Year 10 Science Revision_Physics.docx

**Year 10 Science\_2024** **Physics Revision Booklet** Useful formulas: *F = ma* ---------- ------------- ------------------ *W = Fd* *GPE = mgh* *g* = 9.8 m/s^2^ 1. Define the following terms: Inertia ----------------------------...

**Year 10 Science\_2024** **Physics Revision Booklet** Useful formulas: *F = ma* ---------- ------------- ------------------ *W = Fd* *GPE = mgh* *g* = 9.8 m/s^2^ 1. Define the following terms: Inertia ------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- Sankey diagram Diagram to show how much energy is used for each force Forces Accelerate Increase in speed over time Net force Ticker tape Law of conservation of energy Gravitational energy Kinetic energy Potential energy Newton's first Law Newton's second Law Newton's third Law Energy Motion Energy wastage Energy conservation Friction Mass Nuclear energy Solar energy Chemical energy Thermal energy Mechanical energy 2. An object moving at a constant speed through the air A. has no forces acting on it. B. has balanced forces acting on it. C. has forces acting in the direction of its motion only. D. is disobeying Newton's Laws of Motion. 3. A student had a rubber ball and a piece of modelling clay. The ball and clay each had a mass of 100 g. They were held at the same height above the floor and dropped at the same time. -- -- -- -- -- -- 4. The following diagram shows some apparatus that can produce energy from sunlight to make an electric motor spin.  5. Newton's Second Law can be described by the following equation. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6. Momentum can be defined as a property of a moving body that is a result of the body's mass and motion and equal to the product of the body's mass and velocity. A. Stationary bodies have momentum. B. All objects travelling at the same speed will have the same momentum. C. The momentum of a body is equal to the body's mass multiplied by its velocity. D. Only the mass of a body contributes to its momentum. 7. A toy bus powered by a wind-up clockwork motor moves according to the following diagram  8. The diagram shows a machine called a 'block and tackle' attached to a strong beam. The system has two pulleys and is designed to assist with lifting heavy objects. A. The system transforms all of the energy put into it into useful work. B. The system provides twice as much energy as is put into it. C. Some energy put into the system is lost because of friction. D. The system will only work if it is powered by a motor. 9. An athlete is at a training session. She runs 400 metres in 50 seconds, walks 480 metres in two minutes and jogs 45 metres in 15 seconds. The athlete's average speed for the whole session is closest to 10. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher. He reasoned that heavier objects fall toward Earth faster than lighter objects. Galileo Galilei was an Italian scientist who tested Aristotle's idea. Galileo dropped two balls of different masses at the same time from the top of a tower. He placed observers at the base of the tower to see when the balls hit the ground. a. **i. Predict** the **difference between the times** the balls took to hit the ground. b. A Year 10 Science student dropped two identical sheets of A4 paper from an upstairs window. One sheet was crumpled in a ball, the other was left flat. The crumpled sheet hit the ground first. 11. Explain the safety features on a car. 12. Over a 1-minute period of time, the position of a coach was plotted as she moved along the sideline during a netball game. Her position at 5-second intervals is shown in the table below. Assume that the coach started at the midline of the court. **Time (s)** **Position (m)** -------------- ------------------ 0 0 5 3 10 6 15 6 20 6 25 7 30 8 35 9 40 10 45 10 50 8 55 4 60 0 a. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- b. c. d. e. 13. A hamster can cover 9 metres in 38 seconds. What is the speed of the hamster in m/s? 14. The ticker tape below shows the motion of a dynamics cart during an experiment. A ticker timer places 50 dots every second on the tape. a. What interval of time elapses between successive dots?....................................... b. What period of time elapsed between points A and D?.................................... c. In which intervals (A to B, B to C, or C to D) did the dynamics trolley: i. ii. remain at a constant speed? Explain your answer........................................................................................\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... iii. What is the acceleration of a car that takes 8 seconds to reach a speed of 20 m/s if it starts from rest? iv. Complete the following table. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Force** | **Mass** | **Acceleration** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | 100 N | | 20 m/s^2^ | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | 0.300 kg | 4 m/s^2^ | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 1.2 N | 2. kg | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ 15. A car is travelling down the highway at a constant speed when a kangaroo bounces onto the road ahead. The driver takes his foot off the accelerator and brakes hard. In each of the following cases, explain whether the forces acting on the car are balanced or unbalanced. a. When the car is travelling at constant speed down the highway............................... b. When the car is decelerating................................ c. When the car has stopped.................................\... 16. Name and describe at least one of the safety features incorporated into a car's design that prevents injury to the driver when: a. their car is rear-ended by another car b. their car hits a tree. 17. During a bounce test on a squash ball, it is raised to a height of 120 cm and then dropped onto a smooth concrete floor. The height of the bounce is then measured. State whether each of the following statements about the test is true or false. a. The ball has its maximum kinetic energy when it hits the concrete.................... b. While it is falling, the ball loses kinetic energy but gains gravitational potential energy. c. The ball will bounce to a height of 120 cm................... d. When the ball strikes the concrete and compresses, kinetic energy is converted into elastic potential energy................... e. Some of the ball's energy is destroyed every time it bounces................... f. Some of the kinetic energy of the ball is converted into heat when it strikes the ground................... 18. Define what is meant by the term 'work'. 19. A car is travelling down the highway at 90km/h (25 m/s) when a kangaroo bounces onto the road ahead. The driver takes his foot off the accelerator and brakes hard. a. What deceleration is provided by the car's brakes if the car takes 4 seconds to come to a complete stop? Show all working. b. What force must be exerted by the brakes to stop the car if it has a mass of 1100 kg? c. Describe the motion of an unbelted passenger in the car during the deceleration in terms of Newton's First Law of Motion. d. Draw and label arrows on the diagram below to show the forces acting on the car during the deceleration.  e. Are the forces acting on the car balanced or unbalanced while the car decelerates? Explain your answer................................................................................................................ Calculating average speed ========================= 20. The average speed (*v*) for a journey is calculated using the formula: *v* = *d* ------- ----- *t* where *d* = distance travelled and *t* = time taken. Complete the following table. Make sure you include the appropriate units for each quantity. Distance travelled Time taken Average speed -------------------- ------------ --------------- 100 m 20 s 3 km 60 km/h 15 s 20 m/s 2 km 25 m/s Average speed and average velocity ================================== 21. Two vehicles (X and Y) travel from A to C along different paths as shown in the diagram (not drawn to scale). X travels along the path ABC and vehicle Y travels along AC. The triangle ABC is a right-angled triangle. A is north of B. -- -- ---- --------------------------- 09 !(media/image15.jpeg) -- -- ---- --------------------------- Both vehicles take 70 s for the trip. Perform the necessary calculations to complete the following table. Average speed of X Average velocity of X Average speed of Y Average velocity of Y -------------------- ----------------------- -------------------- ----------------------- Describing motion ================= 24\. For each ticker tape shown, describe the motion of the body to which the tape was attached.\ The left-hand dot is at time zero. (a) 09 -- ---- (b) -- --------------------------- !(media/image17.jpeg) -- --------------------------- Measuring speed =============== 22. The time between each of the dots on the following ticker tape is 0.02 s. -- ---- 09 -- ---- \(a) Calculate the average speed of the object to which the tape was attached for each time interval. Express your answers in mm/s. Interval Distance between dots (mm) Average speed (mm/s) ---------- ---------------------------- ---------------------- AB BC CD DE EF FG \(b) Describe the motion of the object to which this tape was attached. 23. The following diagram shows a spring balance that uses the extension of a spring when a mass is hung on it to measure the downwards force on the mass. The greater the mass, the greater the extension of the spring.  a. **Identify** the outlier. b. **Draw** a line of best fit on the graph above. c. **Calculate how many newtons** are equivalent to 1 gram, correct to one decimal place. 24. State Newton's First Law of Motion. (a) -- ---- -- 09 -- ---- -- -- --------------------------- -- !(media/image22.jpeg) -- --------------------------- -- 25. A 500-kg box is placed on the tray of a utility truck but is not secured by ropes. The ute drives along a highway, then the driver has to brake suddenly to avoid a wombat on the road. Use the concept of inertia to explain the danger to the driver. 26. A 1-kg pendulum is mounted on the roof of a vehicle as shown in the diagram. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | 09 | Describe the motion | | | | of the pendulum for | | | | each example. | | | | | | | | \(a) The vehicle | | | | accelerates from | | | | rest. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Weight ====== 27. The weight of an object is the force acting on the object in a gravitational field. The stronger the gravitational field, the greater the weight of a body. Weight is measured in the units of newtons (N). The weight (*W*) of a body of mass (*m*) in a gravitational field (*g* = acceleration due to gravity) is given by the formula: *W* = *mg* Mass (kg) Gravity (m/s^2^) Weight (N) ----------- ------------------ ------------ 20 9.8 30 286.5 9.8 400.0 28. State Newton's Second Law of Motion. 29. Use the formula *F* = *ma* to complete the following table Force (*F*) (newtons) Mass (*m*) Acceleration (*a*) ----------------------- ------------ -------------------- 100 40 kg 2 200 g 70 3.5 m/s^2^ 100 10 cm/s^2^ 30. Consider the forces acting on a body of mass 40 kg resting on a frictionless surface. -- ------------------------- --  -- ------------------------- -- \(b) Calculate the acceleration of the body. 31. The photo shows a drag car coming to a stop at the end of a race. \(b) Identify the force that brings the drag car to a stop. \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 32. State Newton's Third Law of Motion. 33. The following diagram shows a balloon rocket built by students to investigate motion. The balloon is mounted on a horizontal string using a length of drinking straw and masking tape. -- --------------------------- -- !(media/image26.jpeg) -- --------------------------- -- 34. The photograph below shows a person pushing against a wall. -- -- -- -- -- -- c. Explain what would happen if he tried to do this on a very slippery floor.  1. How much thermal energy does the motor produce? a. 62 joules b. 18 joules c. 60 joules d. 42 joules 2. Which of the three lights, **A**, **B** or **C** is the most efficient? Give a reason for your answer. A. Filament Lamp  B. LED Lamp C. CFL Lamp 3. Is this filament lamp efficient? Give a reason for your answer. 35. Complete the statements below to compile a summary of this unit. The missing words can be found in the word list below. **  1.** Speed is a measure of the............... at which an object moves over a distance. **  2.**............... speed can be calculated by dividing the distance travelled by the time taken. **  3.**............... is a measure of the rate of change in position. In order to describe the velocity fully, the............... of the change in position must be stated. **  4.** The............... speed of an object is its speed at a particular instant of time. **  5.** The............... of an object moving in a straight line is a measure of the rate at which it changes speed. **  6.** The average acceleration of an object can be calculated by............... the change in its speed by the time taken for the change. **  7.** The force of gravitational attraction to a large object such as a planet is called...............  . **  8.** An object will remain at rest, or will not change its speed or direction, unless it is acted upon by an outside,............... force. **  9.** The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the............... force acting on it. **10.** When an object applies a force to a second object, the second object applies an............... and............... force to the first object. **11.**............... is done whenever a force is applied to an object and the object moves in the direction of the force. **12.**............... can be transferred to an object by doing work on it. Doing work on an object can also convert the energy an object possesses from one form into another. **13.** All stored energy is called............... energy................ potential energy and............... potential energy are examples of stored energy. **14.** The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy is never created or  ................ average destroyed potential weight ------------ --------------- -------------- --------------- energy equal total opposite direction dividing work gravitational unbalanced instantaneous acceleration elastic velocity rate 36. The final velocity (*v*) of an object is equal to its initial velocity (*u*) added to acceleration (*a*) multiplied by time (*t*), as shown by the following equation. #### Choose the correct key term to complete the sentences. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1. Speed is a measure of the at which an object moves over a distance. 2. speed can be calculated by dividing the distance travelled by the time taken. 4. The speed of an object is its speed at a particular instant of time. 5. The of an object moving in a straight line is a measure of the rate at which it changes speed. 6. The average acceleration of an object can be calculated by the change in its 7. The force of gravitational attraction to a large object like a planet is called \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 8. An object will remain at rest, or will not change its speed or direction, unless it is acted upon by an outside,........................................... force. 9. The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the force 10. When an object applies a force to a second object, the second object applies an \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...and...................................... force to the first object. 11. is done whenever a force is applied to an object and the object moves in the direction of the force. 13. All stored energy is called \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... energy potential energy and potential energy are examples of stored energy. 14. The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy is never created or \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... **Complete the crossword.**  A close-up of a paper Description automatically generated **Complete the word search by finding the words that match the following definitions. Words can be** **forwards, backwards, vertical, horizontal or diagonal.**  - The location of an object - The capacity of an object or a substance to do work - A type of energy that is stored due to the position or state of an object - A type of energy that is stored at the centre of atoms - The change in position of an object (from the start to end position) - A type of energy that is due to the motion of an object - A decrease in speed or velocity, where acceleration is in the opposite direction to velocity - A push, pull or twist applied to one object by another, measured in newtons (N) - The transfer in energy that occurs when a force moves an object in the direction of the force - Used to measure the speed of an object using a timer and a detector - Any quantity that is described by a magnitude, but no direction - Any quantity that is described by both magnitude and direction - An area where a magnetic force is experienced - Speed at any particular instant of time - Distance travelled divided by time taken