Year 7 Week 19 Revision Knowledge Organiser PDF

3 Types of Geography Climate Change – Key Definitions How does the greenhouse effect work? Human = Parts of geography / the world that have been Greenhouse effect = Gases produced from A greenhouse gas is a gas that holds onto a lot made by...

3 Types of Geography Climate Change – Key Definitions How does the greenhouse effect work? Human = Parts of geography / the world that have been Greenhouse effect = Gases produced from A greenhouse gas is a gas that holds onto a lot made by humans. burning fossil fuels eg coal leads to more solar of heat. We need them to keep the Earth warm, e.g. cities, population, migration, trade, tourism… radiation being trapped in our atmosphere. but too many can cause problems. Physical = Parts of geography / the world that have Global warming = More trapped solar radiation 1. Humans produce greenhouse gases, such been made by nature only. leads to the planet getting warmer eg 1.5°C over as methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous e.g. volcanoes, mountains, forests, weather… last 100 years. oxides. 2. These gases are now in the atmosphere Environmental = The interaction between humans and Climate change = Where the Earth’s climate and trap more heat. Less energy from the nature that affects the world. increases or decreases significantly in Sun is reflected back into space. e.g. pollution, deforestation, climate change… temperature, leading to further impacts on the 3. The Earth warms up because of the energy local climate e.g. making it hotter and drier. being trapped (global warming). This section will look at climate change, which is a part 4. This can lead to climates changes around of environmental geography. Net zero = The balance between us giving out the world. CO2 and how much is taken away. Causes of Climate Change – Humans Causes of Climate Change – Natural Industrialisation = More factories around the world Natural: have been burning coal and oil to power them since the Sunspots = Eruptions on the Sun’s surface send 1800s. This produces CO2 which is a greenhouse gas. more solar energy towards Earth. More energy = a warmer climate for a few years. Agriculture = Cows on farms produce a lot of methane, which is a Volcanic eruptions = Volcanoes send ash into greenhouse gas that traps up to 80x more heat than the atmosphere, which blocks out sunlight. It CO2! can cause the temperatures to decrease for a Rice farming produces methane as well. few years. Deforestation = To make room for big farms, countries burn down trees. This produces CO2.  Effects of climate change What has happened to the Arctic? Some places are hotter, leading to more droughts and lots of fires Ice normally forms in the Winter and melts during the Summer. Due to climate e.g. more bushfires in Australia. change, there is more melting than freezing. Some places are hotter, leading to melting ice caps and a loss of polar habitats e.g. Greenland. The problems with this in the Arctic are: Some places are wetter, leading to more flooding and powerful 1. Species like polar bears & walruses lose their → tropical storms e.g. the UK sees more flooding and heavier rain. habitats/food sources and their populations are decreasing. 2. The albedo effect is lost – less ice means less solar energy is reflected back As a result of the melting ice on Earth, sea levels are rising. This into space. This warms the Earth more. puts lots of islands and coastal areas at risk, for example the 3. People access more areas in the Arctic since the ice is gone, leading to more Maldives and the Kiribati islands are at risk of going underwater. oil drilling and oil spills. As the world warms, the oceans do too. This leads to coral reefs Good things about melting sea ice include: bleaching (dying), but also thermal expansion. 1. Ships can get to new places and make new routes, so it’s quicker to trade. Thermal expansion = As water warms up, it expands and gets 2. More areas can open up for tourism and oil drilling, leading to more jobs in the bigger, leading to sea levels rising. area. Protecting ourselves from climate change Protecting ourselves from climate change Mitigation = To reduce our greenhouse gas emissions so that climate Adaptation = Changing the way we live our lives to adapt to the effects that are change doesn’t get worse. already here. How can we mitigate climate change? How can we adapt our coastlines? 1. Stop burning fossil fuels that release CO2 (e.g. coal, oil, gas). 1. Build houses on stilts to raise them above sea levels. They will be above sea 2. Use renewable energy that doesn’t release CO2 (e.g. solar, wind, level, even if oceans rise. hydroelectric power from dams). 2. Plant mangroves – these woody salt-loving plants act like a barrier to stop 3. Reduce our intake of meat so that demand for beef farming rising sea levels getting to the coastline. decreases. 3. Build sea walls – Giant curved concrete walls on the coast reflect the sea 4. Reduce electricity use – turn off lights etc. wave’s energy back into the sea, so that it can’t erode the coast or get to the 5. Plant trees – like mangroves – that houses behind it. absorb CO2 from the air. → 4. Revetments – Slanted wooden structures that also absorb wave energy.  Deforestation – what is happening? How can COP help with climate change, and other issues? Deforestation = Mass clearance of trees through cutting and burning. COP = Conference of Parties. A party = a country. Causes: 1. Clearing land as space for farms – for animals At COP28, nearly 200 countries joined in the and crops, especially cow & palm oil farms. climate change discussion at Expo, Dubai, 2023. 2. Logging (cutting) valuable wood to sell for furniture. COP’s main aims are: 3. Logging wood for making paper. 1. Stop global temperatures from warming by 4. Making room for buildings and roads. 1.5°C. 5. Dams are created around rivers to make 2. Lower carbon dioxide emissions and promote hydroelectric power, which floods big areas of Look at how much Madagascar’s rainforest has more renewable energy. forest. decreased by since 1950! 3. Help poorer countries stop climate change, by getting rich countries to help and fund them. For example, 80% of Madagascar’s rainforests 4. Educate people on climate change. have been deforested due to agriculture. Impacts of deforestation include… Lots of climate change activists also help… Habitat loss and species dying CO2 released causes climate change Greta Thunberg – At age 13, her powerful speeches Soil becomes loose which can pollute water made people of all ages think about climate and make land infertile. change. How can we stop deforestation? Elon Musk – Tesla creates sustainable electric Educate young people on the importance of vehicles that people can buy. keeping rainforests. Make sure farmers are encouraged to keep Giant walls called ‘dams’ stop rivers from flowing, Leonardo Di Caprio – The actor has helped 35 rainforests, or pay them to help. which floods big areas of rainforests to create a conservation projects and has his own movie Replant rainforests with new trees. ’reservoir’ of water behind. about climate change. Map Symbols 4 figure grid references 6 figure grid references Map symbols are important because we Aim to find the bottom-left corner (X) of the square that can locate different places on the map, you want. Using 6 figures is a lot more accurate for without there being too much information pinpointing a location than 4 figures. on the page. Go along the corridor and find the 1st number. I went along the corridor until I got to the number above Each square can be divided into 100 small the red X. The number is 42. squares. Go up the stairs and find the 2nd number. We use the same steps to find the first 4 figure grid I went up the stairs until I reference. reached the red X and found the number it was next to. 1. I divide up the square into a 10x10 grid. The number is 13. 2. I go along the corridor until I go past the big number (02) and get to my small number (8). I write my 4 figure grid My first 3 figures are 028. reference: (42, 13) 3. I then go up the stairs until I go past the big number (01) and get to my small number (4). How do we measure distance on a map? My next 3 figures are 014. 4. I put them together to make a grid reference: Scale = Tells you the distance in reality between one place and another e.g a scale of 1cm:1km. My 6 figure grid reference is (028, 014). A scale on an OS map is normally 1:25’000 This means that 1cm = 25’000cm (250m) How do I find distance? 1. Measure the distance using either a ruler or piece of string. This should be in cm. 2. Multiply the number of cm by the scale to find the real distance. For example, imagine I have measured 3.5cm on my map. The scale is 1:25’000. 3.5 x 25’000 = 87’500cm 3. Make it more simple by converting to metres (÷100). In this case, 87’500cm ÷ 100 = 875metres. How do we measure the height of the land? Exam technique… Relief = The shape and height of the land. 1. What should I do if the question asks me to ‘define’ something? High relief means that the land is steep. Low relief means that the land Give the definition of the word. is flat. 2. What should I do if the question asks me to ‘state’ something? Spot height = A blue triangle that often represents the peak e.g. state one cause of climate change. height in the land and tells you how high above sea level you are. Give a brief reason/factor that is causing something e.g. agriculture. Contour lines = Brown lines on a map to show you how high the land 3. What should I do if the question asks me to ‘describe’ something? is above sea level. They will have a number on them to tell you how e.g. ‘describe the picture,’ or ‘describe the graph’ high it is. If contour lines are close together, it shows that the land is You should say what you can see in the picture, or what is happening to the increasing quickly in height, so that land is very steep. graph that you see. Include any examples from the picture or reading from the If contour lines are far apart, it takes a much longer time for the graph that prove that what you’re seeing is right. land to increase in height, so that land is much flatter. I can see that the graph is increasing. I know this because in 1981 the temperature was 13oC but in 2025, it was 17oC. 4. What should I do if the question asks me to ‘explain’ something? e.g. explain the causes of deforestation. You should give lots of information about what actions are being done and their effect. This will be a much longer answer. One cause of deforestation is agriculture. This causes deforestation because the land is cleared to make way for farming cows and growing crops like soy, which need a lot of space. Contour shading = Areas of different 5. What should I do if the question asks me to ‘assess’ something? heights are shown using different colours. e.g assess the causes of climate change. Browns show the highest areas normally. You should explain the causes and tell me which one you think is worst and why.