: cephalic, cervical, caudal DEVELOPMENT PATHOLOGY Fewer than 100 worms rarely cause clinical symptoms Higher infection intensity may result in a variety of LIFE CYCLE conditions: Direct life cycle, except lungworms ○ Mucosal hemorrhage (death) ○ Either free-living or parasitic ○ Trichuriasis, diarrhea, abdominal pain, ○ Lungworms have 2 generation blood-streaked stools, tenesmus (rectal Gonochoristic free-living prolapse), anemia, and growth retardation Parasitic hermaphroditic Diagnosis: ○ Stool analysis: barrel-shaped eggs PARASITIC NEMATODES SYSTEMATICS ○ Colonoscopy Treatment: ○ Mebendazole, albendazole, ivermectin ○ Supplements ○ Surgical management Control: ○ Good personal hygiene ○ Washing and cooking food thoroughly ○ Freezing might kill parasites UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES - BAGUIO ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES COLLEGE OF SCIENCE (BS BIOLOGY) STUDENT NO: 2021-00510  15727-C: ZOO 113 4.00 UNITS 1st SEMESTER | AY. 2024-2025 TRANSCRIBED BY: ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES LECTURER: ARVIN JET MARCAIDA TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS Order: Trichinellida Family: Trichinellidae Trichinella spiralis (pork worm) PATHOLOGY Strongyloidiasis ○ 3 stages (invasive, pulmonary, and intestinal) ○ Slight hemorrhage and swelling ○ Damage to lungs (pulmonary eosinophilic lung infiltrates or wheezing) Burning sensation to the chest, nonproductive cough, bronchial pneumonia (mistaken for asthma) PATHOLOGY ○ Intense burning or abdominal pain, Trichinellosis: destruction of tissues, septicemia ○ 3 successive stages (enteric, migration, (bacterial infection of blood), intestinal and penetration) ulceration, edema ○ Tissue damage, inflammation causes ○ Chronic – relapsing colitis nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and ○ Fulminant, fatal hyperinfection diarrhea ○ Rarely, renal transplant patients have been infected by ○ Localized edema (face and hands), receiving donor- infected tissues pneumonia, pleurisy, encephalitis, Diagnosis: meningitis, nephritis, deafness, peritonitis, ○ Stool analysis: fecal smear / fecal culture brain or eye damage, subconjunctival or ○ Serodiagnosis (ELISA) – antigens in patient sublingual hemorrhage ○ DNA (PCR) ○ Myocarditis (inflammation of heart muscle) Treatment: resulting to death ○ Ivermectin ○ Local areas of necrosis and infiltration of ○ Thiabendazole & albendazole leukocytes Control: ○ Fever and myalgia ○ Penetration of muscle fibers Intense muscular pain, difficulty in breathing or swallowing, swelling of masseter muscles, weakening of pulse and blood pressure Diagnosis: ○ Muscle biopsy ○ DNA (PCR), Immunodiagnostic tests Treatment: ○ Mebendazole, albendazole ○ Analgesics: drug that relieves pain without blocking conduction of nerve impulse ○ Corticosteroids: treatment for rashes, lupus, asthma Control: ○ Anti-helminth (Thiabendazole) for pigs CLASS CHROMADOREA STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS Suborder: Tylenchina Family: Strongyloididae Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm) UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES - BAGUIO ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES COLLEGE OF SCIENCE (BS BIOLOGY) STUDENT NO: 2021-00510  15727-C: ZOO 113 4.00 UNITS 1st SEMESTER | AY. 2024-2025 TRANSCRIBED BY: ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES LECTURER: ARVIN JET MARCAIDA PATHOLOGY 3 stages/ phase (cutaneous/ invasion, pulmonary/ migration, and intestinal) ○ Skin (little to superficial damage; ground itch) ○ Lung (capillary → alveoli → bronchi → throat) cause eosinophilic pneumonia/ Loffler’s syndrome ○ Intestine (attached to the mucosa) cause eosinophilic enteritis, bleeding, anemia Diagnosis: ○ Stool analysis ○ PCR and multiplex real time PCR Treatment: ○ Mebendazole or albendazole Control: ○ Mass treatment campaigns ○ Clean toilets ○ Proper hygiene practice ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE/ NECATOR AMERICANUS Infraorder: Rhabditomorpha Family: Ancylostomatidae Ancylostoma duodenale / Necator americanus (hook worms) ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS Infraorder: Rhabditomorpha Family: Angiostrongylidae Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm) ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS: Warmer parts of the world Loose, humus soil that has reasonable drainage and aeration is favorable Survive in shady locations Neutral pH Longevity of Juveniles and Adults ○ 3 weeks in good conditions ○ 5 to 15 years Degree of soil contamination PATHOLOGY Soil contact with skin Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis Genetics ○ High eosinophil counts in peripheral blood and Paratenic hosts spinal fluid Coinfection with other helminths ○ Increased lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid ○ Neural disorders (cranial nerve) UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES - BAGUIO ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES COLLEGE OF SCIENCE (BS BIOLOGY) STUDENT NO: 2021-00510  15727-C: ZOO 113 4.00 UNITS 1st SEMESTER | AY. 2024-2025 TRANSCRIBED BY: ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES LECTURER: ARVIN JET MARCAIDA ○ Blood vessels and meninges ○ Ultrasound/ non-invasive radiographic methods ○ Severe headache (mimic migraine, brain Treatment: tumor, and psychoneurosis), fever in some ○ Benzimidazole-based drugs (mebendazole, albendazole) cases, muscle paralysis, speech impairment, ○ Emodepside, Nitazoxanide, Ivermectin stiff neck, coma, and death Diagnosis: ○ Symptom-based Treatment: ○ Thiabendazole and ivermectin Control: ○ Avoid eating raw meat ○ Wash and clean food (esp. vegetables) ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS Infraorder: Oxyuridomorpha ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES, A. SUUM Family: Oxyuridae Enterobius vermicularis (pinworms) Infraorder: Ascaridomorpha Family: Ascaridiae Ascaris lumbricoides & A. suum (large intestinal round worms) PATHOLOGY PATHOLOGY 1/3 of infections are completely “Normal worm activities” asymptomatic ○ Malnutrition, underdevelopment, 3 aspect and cognitive impairment in small ○ damage caused within the children intestine ○ Abdominal pains, sensitization ○ Damage extraintestinal worms phenomena, rashes, eye pain, asthma, migrating insomnia, and restlessness ○ egg deposition around anus ○ Fatal intestinal blockage ○ Minute ulceration (bacterial infection) “Lost or wandering worms” ○ Tickling sensation in perianus (dermatitis) ○ Downstream: appendix become ○ Vagina, uterus, oviducts, into the coelom, inflamed or penetrated, or to the anus peritoneum (cause inflammatory tissue) ○ Upstream: pancreatic and bile ducts, Diagnosis: multiple liver abscesses, stomach ○ Stool analysis (identifying egg) acidity and writhe about (nausea), ○ Examining perianus (Cellophane tape method) eosophagus, trachea (suffocation or Treatment: lung damage), exit through the nose ○ Mebendazole and albendazole or mouth ○ Preventing reinfection is more difficult Diagnosis: ○ Proper hygiene, sterilization of household items, washing of ○ Stool analysis (identifying egg) clothes, bed sheets, towels, and other cloth in hot water UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES - BAGUIO ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES COLLEGE OF SCIENCE (BS BIOLOGY) STUDENT NO: 2021-00510  15727-C: ZOO 113 4.00 UNITS 1st SEMESTER | AY. 2024-2025 TRANSCRIBED BY: ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES LECTURER: ARVIN JET MARCAIDA WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI c. Filariform larva Infraorder: Spiruromorpha d. Rhabditiform larva Family: Onchocercidae 4. Which nematode species is associated with lymphatic B Wuchereria bancrofti (filarial worms) filariasis? a. Ascaris suum b. Wuchereria bancrofti c. Trichuris trichiura d. Ancylostoma duodenale 5. What is the common clinical manifestation of hookworm B infection caused by Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus? a. Bloody diarrhea b. Iron-deficiency anemia c. Lymphedema d. Fever and myalgia 6. Which stage of Trichinella spiralis is encysted in striated B muscles? a. Adult b. Larva c. Egg d. Filariform larva 7. What is the diagnostic technique for detecting Enterobius C vermicularis eggs? a. Stool microscopy b. Knott's concentration technique c. Cellophane tape test d. Serological testing 8. How do humans become infected with Angiostrongylus A PATHOLOGY cantonensis (rat lungworm)? Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis) a. Ingestion of undercooked snails or slugs Asymptomatic phase (High b. Inhalation of infective larvae microfilaremia) c. Bite of an infected insect ○ Blood (hydrocele) d. Drinking contaminated water ○ Acute lymphatic 9. What is the primary pathological effect of Ascaris B inflammation lumbricoides migrating through the lungs? Inflammatory phase (due to a. Intestinal obstruction antigens) b. Pneumonitis and eosinophilic response ○ Cytokines also to bacteria c. Iron-deficiency anemia ○ Lymphedema d. Myocardial infarction Adenolymphangitis (inflammation of lymph channels) 10. What treatment is recommended for Wuchereria bancrofti B Lymphadenitis (inflammation of lymph infection? nodes) a. Albendazole Chills and fever, acutely swollen, b. Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) warm and tender skin of the c. Praziquantel lymphedematous extremity; d. Artemisinin combination therapy tenderness along superficial 11. What stage of Trichuris trichiura develops in the soil before A lymphatics; and painful lymph nodes. becoming infective to humans? ○ Orchitis (inflammation of the testes) a. Embryonated egg ○ Epididymitis (inflammation of the b. Rhabditiform larva spermatic cord) c. Filariform larva Obstructive phase d. Adult worm ○ Lymph varices, lymph scrotum, 12. Which nematode is capable of autoinfection in humans, A hydrocele, chyluria, and allowing persistent infections for years? elephantiasis a. Strongyloides stercoralis Diagnosis b. Trichuris trichiura ○ Blood analysis (microfilariae) c. Ascaris lumbricoides Treatment d. Ancylostoma duodenale ○ Diethylcarbamazine (DEC, Hetrazan) 13. What is the distinguishing morphological feature of B ○ Ivermectin Ancylostoma duodenale compared to Necator ○ Doxycycline americanus? a. Buccal capsule with cutting plates b. Buccal capsule with teeth QUIZ c. Smaller size d. Thicker eggshells 1. Which nematode is commonly known as the "whipworm"? B 14. Which nematode's life cycle includes both direct and A a. Trichinella spiralis indirect development with free-living and parasitic phases? b. Trichuris trichiura a. Strongyloides stercoralis c. Ancylostoma duodenale b. Wuchereria bancrofti d. Ascaris lumbricoides c. Angiostrongylus cantonensis 2. What is the mode of transmission for Enterobius B d. Trichinella spiralis vermicularis (pinworm)? 15. What is the key diagnostic feature of Angiostrongylus A a. Contaminated water cantonensis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? b. Fecal-oral route via contaminated hands or objects a. Eosinophilia c. Ingestion of undercooked pork b. Increased glucose levels d. Bite of an infected mosquito c. Presence of adult worms 3. What structure allows Strongyloides stercoralis to penetrate C d. Elevated neutrophil count human skin? 16. Which nematode can cause rectal prolapse in heavy B a. Buccal cavity infections, particularly in children? b. Stylet a. Ascaris lumbricoides UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES - BAGUIO ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES COLLEGE OF SCIENCE (BS BIOLOGY) STUDENT NO: 2021-00510  15727-C: ZOO 113 4.00 UNITS 1st SEMESTER | AY. 2024-2025 TRANSCRIBED BY: ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES LECTURER: ARVIN JET MARCAIDA b. Trichuris trichiura c. Strongyloides stercoralis d. Enterobius vermicularis 17. Which organ is primarily affected in severe Trichinella C spiralis infection? a. Liver b. Lungs c. Skeletal muscles d. Intestines 18. What is the minimum infective dose for Ascaris A lumbricoides eggs to establish infection in humans? a. 1 egg b. 10 eggs c. 100 eggs d. 1,000 eggs 19. What is the primary method of controlling filariasis caused A by Wuchereria bancrofti? a. Mass drug administration (MDA) programs b. Improved sanitation c. Vaccination d. Vector control using larvicides 20. What role does a paratenic host play in the life cycle of B Angiostrongylus cantonensis? a. It serves as the primary site of larval development. b. It harbors infective larvae but does not allow further development. c. It acts as the definitive host where reproduction occurs. d. It is essential for completing the nematode's life cycle. UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES - BAGUIO ROXANNE HOPE D. FLORES COLLEGE OF SCIENCE (BS BIOLOGY) STUDENT NO: 2021-00510