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# Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis **Some information that you should especially be familiar with:** **Heterotrophs:** are organisms that have to consume food (cannot make its own). Examples: dogs, birds, fish. **Autotrophs:** are organisms that make their own food. Examples: plants, algae...

# Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis **Some information that you should especially be familiar with:** **Heterotrophs:** are organisms that have to consume food (cannot make its own). Examples: dogs, birds, fish. **Autotrophs:** are organisms that make their own food. Examples: plants, algae, plankton, bacteria. **Granum:** the collective term for the stack of thylakoids within the chloroplast of plant cells. **Thylakoid:** are chlorophyll sacs in chloroplasts, suspended in the stroma, interconnected membranous sacs where light-dependent reactions take place. **Calvin Cycle:** is a light-dependent reaction that produces glucose. A sugar factory in chloroplasts that uses carbon dioxide and ATP and electrons from light reactions. **Lactic Acid Fermentation:** occurs when glucose is converted into lactic acid when oxygen is not available. Happens in human muscles (e.g., muscle cramps). **Cellular Respiration:** the process of converting glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (energy). * **Aerobic:** requires oxygen (example: plants, mosses, insects, mammals). Glucose and oxygen turn into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (energy). * **Anaerobic:** doesn't require oxygen. (example: some algae and bacteria). **Photosynthesis:** is when plants turn carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water into glucose and oxygen. The process for plants to create energy. **Chloroplast:** light-absorbing organelles, the site of photosynthesis, and found mostly in the interior of leaves. Example: Cactus. **Glycolysis** - the first step of cellular respiration, is an anaerobic process in which a molecule of glucose is split into two molecules of a compound called pyruvic acid. Happens in the cytoplasm. Net gain of 2 ATP. **Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle):** completes the breakdown of glucose. The enzymes for the cycle are dissolved in the mitochondrial fluid. **Alcohol Fermentation:** is a biological process that converts sugars (such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose) into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products. **You should know (questions)** 1. What are electron carriers, and where do we find them in cellular respiration and how do they transport electrons? **Diagram or Table (missing from the image)** A diagram illustrating the steps in cellular respiration and the locations of different processes could be included here.