Year 9 June Exams PDF

Year 9 June Exams May 24th to May 31st Maths (On Booklet) English (Book + Vocabulary Docs. Act 1 scene 1,4. Act 2 ) History (Sheet + Docs) Geography(Booklet + Terminology on Docs) Physics (Docs + Notes) Chemistry (Docs + Notes) Biology (Docs) French (Book) Biology (KS3- Kerboodle...

Year 9 June Exams May 24th to May 31st Maths (On Booklet) English (Book + Vocabulary Docs. Act 1 scene 1,4. Act 2 ) History (Sheet + Docs) Geography(Booklet + Terminology on Docs) Physics (Docs + Notes) Chemistry (Docs + Notes) Biology (Docs) French (Book) Biology (KS3- Kerboodle) Excretion and the kidney What is Excretion? (182-183) Excretion is the removal of excess substance from your cells/ bodies. Excretion removes the toxic products in your body so you don’t get sick. Humans excretes carbon dioxide as a waste product and also urea. Urea is toxic and it contains excess salts. Urea is formed from excess proteins as they cannot be stored. Urea is very toxic and can damage your organs if not removed. Kidney does this for you. Urea is white, the colour yellow in urine comes from yellow substances. The human excretory system How do we remove urea? Urea is removed when it gets absorb and dissolved in water along other substances These are the organs for the human renal system. Making and storing urine Your kidneys have a rich blood supply. The blood which goes to your kidney contains many different things. Your kidneys work by filtering the blood and it takes out the toxic substances such as urea. Useful substances such as glucose also get filtered by the kidney unfortunately but they get back eventually. Water is also filtered out along with other substances. Each kidney has a tube called a ureter which connects it to the bladder. Urine travels away from your kidneys down the ureters and collects in your bladder. Your bladder is a muscular bag which stretches as it fills with urine. Eventually, when it gets full, the bladder is emptied. The urine passes down another tube called the urethra and out of your body. Balancing your blood An average adult human being produces about 1500 cm squared of urine every day. Your kidneys filter out enough urea to keep the levels in your blood safe - along with lots of water. The colour of urine varies. Sometimes it is very pale,but at other times it is deep yellow. These differences are because your kidneys work hard both to get rid of urea and to make sure your blood stays at the right concentration. If you drink a lot, your kidneys will filter a lot of water out of your blood (pale). If you don't get much to drink, your kidneys save water to keep your blood at the right concentration. You will produce a much smaller volume of darker coloured urine. When kidneys go wrong Life without kidneys Kidneys may fail when they are damaged by an infection, in an accident, or as a result of inherited problems. If your kidneys stop working, toxic urea builds up in your blood. You feel unwell. If nothing is done, you will die. A kidney machine Dialysis is a form of treatment, where a special machine acts as an artificial kidney. The machine filters the patient’s blood, removing the urea and other waste products just as healthy kidneys do. The patient feels much better after each session of dialysis, but they have to spend many hours on the machine several times a week. They will feel ill before their blood is filtered Dialysis machines are very expensive and there are not enough of them to go around. A new kidney for life - Living donors: We all have two kidneys but we only need one. If someone donates one to you. This is called a kidney transplant. The donor must be a close tissue match for the patient or his body will reject and destroy the new kidney. Living donors are often close family members, but sometimes a stranger will offer a kidney that is a good match. - Deceased donors: Around the world, most kidney transplants are carried out using deceased donors. Deceased donors are usually healthy people who die in an accident. Human genetics and development Reproduction: a characteristic of life DNA, chromosomes and genes When you look at a cell under a microscope, you will see the cell nucleus. The nucleus contains the DNA. When a cell is about to divide, the DNA forms long threads called chromosomes. Human body cells have 46 chromosomes. Other species have different numbers For example, potato cells have 48 and elephant cells have 56 chromosomes. In human cells, our 46 chromosomes form 23 pairs. Each pair carries information about the same characteristics. What are genes ? The sections of DNA in the chromosomes that carry information are called genes Asexual reproduction Many microscopic organisms, and some plants and animals, need only one parent organism. Bacteria, for example, simply split in two to reproduce. This is called asexual reproduction. The offspring produced during asexual reproduction are identical to their parents. They have exactly the same DNA Sexual reproduction Many plants and animals need two parents to produce offspring in a process called sexual reproduction. In sexual reproduction the offspring get some DNA from each parent. As a result, they are similar to but different from both of their parents. What are gametes? Sexual reproduction involves special reproductive cells called gametes. Each gamete contains half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells. Human body cells contain 46 chromosomes, so human gametes each contain just 23 chromosomes. Fertilisation and sex inheritance Making the gametes In sexual reproduction, the gametes fuse (Join together) to create a new organism Egg cells Female gametes in animals are called eggs, and they are much bigger than the male gametes. They contain a store of food. When the egg cell fuses with a male gamete, this store is used to feed a growing embryo. Relatively few egg cells are made. Human egg cells are formed and stored in special organs called the ovaries. All the egg cells are already there in the ovaries when a baby girl is born. Egg cells cannot move themselves. Sperm cells Male gametes in animals are called sperm. They are very small and specialised. Their function is to swim through the female reproductive system, find an egg and fuse with it. Each sperm has a long tail for swimming. To make a new organism, the nucleus of a sperm cell and the nucleus of an egg cell must fuse together. This is fertilisation. The fertilised egg has a new combination of DNA, as half of the chromosomes are from the father and half from the mother. In humans, each gamete has 23 chromosomes and the newly fertilised egg cell has 46 chromosomes. PHOTO The importance of the genes As soon as the fertilised egg begins to grow and form an embryo, the genes it has inherited from its parents when the gametes fuse begin to determine its characteristics. The genes control many features of the developing baby, from the colour of its skin and eyes to the way the heart forms and the length of the arms and legs. The chromosomes also also affect whether the new individual is a boy or a girl, Passing on characteristic When fertilisation takes place, an embryo gets half of its chromosomes from the egg And half from the sperm Each gamete contains 23 chromosomes and each embryo contains 46. The chromosomes are in pairs and they carry genes so you will get one copy from your mother and one from your father PHOTO The sex chromosomes You have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Twenty-two of them are in pairs where each of the pairs is the same size and shape, with matching pairs of genes. The 23rd pair of chromosomes are the sex chromosomes and there are two different types. These chromosomes carry the genes that determine whether you are female or male. Females have two similar-sized X chromosomes - they are XX. Males have an X chromosome and a Y chromosome - they are XY Women's cells are XX, so all eggs contain an X chromosome. You will always get an X chromosome from your mother. Men's cells are XY, so men make two types of sperm. Half of them carry an X chromosome, and half of them carry a Y chromosome. All of the sperm have an equal chance of fertilising the egg. If a sperm containing an X chromosome fertilises the egg, the new cell will have two X chromosomes (XX) so the child will be a girl. If a sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilises the egg, the new cell will have an X and a Y chromosome (XY) so the child will be a boy. PHOTO Variation Genetic differences You inherit a random selection of genes from your parents. The characteristic you inherit make you different from everyone else, even your siblings, unless you have an identical twin PHOTO The selection of genes in each gamete is random so you may have many genes in common with your siblings and look alike. You and your siblings are likely to have received very different selection of genes and not look similar. Some characteristics, like your eye colour or blood group are determined by the genes you inherit and nothing will change them. This is inherited variation More than just our genes Many characteristics are affected both by your genes and by the environment. For example, what you eat affects your body mass. Everyone has a different environment, and these differences cause environmental variation. Your genes and environment work together to determine characteristics such as height, body mass and intelligence. Identical twins Sometimes an embryo splits in two as it grows and forms two babies who are genetically exactly the same. These are identical twins. All of the characteristics are completely determined by their genes, like their blood groups. But, even though they have exactly the same genes, some of their characteristics are also affected by factors such as diet, health, and exercise levels. The older they become, the less identical they look, as their different environments affect them more. Development of foetus and health of mother and child How long does it take to grow a baby Women have an organ called the uterus where their babies develop. The time it takes for the baby to develop from a fertilised egg is called the gestation period/ pregnancy. It takes 40 weeks/ 9 months for a human baby to form. The early stages of human development The fertilised egg settles into the wall of the uterus. During the early stages of a pregnancy, the cells grow and divide. They begin to specialise and form tissues and organs.After 8 weeks the embryo is called a fetus. By 12 weeks after fertilisation, most of the organ systems are formed, but they need to grow and develop for many more weeks before the foetus can survive on its own PHOTO For a baby to survive and go through pregnancy successfully, they have to be protected warm and fed - The placenta allows substances to move between the blood of the mother and the blood of the fetus. The blood of the mother and the blood of the fetus flow very close together but they do not mix. Dissolved food molecules and oxygen move by diffusion from the mother's blood to the fetus. Waste carbon dioxide and urea pass by diffusion from the fetus to the mother, to be removed. The placenta also acts as a protective barrier. It stops most infections and harmful substances from reaching the baby. - The umbilical cord joins the fetus to the placenta. It carries blood full of dissolved food and oxygen from the placenta to the fetus. It also carries blood loaded with waste products from the fetus to the placenta, where the waste is removed. - The fluid sac is full of fluid that supports the baby as it grows and moves.The fluid in the fluid sac also acts as a shock absorber, protecting the fetus from any bumps. How is a baby born ? After around 40 weeks of pregnancy, the growing baby has developed enough to survive independently It can no longer get enough food and oxygen through the placenta. The cervix relaxes and the muscles in the walls of the uterus contract to push the baby out. As soon as the baby is born it must breathe for itself. Health of the mother health of the child Nutrients pass from the mother to her growing foetus through the placenta. The fetus needs a balance of nutrients for its tissues and organs to develop properly. The mother must eat a healthy diet to provide her fetus with everything it needs. For example, a pregnant woman needs to eat iron-rich foods. Iron helps to make red blood cells. In the final three months of pregnancy, the fetus grows rapidly. It stores fat under its skin to help it survive after birth until it gets plenty of milk. If the mother does not get enough food at this stage, her baby may be underweight and might not survive, and the mother may not make enough milk to feed her baby. Drugs and baby Medicines make us feel better when we are ill. If a pregnant woman is unwell, it is important that she gets better, but she must take care because some medicines may harm her developing fetus. For example, some drugs stop the arms and legs of the fetus growing. Health workers must be told if a woman is pregnant in order not to harm anyone Recreational drugs are substances that people use for enjoyment. Caffeine is an example Other drugs, including cannabis, heroin and cocaine, are illegal in most countries. All of these drugs cross the placenta and reach the fetus. For example, scientists have shown that babies born to mothers who take in caffeine while they are pregnant have a lower birth weight. The more coffee the mother drinks, the smaller the baby is likely to be. Smaller babies are more likely to have health problems (maybe death). If mother uses drugs, baby can become addicted Variation, natural selection and extinction Variation in animals There are two causes of variation : Inherited or genetic variation, carried in the genes passed on from parents to offspring Environmental variation, resulting from the world in which an organism lives. Animals of the same species have many shared genetic characteristics. This is why they breed successfully. They also have differences, which is why you do not look the same as your parents, your siblings or your cousins. The variation you observe between members of a species may be the result of genetic differences, environmental differences or both Within a species, some differences are easy to identify. For example, some horses have longer legs than others and some butterflies have longer tongues than their relatives. Some variation is less easy to see, involving characteristics that only appear some of the time, or systems inside an animal. For example, some frogs call louder than others in the breeding season, and some people have lower blood pressure than others. Human blood groups One clear example of genetic variation in humans is the inheritance of blood groups. If you hurt yourself and bleed, your blood will look like anyone else's, but it may be a completely different ABO group. Everyone inherits an ABO blood group from their parents and this remains the same throughout your life. The four possible blood groups are A, B, AB, and O. Variation in plants Like animals, plants of the same species inherit many characteristics that are the same, but they also have differences. Olive trees produce olives, date palms have dates, but the fruit of some trees will be bigger and tastier than others, even when they grow in the same conditions. All the flowers of a species of plant will have the same basic shape and pattern but, like the puffins, there will be some variation. The features that members of the same species have in common show how they are adapted to the environment in which they live. The differences between them show the variation that will allow the species to adapt when the environment changes. Natural selection Living organisms produce many offspring. Think of the seeds in a pomegranate or the baby birds in a nest. Most of these offspring do not survive. Natural selection is the result of variation between individuals. It is the process by which the organisms with the characteristics best adapted to their environment live and reproduce, passing on the useful characteristics to their offspring. There are several steps in the process of natural selection: Each individual inherits genetic variation from their parents and is different from all other members of their species. The individuals with characteristics that give them an advantage are the ones most likely to survive. The animals with the longest legs, strongest hearts and muscles or best eyesight are most likely to escape being eaten by hungry lions or hyenas. The animals with the best teeth will eat more efficiently and get more food. The successful individuals survive long enough to reproduce and pass on their useful characteristics.  This process is repeated many times until these characteristics become more common in the population. Over a long period of time, it may lead to the development of a new species. It is sometimes called 'survival of the fittest'. Examples of natural selection Natural selection does not change individuals. Whole populations or even species change as a result of natural selection. The puffins with the biggest beaks catch more fish to feed their offspring, so they are most likely to survive. Eventually all puffins will have bigger beaks or brighter colours. E.g: The early spider orchid which attracts the most insects to pollinate has the best chance of producing lots of fertile seeds. Slowly most of the population will have these successful characteristics. Environmental Changes and extinction Natural selection results in adaptation, producing populations that survive successfully in their environment. Changes in that environment will affect the organisms living there. What happens when the environment changes? Environmental changes mean that organisms are no longer well adapted to their environment. Every population contains variation. The individuals which are different may struggle to survive and breed. But if conditions change, they are there with characteristics more suited to the new conditions, so their population can survive Living organisms must adapt to changes in their environment or they will not survive. Natural selection changes populations to fit their environment. s Natural selection, environment change and interdependence Environmental changes also impact the interdependence of organisms in an ecosystem. Plant and animal life cycles are often linked through feeding relationships. If the environment changes, patterns of reproduction change, and the food supply fails. For example, many organisms in dry regions depend on the rains to reproduce. If the rains are delayed or fail, whole populations are threatened. If one population or species changes over time by natural selection , other interdependent species must also adapt to the new conditions or die out. Gradual change v. extreme events Kestrels are small birds of prey , widespread in Africa, Asia and Europe. Their diet varies depending on where they live and the time of year. Scientists observe that kestrels reproduce successfully even when the average environmental temperature increases due to climate change, but kestrel populations are damaged by extreme weather events such as droughts. Natural selection means that the birds best able to cope with rising temperatures will breed successfully, which reduces the impact of environmental warming. There are no adaptations which prepare kestrels for severe, unpredictable droughts. Extinction What is extinction? A species becomes extinct when there are no more individuals of that species alive. Extinction may be local, involving a population in a particular place, or it may be global. Once a species becomes globally extinct, it has gone forever. This is not always a bad thing. Some extinct species only exist as fossils. Others have descendants living today, better adapted to their environment. Extinction is part of life on Earth, and is needed to make resources available for better adapted organisms. Why do species go extinct? Species go extinct because their environment changes, and the climate of the earth has changed many times throughout history. For example, tropical organisms become extinct in an ice age through lack of food, or being too cold. A new species moving into an environment also changes it. The newcomers may be predators, like the brown tree snakes on Guam, or competitors better adapted to the environment. Environmental changes also produce the conditions for new diseases to appear, sometimes wiping out whole species Changes in land use are driving many animals and plants to extinction - for example draining land for agriculture destroys ecosystems such as mangroves, marshes, and bogs. So far, there have been five mass extinctions on a global scale, when many species died out over a relatively short time period. In the past, these extinctions were the result of huge environmental changes, massive volcanic eruptions or a giant meteorite strike. Humans and extinction In the last 150 years, the rate of extinctions has been increasing. We are living in the sixth mass extinction and the evidence suggests many of these extinctions are the result of our human actions on the environment. These include: Hunting/fishing: the human population has grown enormously and we have guns. From mammoths to dodos and whales, human hunters have killed and eaten many species to extinction. We have also overfished the seas. Habitat destruction: humans are destroying habitats such as rainforests for farmland, at a rate of about 8000 km' per year. Climate change from our actions is also destroying coral reefs, and pollution from our factories and our sewage is destroying rivers and ocean environments - 16 species of freshwater fish became extinct in 2020 alone. Climate change: climate change resulting from human activities is happening all over the world. When plants and animals cannot adapt quickly, or lose their natural environment, they become extinct. Physics Forces An object will float on a liquid if it has a density that is less than that of the liquid. We calculate density using this equation: density = mass / volume E.G: A coconut has a mass of 400 g and a volume of 500 cm 400 divided by 500, density of coconut - 0.8 g/ cm3 The density of water is 1.0 g/cm. The density of the coconut is less than that, so it floats Another way of thinking about why something floats or sinks is to compare the upthrust with the weight. The object floats if the upthrust is equal to the weight. We can explain upthrust with the particle model. Ice and water Ice is made of water, so how can it float? When water freezes, the water molecules form a solid structure that takes up more space than the water. The ice is less dense than the water. This is unusual - most solids are denser than their liquids. Electricity Currents in series and parallel circuits Current is the flow of electricity (or the flow of charge ) Unit of current is Amps Ammeter is used to measure amps. We typically place ammeters in series within a circuit. Ammeter measures how fast electricity flows Serie circuits If a component breaks down in a series circuit the whole circuit breaks and current cannot pass through. Parallel circuit In a parallel circuit, each component is on a separate loop/branch Nodes differentiate the different loops. The loops share the current from the battery. Here if one component breaks down it doesn’t affect the circuits. Voltage in serie and parallel circuits Voltmeter measures volts (V) Volt is the energy transferred by the battery Voltage is also called potential difference. Voltage is energy transferred to the components. In a series circuit, the voltage is spread out across components. To find the voltage of the components, we add them up In a parallel circuit, voltage is the same across all loops. This is because each loop is directly connected to the battery Parallel circuits in voltage is better because each component receives the full voltage however it drains the battery faster Resistance Resistance is the friction which occurs on the current in circuits Resistance = Voltage/Currents The unit for resistance is ohms Voltage = current * resistance When you have longer wires there is more friction to the current therefore there is more resistance Sound Loudness and amplitude Wavelength is the length of 2 waves, this length is from one point of the wave to the exact next point. Wavelength is generally measured in metres or centimetres Amplitude Amplitude is the distance from the centre of the wave to the top or bottom of a wave. From centre to top and centre to bottom of wave, it is the same The top of a wave is called the peak and the bottom is called a through. Amplitude relates to the magnitude of the wave. Amplitude decides how loud a sound is. Many speakers use an amplifier which increases the amplitude of the sound to make it louder unit of amplitude is decibel (db) Pitch and Frequency Frequency is the number of waves produced by a source in 1 second Oscilloscope helps us to visualise sound waves The unit of measurement for frequency is hertz (Hz) Frequency corresponds to the number of oscillations (Number of waves) per second Sounds that are above 20,000 hertz are called ultrasounds. Humans cannot hear above that, the frequency is too high. High frequency creates high pitched sound. The frequency of sound waves determines its pitch High frequency= High pitch Low frequency= Low pitch Pitch Pitch is the effect of frequency on sound waves. So pitch is affected by the number of times waves oscillate per second. Low frequency (low pitch ) = longer wavelength High frequency (High pitch ) = shorter wavelength Adding up and cancelling out Waves from different sources can interfere Constructive interference The waves interact at the same position or multiplied by exact magnitude of wavelength. Constructive —> louder sound Destructive interference If the waves are out of step (begins) by ½ a wavelength the two waves will cancel out.  CONSTRUCTIVE DESTRUCTIVE The waves add up The waves cancel out Waves are in step waves are out of step All the peaks are in the same place peaks of one wave and throughs (Bottom of a wave) of the other are in the same place Total sound will be louder The total sound will be quieter or silent Noise cancelling headphones creates its own soundwave to cancel out external sound/source Energy Energy transfer- radiation, conduction and convection Conduction Conduction is when the particles in a material vibrate and develop energy which passes the energy to its neighbouring particles. Conduction happens in solid liquid and gases however only solids are good conductors. Perfect conductors are metals and insulators are usually non-metals. Insulators are a bad conductor How to speed up conduction?  - When we have higher temperature differences, we have more conduction. More energy(heat ) is being transferred per time Why are metals good conductors? The heat/energy is able to be transferred to the neighbouring particles much quicker because of the sea of electrons (free moving electron ) —> Not a complete outer shell Convection Convection is the transfer of heat in liquid and gases when they are free to circulate. Why does convection happen ? As water is heated, it becomes less dense and expands and the heated water rises. The cooler water, as it is more dense, sinks to the bottom. This results in a circulating steam which we call a convection current Radiation All objects give out (emit) heat and absorb heat, thermal radiation. Emitting—> When a surface area gives out heat Absorbing—> when a surface area takes in heat The higher the temperature of the surface and the greater the surface area the more the rate of thermal radiation Matte (Dark) black- great absorbers of heat and very good emitters Silver (white)- Does not absorb heat. Reflects heat Conductors and insulators Conductors are materials that allow a high rate of conduction. E.g —>metals dissipated —> this is when energy is transferred to the surrounding environment and the objects cool down. Insulators are materials that have a poor conduction through them. E.g —> nonmetals (Plastic) Liquids and gases are poor conductors as the particles are far apart. this means they are good insulators How does a thermo flask work? Thermoflask is a flask that CAn keep warm or cold drinks from changing temperature.  1) Silver surface on inner (and most por the times outer) surface to prevent thermal transfer by radiation 2) Vacuum between the double layered wall. This prevents thermal transfer by convection and conduction. No convection current can occur because there are no particles to be heated in a liquid or gas. It stops conduction because the neighbouring particles can’t pass on the heat to any particles in the vacuum 3) The stopper is usually made out of insulative type of materially (Made from cork, wood ) to prevent convection Conservation of energy Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Energy can only be transferred. useful energy= useful/total * 100 Cooling by evaporation Evaporation is when water changes from liquid to gas evaporation occurs when water particles move from a warmer environment to a cooler one. The particles in the liquid don’t have much space but because they are warm. They move around a lot. When particles are travelling fast enough in a liquid,they break free(turn into gas and go to the atmosphere) Energy stores and transfers Kinetic Energy: Energy possessed by an object due to its motion. Potential Energy: Energy that is stored in an object due to its position or configuration within a force field. Examples include gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. Chemical Energy: Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds. This energy can be released through chemical reactions, such as combustion or metabolism. Nuclear Energy: Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom. Nuclear reactions, such as fission and fusion, release this energy. Thermal Energy: Energy associated with the random motion of particles in a substance. It is often referred to as heat energy. Electrical Energy: Energy associated with the flow of electric charge. It can be stored in batteries and capacitors and transmitted through wires Energy transfer  Mechanical Work: Transfer of energy to or from an object by means of a force acting through a distance. Heat Transfer: Transfer of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler one. This can occur through conduction, convection, or radiation. Electrical Work: Transfer of energy through the flow of electric charge in an electrical circuit. This work can be used to power devices or perform tasks. Radiant Energy Transfer: Transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves, such as light or radio waves. Nuclear Reactions: Conversion of nuclear energy into other forms, such as kinetic or thermal energy, through processes like fission and fusion. Energy Resources Useful energy may be obtained, or electrical power generated, from: Some sources of energy derive their energy from the sun. These are: Coal: formed from dead trees that have used energy from the sun to produce hydrocarbons that have become coal under pressure Biofuels: organic matter that is burnt to produce energy Hydroelectric: energy relies on the sun’s energy to run the water cycle so energy can be harnessed Wind - gets heated and rises and cooler air flows to fill the space Solar - Electromagnetic waves from the sun are captured by photocells and turned into energy Boilers, turbines, and generators generate electricity in a power plant. Conservation of energy and sankey diagrams The Principle of the Conservation of Energy The principle of energy conservation states that energy is neither created nor destroyed. It may transform from one type to another. Energy can only be used by converting it from one form to another. Unless energy is added from the outside, a system always possesses the same quantity of energy. Sankey diagrams Efficiency Power Power: work done per unit of time and energy transferred per unit of time. P = power (watts) W = work done (joules) T = time (seconds) Chemistry Structure bonding and properties Proton number and the periodic table The periodic table The atomic mass is always bigger than the atomic number Atomic number= proton number = electron number 16 (atomic mass)- 8 (atomic number)= 8 (neutron) Protons, neutrons and electrons - Protons are positively charged particles - Electrons are negatively charged particles - neutrons have zero charge, so it is neutral Atoms are neutral. They become positive or negative when they lose/gain an electron. A charged atom is an ion Electrons : 2 on 1st shell 8 on 2nd shell 8 on 3rd shell And so on A positive ion is created when an atom loses an electron. A negative ion is created when an atom gains an electron. An element is when something contains only one kind of atom and this is typically found on the periodic table. Trends in reactivity and density of group 1 metal Sodium, Lithium and potassium all of them onl;y have 1 electron in the outer shell. In the periodic table, number given to group number is the number of electron on the outer shell E.g —> group 1 has 1 electron on outer shell period number in a periodic table is equal to the number of electrons shells of the atom e.g: lithium has 2 electrons shell and is in period 2 Making Ions Ions are either positive or negative charged atoms We can’t change the proton number. So only electrons can be gained or lost. An atom is reactive when the outer shell is incomplete. Atoms wants to complete their outer shell Strong attraction to the outer shell electrons needs to complete the outer shell by attracting a weak electron from another atom. Ionic Bonding - Ionic bonding is a chemical bond created between oppositely charged ions. - Typical between metal and non metal - When two atoms ionically bond they form ionic compound - Metal loses electrons and the non metal gains electron - Ionic compounds has no overall charge Covalent bonding - A covalent bond is when two atoms share electrons - Occurs between nonmetals it can occur between atoms of the same element - Dot cross diagram - Covalent. co : Sharing valent: valence shell = outer shell Covalent structures Metallic bonding The attraction between metal ions and free electrons Metal properties High melting + boiling point Malleable (hard to bend) Conductor of heat and electricity Shiny High density Metals have a high boiling point because there is a strong force of attraction between metal ions and the sea of free electrons. Metals are good conductors of electricity because the free electrons can carry a charge Alloy An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements where at least 2 elements are a metal Characteristics of an alloy - Different sized ions distort the regular structure - Layers cannot slide easily - Alloys are harder than pure metals Conservation of mass Mass is conserved: mass of reactants = mass of product Symbol equations: way to represent chemical reactions using chemical symbol E.g : magnesium (23g) + oxygen (16g) = magnesium oxide (39g) Symbol equations Four state symbols:  - Liquid → Water (L) - Gas → Steam (G) - Solid → Ice (S) - Aqueous→ Sodium hydroxide (Aq) Aqueous is when an element is dissolved in water Symbol equations vs word equations Symbol equations Word equations > State symbols (G,L,S,Aq ) > Chemical names > Balance the equation Word equation for magnesium and oxygen Magnesium+ oxygen → magnesium oxide Balance symbol equation for magnesium and oxygen 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s) Balancing equations : same number if elements on each side of the reaction Metal displacement Metal displacement= a more reactive metal displaces（Remove/replace）a less reactive metal in a compound Reactivity series If the metal is higher in the series the more reactive ut us Potassium Sodium Lithium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Carbon Zinc Lead Iron Copper Silver Gold There is no reaction between copper and zinc oxide because copper is less reactive than zinc so it does not displace zinc. Word equation for Iron and copper oxide Iron + copper oxide → iron oxide + copper Extracting metals Define ore : Impure metal. They exist in their metal oxide form. Metal oxide however does include other impurities. Two methods whichetals can be extracted from their ore Carbon extracted: Metals that are less reactive than carbon gets removed from their oxide. E.g : zinc, iron Electrical extraction (electrolysis): All metals can be extracted using electrolysis. It costs a lot more so it’s only used for metals more reactive than carbon. It splits the compound of the ore. How can aluminium be extracted from ore Through electrolysis as it is more reactive than carbon. Why is extracting metals from ores useful ? You get 100% of the metal, it purifies the metals from the different functions Environmental impacts of copper mining and extraction Involves digging up habitats and polluted bodies of water and environments in process - Also very expensive - pollutes water - greenhouse gas - noisy - Soil polluted Other methods to extract copper Phytomining - plants are used to grow in copper rich Soils, The plants absorbs the magnesium The leaves are burnt and remaining ash is collected to extract copper Electrolysis is used to purify the copper collected. Salt Salt is a compound formed from the reaction between an acid and a base, yielding ions. - Made when a metal ion replaces the hydrogen ion in an acid Describe a practical method you could produce a SaNt 1) Half fill beaker with just boiled water 2) 15 cm solution a sulfuric acid - wait 2 minutes 3) 2 spatula of copper oxide. Add and swirl, wait 1 minute and add the other 4) Filter Copper Sulphate solution max 3 min 5) Pour filtered copper copper sulphate into the evaporating dish; observe 5 minutes Suggest the reactants needed to makes zinc sulphate Zinc + Sulfuric acid → Zinc Sulphate (Zn) + h2SO4 Word equation for the formation of copper sulphate from sulfuric acid and copper oxide Copper oxide + sulfuric acid → copper sulphate + water States of matter States of Matter are the different forms in which matter can exist The three states of matter are Solid, Liquids, and Gases Properties of solid, liquids and gases Changes of state Boiling and evaporation Boiling and Evaporation are both endothermic processes:  Boiling and evaporation are processes that involve the conversion of a liquid into a gas. Both processes allow molecules to move further apart from each other. Condensation Condensation is the process by which a gas converts into a liquid. It happens at the same temperature as the boiling point. As temperature decreases, the energy of particles will decrease, making them move more slowly. Condensation and Freezing are both energy-given-out reactions. Freezing, Melting and Sublimation 1. Melting is the process in which a solid converts to a liquid. It happens at a set temperature called the melting point. 2. Freezing is the process in which a liquid converts to a solid. It happens at the same temperature as the freezing point. 3. Sublimation occurs when a solid has enough energy to convert into a gas or gas converted into a solid. Cooling and Heating Curves Cooling Curves 1. On cooling, the particles of a gas move slower and slower and the gas contracts 2. The particles are now closer together, and intermolecular bonds start to form between them once the condensation point is reached 3. The temperature of the substance stops falling; the energy released by bond formation cancels out the energy lost due to cooling 4. Once all the gas has turned into liquid, the temperature starts to fall again, and the liquid begins to contract until the freezing point is reached 5. At the freezing point, intermolecular bonds between the liquid molecules start to develop to form a solid 6. 7. At the freezing point, the temperature remains constant until all of the liquid has solidified since the energy released due to bond formation cancels out the energy lost due to cooling The following curve is obtained if this phenomenon is plotted - the cooling curve: Heating Curves 1. On heating, the particles of a solid start to vibrate faster and faster in their mean positions, and the solid begins to expand 2. Once the melting point is reached, the intermolecular bonds between the particles begin to break. 3. The temperature of the substance at this point remains constant until all the solid has turned into a liquid because the energy received by the system is cancelled out by the energy used to break intermolecular bonds 4. Once all the solid has turned to liquid, the temperature starts to rise again, and the liquid begins to expand until the boiling point is reached 5. At the boiling point, the intermolecular bonds between the liquid molecules start to break down to form a gas 6. At the boiling point, the temperature of the substance remains constant until all of the liquid has vaporised since the energy absorbed by the  substance is cancelled by the energy used for the breakdown of intermolecular bonds The following curve is obtained if this phenomenon is plotted - the heating curve: Diffusion Diffusion: the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration as a result of their random movement until equilibrium is reached. The rate of diffusion is most rapid in gases > liquids > solids. Effect of Relative Molecular Mass in Diffusion The rate at which gases diffuse differs and depends on the gas's molecular mass.  At the same temperature, molecules with a lower mass move faster on average than those with a higher mass. Pressure and Temperature on Gas Gases are compressible. By changing the pressure acting on them, their volume may be influenced. 1. An increase in external pressure produces a contraction (decrease) in volume. The gas is said to be compressed. 2. A fall in external pressure produces an expansion (increase) in volume. The gas is said to be decompressed. The volume of gases may also be influenced by temperature. The temperature of a gas affects its internal pressure and, thereby, its volume. 1. When temperature increases, the gas molecules have increased kinetic energy and hit the walls of their container more often and with greater force. This causes an increase in internal pressure and an increase in volume. 2. When the temperature decreases, the gas molecules have decreased kinetic energy and hit the walls of their container less often and with attenuated force. This causes a decrease in internal pressure and a decrease in volume. Chemical reactions Physical and chemical changes Physical Changes Chemical Changes The reaction is readily reversible The reaction is harder to reverse The product has no new Chemical product has chemical properties different properties Ex. dissolving a solute in a Energy change solvent [exothermic/endothermic] Rates of reactions Rates of reaction - is the speed at which the reaction is occurring. A reaction occurs when particles from the reactants collide. If there's an increase in the frequency of collisions then our rate of reaction increases. Collision Theory Successful collisions have enough activation energy to break pre-existing bonds and form new bonds at impact. Rates of reaction The measure of the speed of the collision calculated by the concentration of reactant used up or product produced per unit of time reaction rate = quantity of reaction used/time or quantity of product formed/time Unit = g/s Concentration Increasing the concentration of reactants increases the rate of reaction - Higher-concentration reactants contain more particles per unit volume, increasing the successful collision and reaction rates. - When the concentration changes in the rate of reaction graph, the collision energy will remain the same, but the collision rate will increase (activation energy does not change). Temperature Increasing temperature increases the rate of reaction Increased temperatures lead to increased average kinetic energy of particles. Particle movement produces energy greater than/equal to activation energy; an increased A successful collision rate leads to an increased reaction rate. Surface area Decreasing the particle size increases the rate of reaction Decreasing particle size increases surface area; more reactant particles are exposed to collide, so the successful collision rate increases. This results in an increased rate of reaction. Pressure Increasing the pressure in a gaseous system increases the rate of reaction The distance between particles is reduced under pressure. There are more particles per unit volume; the successful collision rate increases, resulting in an increased reaction rate. Catalyst A catalyst is a substance that increases the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy and is left unchanged at the end of the reaction. More particles will have an energy greater than or equal to the activation energy, therefore successful collision rate increases, resulting in an increased rate of reaction For gaseous reactants, if the catalyst is solid metal, the catalyst provides a surface for the reaction. The larger the surface area of the metal catalyst, the larger the area for the reaction to take place which leads to a higher rate of reaction Enzymes Affecting Rate of Reaction Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions but remain chemically unchanged. Rates of Reaction Graphs Interpreting graphs: A graph with a steeper gradient at the beginning and reaching a horizontal gradient faster depicts a high rate of reaction. Evaluating Practical Methods 1. Change in Mass method Not suitable for experiments where hydrogen gas is given off (because density decreases and hydrogen particles are too light and too small) 2. Easier to set up the gas syringe and obtain reliable Measurements An inverted measuring cylinder to collect gas over water is harder to set up. English Part a: 45 minutes writing a piece of descriptive writing in response to a prompt/question Personification Personification is the act of giving human qualities to nonhuman objects. The wind whispered through the trees,” Emotive language Words carefully chosen for effect to enhance the reader’s imagination e.g. bad - terrible, sad - melancholy Metaphors a figure of speech that compares two unlike things, for example : “she had a heart of gold” Similes A simile is a figure of speech that compares two things using “like” or “as.” For example, “her hair was as black as midnight.” Hyperbole Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement or claim that’s not meant to be taken literally, such as “I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.” Sensory writing/ Imagery Using the five senses (see, hear, smell, touch, taste) to paint a vivid picture in the reader’s mind. Pathetic fallacy Using the weather to set the tone e.g. The rain lashed down, the wind howled mournfully. Paragraph Ensure you break your description up by using paragraphs Range of sentence lengths Short, middle, long Range of punctuation ! ?... , ; :. - () Oxymoron a phrase that combines two contradictory term Key terminology for Part B: We are going to have to analyse a scene from twelfth night. It's going to be either act 1 scene 1, act 1 scene 4, act 2 scene 4 or act 3 scene 1. 45 minutes Natural Allusion reference to something in this case nature Blank verse a poetic form which doesn't rhyme but instead a rhythmic pattern marks it out. Comic convention how a play is, in this case a comic convention mean it’s funny Iambic pentameter A metrical foot composed of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, often in groups of five. Connotations Ideas, thoughts or feelings associated with a word Simile Comparing something using like or as Metaphor Stating one thing is another to form an image in the reader/audience’s mind Personification Giving a non human entity human characteristics Juxtaposition/ oxymoron Using opposites to create contrast Protagonists The main character in a play Antagonists The character or force that opposes or goes against the protagonist. Plot The sequence of events that make up the storyline of the play. Soliloquy A speech delivered by a character alone on stage, revealing their inner thoughts and feelings. Monologue Speech by one character, often addressing other characters or the audience Aside A brief comment or remark made by a character directly to the audience, unheard by other characters on stage. Dialogue The spoken exchange between two or more characters in a play. Foreshadowing A literary device in which hints or clues are given about future events in the plot. Motif A recurring theme, symbol, or idea that contributes to the overall meaning of the play. Fourth wall The imaginary barrier between the actors on stage and the audience, Climax The point of greatest tension or emotional intensity in a play, often marking a turning point in the plot. Stage directions Instructions in the script that indicate how characters should move, gesture, and interact with props and the set. Dramatic irony When the audience possesses knowledge that one or more characters in the play do not have, creating tension or humour.  Geography Tectonic Hazards Earth is made up of 3 layers : The crust → this is the layer you live on. It is a thin skin around the earth, like the skin on an apple The crust 18-65 Km thick The crust is made of solid rocks + minerals of rock The mantle —> it forms about half the Earth. It is made of heavier rock. The upper mantle is hard. But the rock below it is hot and soft, like soft plastic. It is liquid in places The mantle layers are made up of silicates + mantle rock The thickest layer on Earth (2,900 km ) The core —> It is mainly iron, mixed with a little nickel. The outer core is liquid, the inner core is solid Key terms: Continental Crust : inner thicker crust (30 - 65 Km ) that is made out of the rock granite Oceanic Crust : The thinner crust (6-12 Km ) that is made or rock basalt Tectonic Plate Slabs of lithosphere that move due to convection currents Lithosphere The crust and solid outer part of the mantle that make up tectonic plates Asthenosphere: The middle lower part of the mantle which is plastic and can flow due to convection currents Key Plate boundaries The plate we live on Eurasian Plate Moving away from us. North American Moving north Indo - Australian Plate entirely covered by ocean Pacific Plate off the west coast of South America Nazca Convection currents 1. Heat from the core warms the lower mantle, making it less dense and causing it to rise 2. Horizontal motion: The rising materials spread horizontally towards the surface carrying the tectonic plates. 3. Plate movement : Plates are dragged along the mantle’s motion creating divergent (move towards each other ) and convergent (move away from each other ) boundaries 4. The material cools down and sinks to the bottom; ending the cycle TYPE OF PLATE / BOUNDARIES WHERE YOU FIND VOLCANOES At a destructive boundary, a continental plate and an oceanic plate move towards each other. The oceanic plate subducts and as it moves down into the mantle, it melts. As the magma is less dense and full of gas, pressure builds up through uns cracks in the continental plate. Where the has buckled creating fold mountains. This creates explosive volcanoes. Why do volcanic and seismic hazards occur ? Earthquakes happen due to the friction as the oceanic plate moves past the continental. Volcanoes explode if magma is thick and sticky, this means gases cannot escape easily. Pressure builds up until the gases escape violently and explode Different types of volcanoes: Active volcanoes: - Erupting or erupted recently - E.g : mount etna Dormant volcanoes : - Inactive but have erupted in the past can con erupt again in the future - E.g : Mt fuji Extinct volcanoes: - Volcanoes that has never erupted and will never erupt - E.g: Hauscaran Shield volcanoes and composite volcanoes Hazards of living next to volcanoes - If the ash fall is very high it makes it hard to breath - Ash can contaminate the water - Lava flows can destroy crops - fast - moving avalanches of hot gas are produced Advantages of living near a volcano - Fertile soil - Provides geothermal energy - Provide jobs: Scientists - Attracts tourism MOUNT ST HELENS Mt st Helens erupted on May 18 1980. 57 people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles of railways were destroyed. 185 miles (298 km) of highway were destroyed. PRIMARY IMPACTS 47 bridges destroyed Over 20,000 acres of forest destroyed 250 homes demolished ash buried crops 298 km of highway + 24 km of railway destroyed 57 people killed ° 7, 000 livestock animals killed. Cost $ 1.1 billion Over 1,000 flights cancelled THE RICHTER + MERCALLI SCALE The Mercalli scale measures the damage of earthquakes using. naked eye. It has 12 levels, ranging from I barely anything) to 12—> XII (total destruction) The richter scale measures the magnitude of earthquakes with a seismometer and represents the intensity with a scale ranging from 1 to 10 Each time x 10 Ways to reduce the impacts of earthquakes You can reduce the impacts of earthquakes by building earthquake resistant proof buildings. For example, in Japan, there are buildings that can withstand up to level 7 of earthquakes. Having good earthquake safety advice is also very good. There should also be warning systems in cities to alert the people. Factors that affect the impacts of earthquakes In a developed country, if the buildings are very well constructed. The impact from an earthquake will not be as severe as a country that is not so well developed. The distance from epicenter is also important, because if it is further away from the epicenter, the shock will be less RUSSIA Location of Russia Russia is located in both Europe and Asia. It is the biggest country in the world however not the largest population. It is also in the northern hemisphere. Russia borders many countries such as China, Belarus, Ukraine, Mongolia etc. BIOMES OF RUSSIA A biome is an area classified according to the species that live in that location. e.g. Forest, tundra.. Grassland is called steppe Boreal forest is called Taiga  Permafrost or permanently frozen land is called Tundra TUNDRA Cold, less than 5°c Precipitation less than 100mm Unique Soil Style ( permafrost) STEPPE Many steppes nave been converted into pastures Short grasses provide grazing They are sometimes overgrazed TAIGA Soil beneath often contains permafrost o Taigas are thick forests All animals have to be well adapted to the void It is the home to the endangered Siberian tigers that hunt Moose and wild boar How and why did the population of Russia change over time ? The population of Russia has decreased because the old people are dying, however there is a very low birth rate. There is also a low life expectancy. People are leaving Russia and not many people are migrating to Russia. Energy and natural resources in Russia Russia is one of the countries with the most natural resources in the world. Most of the gas and petroleum from Europe comes from Russia and many European countries depend on Russia for the supplies. Russia’s main source of income in its economy comes from this. There is a pipe leading from Russia to Europe which exports oil and gas from Russia. Development and Aid What is development? Development is the use of resources to improve the standard of living of a nation. What are development indicators and why do they vary ? MEDC 'S - Infrastructure - Health care - varied transport - Higher life expectancy - Higher wages - Low fertility rate - Higher GDP - Higher HDI LEDC'S - Poor infrastructure - Bad technology. - Bad healthcare - Lower life expectancy - higher mortality rate - Higher fertility rate - Low HDI Why do development levels vary ? Birth Rates are higher in LEDC’S because they don't have enough money to abort the child. MEDC’S can do family planning which means they plan how many kids they want to have, they have access to good health care. LEDC countries also need more children to work on the farm. They also have a high infant mortality rate. In MEDS’s people marry later Factors that infect developing countries The location of the country can affect how a country develops. If the country is completely landlocked it is hard for them to trade using ports. Natural resources are also important because they are a very big main cause of economic income. Good education is also very important Aid-Case studies How does aid support development? Aid from other countries helps other countries to develop. It can help medically, economically etc. Top down aid is when a government helps another government and the money in the end trickles back to the initial government Bottom up aid is when a local community such as a charity group helps the local group. This doesn’t impact a large population and also it doesn’t create too much energy or money GOAT AID Why might Goat aid be considered Sustainable ? They are sustainable because they can continue to provide, give birth to baby goats, and produce milk. They can also survive in most locations. What are the main advantages of goat aid ? They can produce milk, they can be meat, you can sell them. They can also survive in most locations, as well as make wool to use or sell. What are some of the criticisms of Goat Aid? If you have goats you can have a water shortage as they need water. They need shelter to live and there isn't much space. SARDAR SAROVAR DAM Why might the dam be considered sustainable ? Two million people will get drinking water and 22,000 hectares of land will be irrigated. It will also help poor farmers get rich, as well as cities around the dam will get clean drinking water. It is also long-term What are the main advantages of the dam? The project has a potential to feed 20 million people, provide domestic and industrial water for about 30 million people + employ about 1 million - It can also provide a valuable peak electric power. What are some criticisms of the dam? It soon caught the attention of social activists who found that the dam did not meet the required environmental and social conditions. GOAT AID 1. Bottom-up because it is helping local people and is not organised by the government 2. Long- term because the goat will have babies and will provide milk in the future. It is also voluntary aid as it has been given to the local people by a charity. SARDAR SAROVAR DAM 1. Top down because the money and everything is provided by the government. 2. Long term because the water is provided as well for the future official government aid as it is being provided by the government to help people in need. History WW1 Militarism → Arms race and war plans Alliances → Triple alliance and triple entente Imperialism → extending a country's power through military force. Nationalism → Pride in country, rivalries, uniting nations and igniting tensions The Alliance System The alliance system was one of the most important factors to why WW1 started. The alliance system consisted of the union of 2 groups of countries joining together for their own benefit. In the triple alliance there were Italy, Germany and Austria Hungary. In the triple entente there was Britain, France and Russia. The alliance system caused the tension between the countries to rise and since each country now had to support their own allies back. The situation of franz ferdinand in serbia which should have been a small war; it escalated to a full out scale european war. Each country felt extremely threatened by each other and caused the tension to rise. Each country was also bonded together, so if one country declares war on another it will create a domino effect. Modal paragraph to why alliances were a cause of ww1 : Alliances can be seen as the main cause for the First World War, because the alliance system brought in a substantial number of countries from Europe into a Balkan conflict. Due to the nature of the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance, world superpowers were forced into the conflict over the assassination of Franz Ferdinand which could have been resolved between Serbia and Austria-Hungary. This therefore created a world war instead of a small conflict. Not only did alliances enhance the size of the war but the system set the sides that would be fighting each other when war broke out. The alliance system began creating tension between the two sides from an early stage. Creating a defensive atmosphere and the reassurance that one country would be supported by their alliance if they were to engage in conflict. These reasons encouraged the fighting countries to seek conflict rather than peaceful resolution when tensions were at their highest.Although alliances played an important factor in the cause of the First World War, it is not the most important. The alliances had a defensive nature, this acted as a deterrent for war. Ideologies such as nationalism and militarism were far more important as a cause of the First World War. The societal view across Europe focused on being seen as the best country. Sided with Germany's fear of isolation, many people associated strength with winning a war. The desire to prove oneself as the superior country led to people supporting the idea of war, making it easier for governments to pursue conflict over peace. Militarism and nationalism go hand in hand as having the best military links with being the strongest country. The growing military strength and the arms race between Germany and Britain created strong resources that were ready to be used. The growing acceptance of conflict is more important than alliances as public opinion can sway a government's decision. The alliance systems were more for protection and defence whereas ideological standpoints encouraged governments to make the decisions to go to war. Arms race - Militarism The arms race was a technologically and militaristically race that was started by Germany and britain. The German naval chief in the early 1900s ordered an expansion of naval power, this caused the British to follow suit and it caused the beginning of the naval race.. During that time, Admiral Tirpitz(Germany's naval chief ) ordered the construction of 41 battle ships and 60 cruisers. He also encouraged more people to take more interest in the navy. British naval chief, Admiral Fisher ordered the investment and construction of ships and in 1914 it seemed that Britain had won. The British government had an idea which was called the two power standard, this was the idea that the British had to have a fleet so big that it was two times bigger than germany. The Germans also had a theory called a risk theory. This was an idea that the Germans believed that the British navy would stay in port rather than risk being damaged badly in a battle with the German fleet. The other countries also started developing their army and navies to not fall behind. Wars plans —> The Schlieffen plan The Schlieffen plan was a German military plan developed by schlieffen. This military genius proposed an idea before his death and ww1. His idea was to send all troops in Germany to attack France and belgium. Take France's coastal cities, take France's capital paris. And lunge all his troops back to the eastern front in russia. Schlieffen believed that Russia was very slow in mobilising so they had one shot to take out France and move all its troops to the eastern front. This had to be done within 6 weeks which is why sometimes it is called a war by timetable. However during the war, the plan did not go into plan The German admiral chief took troops from the northern army whose main task was to take paris. This made the number of soldiers in the army decrease and made the army’s job much harder. The army went into belgium and declared war. They expected to take Belgium extremely fast and then later take the coastal cities and paris. However the belgium army created a defensive barrier and managed to slow down the germans advancing troops. They fought bravely in the war of liege and mons. The Belgians bought time for the BEF to come and also for the French to move all their troops back to Paris to defend their capital. The germans and french finally met in a river called marne 40 kilometres away from paris and the french beat the germans. This was a victory by the entendes however this also meant the failure of the schlieffen plan. The Russians had mobilised their troops much faster than what Germany had expected. (3 weeks instead of 6) This symbolised the direct failure of germans hope of winning the war as they had to divert their troops to both the eastern and western front. In the western front each side tried to out flank each other from the alps all the way to Belgium and eventually ended in a stalemate. Both sides eventually started digging trenches and this made the war slow down drastically Failed because: - Military general of Germany weakened the north army whose job was to conquer Paris - The Germans mis calculated the extent of resistance from the belgians and bef - The French sent the troops back to set up a defensive line - The Germans had to divert their troops to counter the Russian attack on their eastern border Sarajevo and the outbreak of war 1914 The conflict in Sarajevo in the July crisis was the final spark to ignite the conflict between these countries. Franz Ferdinand was murdered on July 28 1914. He was murdered in Serbia by a terrorist group called the black hand. He was shot 3 times by a man and Franz Ferdinand's wife also died. After the death of the archduke, the austrian hungarians sent a demand. The demand was that the austrian hungarians soldiers could enter the serbian territory and find the terrorist and kill him. The Serbian government obviously did not agree so the Austrian Hungarians declared war on serbia. Key Events which caused the war Blank check: This was a check that basically meant the austrian hungarians had the full support of the germans and they would offer their unconditional support to austria hungary. This made the Austrians gain confidence which is why they declared war on serbia.