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RewardingFigTree

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Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

Angelie Joy Pingul

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earth science geology earthquakes science lessons

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This document is a set of science lessons, likely from a Filipino high school course, about the Earth's layers, plate boundaries, and earthquakes. The notes cover topics including the structure of the Earth, types of plate boundaries like convergent and divergent, and the concept of Pangaea. It also mentions various types of mountains and volcanoes.

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SSGURO SCIENCE 10 ANGELIE JOY PINGUL lessons to be discussed... 1. Layers of 4. Plate 7. Earthquake the Earth Boundaries 2. Mapping the 5. Land 8. Tsunami Inner Earth Formations 3. Pangaea 9....

SSGURO SCIENCE 10 ANGELIE JOY PINGUL lessons to be discussed... 1. Layers of 4. Plate 7. Earthquake the Earth Boundaries 2. Mapping the 5. Land 8. Tsunami Inner Earth Formations 3. Pangaea 9. Precautionary 6. Mountains Measures lAYERS of the EARTH Lithosphere - it consists the crust and the uppermost layer of the mantle. - Independent massive slabs of solid rocks that are called "plates". 4 Major Layers of the Earth Crust Mantle Outer core Inner core 4 Major Layers of the Earth CRUST - where life exists - composed of major and minor blocks of rock (tectonic plates) - largely composed of rich iron and magnesium rocks Continental Crust - makes up the continents - 30 - 50 km thick 4 Major Layers of the Earth Oceanic crust - underlies the ocean floor - average thickness is 10 km 4 Major Layers of the Earth Mantle - where magma chamber can only be found - semisolid, rocky, and very hot - 2,900 km thick, and is 80% of Earth's mass - composed of olivine and silicate rich rocks - has a temperature of 200°c to 4000°c 4 Major Layers of the Earth Outer core THE Inner core - the only liquid - the solid center form layer of earth CORES - diameter is about - made up of 1,220 km thick molten nickel and - gives the planet its iron magnetic - radius is 2,260 characteristc km thick (gravity) - has a - made up of solid iron and nickel temperature of - 8,100°F to 14,000°F 3,700°c to 4,300°c 4 Major Layers of the Earth Interfaces Mark Boundaries between Layers of Earth: Mohorovicic Discontinuity "Moho" - interface between the crust and the mantle. Gutenberg Discontinuity – marks the boundary between the mantle and the outer core. Lehman Discontinuity - located between the liquid outer core and the solid inner core. Mapping the Inner Earth Seismometer - instrument used to detect ground motions, such as caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and explosions. Seismograph - record seismic waves. 2 Types of Seismic Waves Body Wave - Travel through the inner layers - First to move Surface Wave - Travels only on the surface (crust) - felt towards end of an earthquake - responsible for greater damage 2 Types of Body Waves P Waves "Primary Wave" - first to be felt - travel at speeds 1.5 and 8 km/s. - shake the ground back and forth horizontally S Waves "Secondary Wave" - transverse waves - moves up-and-down motion perpendicular -do not travel through liquids. 2 Types of Surface Waves Love Waves - The fastest -move the ground from side to side Rayleigh Waves - moves in a circular manner, similar to rolling - combination of all movement of waves - cause buildings to heave up and down and side to side. -account for the greater devastation during an earthquake. PANGEA PANGEA - comes from Greek root "pan" = all, "gaea" = Earth, meaning "all of Earth" or "all lands" Panthalassa - The waters surrounding the Pangaea. It means “all seas”. Gondwana Laurasia Africa Asia Antarctica North America South America Europe Australia Subcontinent (India) Evidences of Plate Movements Continental Drift Theory - proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. - asserted that there was once existed a very large landmass, a supercontinent called Pangaea. - believed that the continents move 15mm per year Reasons why Wegener's theory was rejected: - he was a meteorologist, not a geologist. - he couldn't explain the mechanism of continental drift. - he explained fossil similarities based on land bridges in the past. - he tought that the continents were moving at a very rapid rate Evidences of Plate Movements Sea Floor Spreading Theory - Proposed by Harry Hess. - moves (not the continents) and only carry the latter. Theory of Plate Tectonics - combination of the continental drift theory and the seafloor Major Tectonic Plates spreading theory. Primary Plates Secondary Plates Eurasian Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Affects human in several Australian Plate Nazca Plate Pacific Plate Cocos Plate ways: North American Plate Caribbean Plate - causes earthquakes. South American Plate Philippine Plate - causes volcanism. African Plate Arabian Plate - induces recycling of elements. Antarctic Plate Indian - causes mountain building. PLATE BOUNDARIES Plate Boundaries - fault zones that separate the rigid interiors of plates - point where two tectonic plates meet. - where tectonic activity results in earthquakes, volcanoes, and the formation of mountain ranges. Different types of Plate Boundaries Convergent Boundary "Destructive Boundary" - two plates are moving towards each other (continental and oceanic crusts). Example: South American and Nazca Plate (Andes), Peru, Chile Trench Collision Boundary - two plates are moving towards each other (both continental crust). Example: Indo-Australian, Eurasian Plate Different types of Plate Boundaries Divergent Boundary "Constructive Boundary" - two plates are moving away each other Example: North American and Eurasian Plates (Mid – Atlantic Ridge) Surtsey, Iceland Transform Boundary "conservative boundary" - two plates are moving alongside each other. Example: San Andreas Fault (North American and Pacific Plates) Different types of Plate Boundaries Hotspots - plumes of molten rock rise underneath a plate. - group of volcano can be found Example: Volcanic Hawaiian Island Biggest Volcano in the universe - Olympus Mons LANDFROMS MOUNTAINS - rises high above the surrounding terrain in a limited area. - Higher than 600 meters. - - Occurs more often in oceans than on land. - below 600 meter = heels Summit – the top of a mountain. Slope – side of the mountain. Gorge – a very steep valley between young mountains. LANDFORMS TYPES of MOUNTAINS FOLD - most common type - formed when two of the tectonic plates push together at their border. - composed of sedimentary rocks - found along the edges of continents. FAULT BLOCK - formed by the movement of large crustal blocks when forces in the Earth’s crust pull it apart. LANDFORMS TYPES of MOUNTAINS DOME - formed from rising magma that pushed the overlying rock layers upward - Magma cools and forms hardened rock Plutonic Dome – forms when overlying crustal rocks are pushed upward by an igneous intrusion. Tectonic Dome – result from uplifting forces that arch rock layers upward. LANDFORMS TYPES of MOUNTAINS Plateau - an area of highland - consisting of relatively flat terrain that is raised significantly above the surrounding area - between mountains that is why it is considered as a mountain Mesa - isolated, flat topped hill/ moutain with steep sides that is smaller in area than a plateau Butte – also a flat-topped hill with steep sides, smaller than mesa. LANDFORMS TYPES of MOUNTAINS Tibetan Plateau - the largest and highest plateau in the world. - also called the “Roof of the World” - covers approximately 2,500,000km² at about 5,000 m above sea level. LANDFORMS Volcanic Mountains - starts out as simple crack in Earth called a volcanic vent - derived from Vulcan, “God of Fire” in Roman mythology - a mountain that extends down to a pool of magma between the crust and mantle Magma – melted rock There are around 1,350 active volcanoes in the world. LANDFORMS Cinder Cone Volcano - simplest type of volcano - have bowl-shaped crater at the summit and rarely rise more than a thousand feet or so above their surroundings. Crater Volcano - formed when a cone volcano collapses into the magma chamber, forming a caldera Ex: Taal Volcano (Philippines) Newberry Caldera (Oregon) Nabuyatom (Kenya) LANDFORMS Shield Volcano - built almost entirely of fluid lava flows - broad, low dense - Mainly lava flows Ex: Mauna Loa (Hawaii) Skjalbreidur (Iceland) Mount Karthala (Comoros) Erta Ale (Ethiopia) Composite / Shield Volcano - generally made of higher viscous magma / lava material which accounts for their steep sides and tall structure - Very small steep-sided cone - Alternating lava flows and pyroclastic. Ex: Mount Fuji (Japan) Mt. Mayon (Philippines) LANDFORMS Measuring Mountains Mauna Kea - the tallest mountain (10,203 meters) - has a base of is 5,998 meters below sea level and the summit is about 4,205 meters above sea level Mt. Everest - It is Sagarmatha (Nepal) which means “Head of the Sky” - baas the highest altitude (8,850 meters) - Highest Mountain MOUNTAIN RANGES in the PHILIPPINES Sierra Madre - the longest mountain range in the Philippines - known as the "Backbone of Luzon" - ranges start in the north in the province of Cagayan and ends in the south in the province of Quezon, just east of Laguna de Bay; to the west, it reaches the province of Nueva Vizcaya. MOUNTAIN RANGES in the PHILIPPINES Ocean Trenches - the deepest part of the ocean - some trenches are near continental shelves - others are found near chains of volcanic island (volcanic arcs). Challenger Deep - the deepest place on Earth - found in the Mariana Trench - It is 11,035 m below the ocean’s surface. Puerto Rico Trench - the deepest part of the Atlantic Ocean - located at a boundary between Caribbean Plate (east) and North American Plate (west) - it is over 8,600 m deep and 280 km long. EARTHQUAKES - the natural shaking of Earth’s lithosphere caused by the release of energy stored in the lithospheric rocks - caused by the movement of faults, volcanic activity, landslide, mine blast, asteroid impacts and nuclear test Aftershocks - It is an earthquake that occurs after a previous earthquake, the main shock Foreshock - first earthquake to happen, not strong Hypocenter (Focus) - It is the point within the earth where an earthquake rupture starts. Epicenter - is the point directly above focus at the surface of the Earth. EARTHQUAKES Types of Earthquake based on Focus Shallow Focus Earthquake – caused by subducting slab that is not deeper than 70km beneath Earth’s crust. Deep Focus Earthquake – occur when the subducting slab has plunged deeper than 70km into the mantle. EARTHQUAKES Magnitude - measures the amount of energy released from the focus of an earthquake - determined from measurements on seismographs - measured through Richter Magnitude Scale. EARTHQUAKES Intensity - measures the strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain location - determined from effects on people, human structures, and the natIt measures the amount of energy released from the focus of an earthquake - measured through Mercalli Intensity Scale. EARTHQUAKES PHIVOLCS - Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology - developed its official Intensity Scale used for measuring the impact of Earthquake that strikes the country, known as PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS) EARTHQUAKES RING of FIRE Chile, Mexico, United States, Antarctica, Russia, Japan, Philippines, Guatemala, New Zealand Papa New Guinea, Indonesia, Canada, Peru, Taiwan EARTHQUAKES Christchurch, New Zealand - On February 22, 2011, a 6.3 magnitude earthquake was caused by the movement of a 15 km long shallow fault along the southeastern edge of Christchurch, New Zealand - Casualties: 185 deaths; 1,500–2,000 injuries, 164 serious Japan - On March 11, 2011, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake, whose epicenter was 130 km east of Sendai, Tohoku, struck the east coast of Japan. - Japan has the most recorded earthquakes worldwide as it sits on a highly active seismic area - Casualties: 19,759 deaths, 6,242 injured, 2,553 people missing EARTHQUAKES Luzon, Philippines - In 1990, the Luzon earthquake struck the Philippines at 4:26 pm on July 16 with an estimated magnitude of 7.7 - It produced a 125km long ground rupture that stretched from Dingalan, Aurora to Cuyapo, Nueva Ejica - Casualties: 1,621 dead; 3,513 injured; 321 missing; 126,035 displaced EARTHQUAKES Mt. Pinatubo - second-largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, on June 15, 1991 - By far the largest eruption in the past 100 years to affect a densely populated area - produced high-speed avalanches of pyroclastic flows and a cloud of volcanic ash hundreds of miles across - Typhoon Yunya brought cascading hazards such as flooding and fast-moving lahars when it arrived within 75 km of the volcano during the eruption’s peak activity. EARTHQUAKES Mayon Volcano - erupted on 01 February 1814 is considered as the volcano's most violent eruption episode, devastating five towns in the southern slopes of the volcano and killing at least 1,200 people. The deposits of the 1814 eruption are mainly distributed on the southern slopes of the volcano - the most destructive eruption when the town of Cagsawa was buried and approximately 1,200 people were killed. EARTHQUAKES Taal Volcano - one of the more devastating eruptions of Taal took place in January 27, 1911. - The total recorded shocks on that day numbered 26. During the 28th there were recorded 217 distinct shocks. EARTHQUAKES Chile - a country that lies along the boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate, is an earthquake-prone country. - has the largest earthquake in history - February 27, 2010 8.8 magnitude - April 1, 2014 8.2 magnitude - May 22, 1960 9.5 magnitude - March 16, 2014 6.7 magnitude TSUNAMI - comes from two Japanese terms “tsu” meaning “harbor” and “name” which means “waves” - occurs when a large volume of water, typically in a large lake or an ocean, is displaced, causing a series of water waves - occurs when the seafloor suddenly deforms and displaces vertically the water above it. TSUNAMI Conditions for an Earthquake - The earthquake must occur beneath the ocean or cause material to slide into the ocean. - The earthquake must be strong, at least magnitude 6.5 on the Richter Scale - The earthquake must rupture the Earth’s surface and it must occur at shallow depth – less than 70km below the surface of the Earth. -- The earthquake must cause vertical movement of the sea floor. TSUNAMI NATURAL SIGNS OF TSUNAMI - A felt earthquake - An unusual sea level change such as: Extreme lowering of sea level, Noticeable rise and fall of coastal water - Rumbling sounds of approaching waves Before a Tsunami - If near a coastal area, learn the area’s risk for tsunami. - It is also better if you have a family emergency communication plan - If there is time, store your properties and valuables in safe areas where they can be protected from the impact of the earthquake and tsunami. TSUNAMI DURING a TSUNAMI - If you are in a coastal area and an earthquake strikes, protect yourself by following the Drop, Cover and Hold method - Once the shaking of the ground subsides, move quickly to higher inland areas and stay as far away as possible from the shore - In case a tsunami has reached an inland area, stay alert and up-to-date with the instructions of the local government - Participate in the community evacuation drill and evacuate as soon as possible - If you are in water when the tsunami strikes, grab onto something that floats - If you are in a boat, face the direction of the wave and slowly move out of the sea. - Stay away from the shore until local officials tell you that it is safe to return. TSUNAMI AFTER a TSUNAMI - Keep yourself updated with information from the local authorities by listening to the radio or by paying close attention to the officer-in-charge if you are staying in an evacuation center - If you are separated from your family or friends, contact them as soon as possible to find out where they are located and to let them know that you are safe - Avoid wading through flood water because it is most likely contaminated with dangerous debris, chemicals, and garbage - Beware of electrocution - Avoid entering damage buildings. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES ON VOLCANOES BEFORE - if you live near a known volcano, active or dormant, learn about your community warning systems and emergency plans, and be ready to evacuate immediately - Have an emergency disaster plan for you and your family. - Put goggles and disposable breathing masks for each family member in your disaster supply kit. - Stay away from active volcano sites. - Be prepared for the hazards that can accompany volcanoes. Mudflows and Flash Floods Landslides and Rock falls Earthquakes Ash fall and Acid Rain Tsunamis PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES ON VOLCANOES DURING - Follow the evacuation order issued by authorities. - Avoid areas downwind and river valleys downstream of the volcano. Keep car or truck engines off. - If possible, stay away from volcanic ash fall areas. - If caught indoors: Close all windows and doors. - Put all machinery inside a garage or barn. Bring animals and livestock into close shelters. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES ON VOLCANOES DURING - if trapped outdoors: Seek shelter indoors. - If caught in a rockfall, roll into a ball to protect your head. - If caught near a stream, be aware of mudflows. - Move up the slope, especially if you hear the roar of mudflow. - Protect yourself during ash fall: Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants. - Use goggles to protect your eyes. - Use a dust m ask or hold a damp cloth over your face to help breathing. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES ON VOLCANOES AFTER - If possible, stay away from volcanic ash fall areas. - Clear roofs of ash fall. - Avoid driving in heavy ash fall. - If you have a respiratory ailment, avoid contact with any amount of ash. - Remember to help your neighbors who may require special assistance. - When outside: Cover your mouth and nose. - Wear goggles to protect your eyes. - Keep skin covered to avoid irritation from contact with ash. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES ON EARTHQUAKES BEFORE - Make sure you have a fire extinguisher, first aid kit, a battery-operated radio, a flashlight, and extra batteries at home. - Learn first aid. - Do not leave heavy objects on shelves. - Learn how to turn off the gas, water, and electricity. - Make up a plan of where to meet your family after an earthquake. - Anchor heavy furniture, cupboards, and appliances to the walls or floor. - Learn the earthquake plan at your school or workplace. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES ON EARTHQUAKES DURING - stay calm. - If you are indoors, stay inside - If you are outside, stay outside - If you are outdoors, stay in the open away from power lines or anything that might fall. - Stay away from buildings. - Do not use matches, candles, or any flame. - If you are in a car, stop the car and stay inside the car until the earthquake stops. - Do not use elevator. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES ON EARTHQUAKES AFTER - check yourself and others for injuries. - Check - water, gas, and electric lines for damage. - Turn on the radio. - Stay out of damaged buildings. - Be careful around broken glass and debris. - Stay away from beaches. - Stay away from damaged areas. - Expect aftershocks. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES BASIC EMERGENCY SUPPLY KIT - Drinking water enough for at least three days (one gallon per person for three days) - Medications, including prescription or maintenance medicines - A wrench or pliers for turning off utilities such as gas and water - Nonperishable food such as canned goods and biscuits PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES BASIC EMERGENCY SUPPLY KIT - A cellphone with charger and power bank - A can opener - Dust mask - A flashlight - Extra batteries - A first aid kit - A whistle to signal for help - A battery-powered radio - Moist towelettes Q&A THANK YOU!

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