Year 10 Assessment Revision Slides PDF

Year 10 Assessment Revision Slides Hardwood vs Softwood Hardwoods come from deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves in autumn), and are typically denser and stronger than softwoods. Examples include oak, mahogany, and teak. Softwoods come from coniferous trees (those that retain their nee...

Year 10 Assessment Revision Slides Hardwood vs Softwood Hardwoods come from deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves in autumn), and are typically denser and stronger than softwoods. Examples include oak, mahogany, and teak. Softwoods come from coniferous trees (those that retain their needles), such as pine, spruce, and cedar. Softwoods are generally easier to work with but are not as dense or strong as hardwoods. Timber - Good or Bad? Advantages of Timber Aesthetic Appeal: Timber is attractive, adding warmth and character to designs. Renewable: It's a sustainable, renewable resource when harvested responsibly. Strength-to-Weight Ratio: It’s strong yet light, making it easy to handle. Insulating: Provides natural insulation, helping with energy efficiency. Biodegradable: Timber breaks down naturally, unlike synthetic materials. Disadvantages of Timber Susceptible to Moisture and Rot: Needs treatment to avoid decay. Vulnerable to Pests: Insects like termites can damage it. Cost and Maintenance: It requires regular treatment and can be expensive. Flammability: Timber can catch fire unless treated with fire-resistant chemicals. Environmental Impact: Unsustainable logging can harm ecosystems.  Properties of Metals Aluminium - Aluminium is a lightweight and corrosion-resistant metal, making it ideal for applications like aircraft, packaging, and outdoor structures. It is malleable, meaning it can be easily shaped, and is a good conductor of electricity, though not as efficient as copper. Aluminium is also non-magnetic and 100% recyclable, which makes it both environmentally friendly and versatile in manufacturing. Steel - Steel is a strong and durable metal widely used in construction and manufacturing. It can be made in various forms, such as mild steel (more flexible) or high-carbon steel (stronger but more brittle), depending on the application. Stainless steel, which is resistant to rust, is especially popular in kitchenware and medical instruments. Steel is magnetic and has a relatively high melting point, making it suitable for high-stress and high-temperature environments. Copper - Copper is an excellent conductor of electricity and heat, making it perfect for wiring, electrical circuits, and heat exchangers. It is malleable and ductile, so it can be easily shaped into wires and other components. Copper also has good corrosion resistance, developing a protective patina over time, and is non-magnetic. It is highly recyclable and has aesthetic appeal due to its distinctive reddish-brown color.  Properties of Polymers Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) - Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is a strong, lightweight, and recyclable plastic commonly used in making plastic bottles, containers, and packaging. It has good impact resistance, is transparent, and can be easily molded into various shapes. PET is also chemical-resistant and non-toxic, making it safe for food and drink containers. Its recyclability makes it environmentally friendly, as it can be reused to produce new products. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) - Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is a durable, versatile plastic used in a wide range of applications, including pipes, flooring, and electrical insulation. It is available in both rigid and flexible forms, allowing for a variety of uses. PVC is resistant to chemicals, weathering, and abrasion, making it ideal for outdoor and plumbing applications. However, it can be difficult to recycle and has environmental concerns when incinerated. Polypropylene (PP) - Polypropylene (PP) is a strong, lightweight plastic known for its chemical resistance and high melting point. It is commonly used in packaging, automotive parts, and household products like containers and furniture. PP is flexible, resistant to fatigue, and can be easily molded into different shapes. It is recyclable, and because it is less toxic and durable, it is a popular choice in many industries, especially for food containers and medical applications. Thermoset vs Thermo! Thermoplastics - Thermoplastics are plastics that become soft and malleable when heated and can be reshaped multiple times without undergoing any chemical change. This property makes them ideal for processes like injection moulding and extrusion. They are generally recyclable and versatile, used in a wide range of products, from packaging to automotive parts. Common thermoplastics include polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS). However, they may lose strength at high temperatures and are generally less durable than thermoset plastics. Thermoset Plastics - Thermoset plastics are plastics that harden permanently when heated and cannot be reshaped once set. This makes them ideal for products that need to maintain their shape and strength, such as electrical components, automotive parts, and kitchenware. Thermoset plastics are known for their high heat resistance, durability, and strength. They are not recyclable but are widely used in industries where performance and stability are critical. Examples include epoxy, phenolic, and bakelite.  Carbon Footprint of Materials Comparison of Carbon Footprints and Environmental Impacts Metals: The production of metals like steel and aluminium requires energy-intensive processes (especially the use of fossil fuels in blast furnaces or the electricity used in electrolysis). Steel production, for example, generates significant CO2 emissions due to the use of carbon-rich coke and high-temperature processes. Timber and Boards: Timber has a lower carbon footprint compared to metals and concrete. The environmental impact of timber depends on whether it is sustainably sourced, as unsustainable logging can lead to deforestation. Engineered wood boards, like plywood or MDF, use wood scraps and can be more efficient, but still require energy to process and often use glues and chemicals. Concrete: Concrete has the largest carbon footprint among construction materials, primarily due to the energy-intensive cement production process. The calcination of limestone in cement production releases a large amount of CO2, making concrete responsible for a significant portion of global carbon emissions. Summary In comparison, metals like steel and aluminium have substantial environmental impacts due to high-energy production processes, but they are still less carbon-intensive than concrete. Timber and engineered wood products have a relatively lower carbon footprint, with timber being a renewable material. Concrete’s large carbon footprint is mainly due to the cement-making process, which emits large amounts of CO2, making it one of the most environmentally costly materials in construction.  Stock Forms - Timber Stock Forms for Timber 1. Planks: These are thick, flat pieces of timber, typically used in construction or for making furniture. Planks are often left rough or can be planed to a smooth finish. 2. Beams: Timber beams are long, solid pieces of wood used in structural applications such as in buildings or bridges. Beams are usually larger in size and offer high strength. 3. Boards: These are thin, flat sheets of wood used for various purposes, like flooring or paneling. They are usually sawn and can come in different lengths and thicknesses. 4. Timber Sheets (Veneers): These are thin slices of wood, usually peeled or sliced from logs, used in making plywood or other engineered wood products.  Stock Forms - Polymers Stock Forms for Polymers 1. Sheets: Polymers in the form of sheets are flat, thin pieces of plastic. They are typically used for applications like signs, packaging, or construction panels. 2. Films: These are extremely thin sheets of polymer used primarily for flexible packaging or for applications where flexibility and transparency are needed, like plastic wraps. 3. Rods: Polymer rods are long, cylindrical pieces of plastic. These are used in the manufacture of pipes, tubing, and sometimes as structural supports. 4. Granules/ Pellets: These are small, bead-like pieces of plastic that are used as raw material for further processing, typically by injection moulding or extrusion into various products. 5. Foams: Polymers can also be produced in foam form, where the plastic is combined with a blowing agent to create a lightweight, porous material used in insulation, cushions, and packaging.  Stock Forms - Metals Stock Forms for Metals 1. Sheets: Metal sheets are flat, thin pieces of metal. They are commonly used for applications where a thin, flexible, and strong material is needed, like in roofing, car bodies, or electrical components. 2. Bars: Metal bars are long, solid, rectangular pieces. They are often used in construction, machinery, and fabrication, where strength and rigidity are needed. 3. Plates: Metal plates are thicker than sheets and are often used for structural applications, such as in bridges, heavy machinery, or building frames. 4. Rods: Metal rods are long, cylindrical pieces that are commonly used in construction, manufacturing, and as reinforcement for concrete (rebar). 5. Pipes: Metals are often formed into tubes or pipes, which are essential for fluid transportation in plumbing, oil, gas, and industrial systems. 6. Wire: Metal wire is a long, thin strand of metal, commonly used for electrical cables, fencing, and structural reinforcement. 7. Ingots: Metal ingots are large, solid blocks of metal, produced by pouring molten metal into molds. Ingots are later processed into other stock forms, like sheets or bars. Tolerances Tolerances refer to the allowable limits of variation in the dimensions of a part or product during manufacturing. They are necessary because no manufacturing process is perfect, and slight variations can occur due to factors like machine precision, material properties, and environmental conditions. Tolerances ensure that parts will fit together properly and function as intended in the final product, even if small discrepancies arise during production. By specifying acceptable limits for features such as length, width, diameter, or angle, tolerances allow manufacturers to control the quality and performance of products while keeping costs efficient. Tight tolerances are required for high-precision items like aerospace components, while looser tolerances may be acceptable for larger, less critical parts. In essence, tolerances help maintain consistency, reduce the risk of defects, and ensure product reliability. Orthographic Drawing Orthographic Drawing Orthographic drawing is a method of representing a 3D object in 2D views, typically showing the front, top, and side views of the object. This technique is essential for technical and engineering drawings because it allows precise and detailed representation of each side of an object without any perspective distortion. Each view is drawn to scale and at 90° angles to one another. Orthographic projections are used in construction, manufacturing, and design to communicate exact measurements and the geometric shape of an object. Isometric drawing Isometric Drawing Isometric drawing is a type of 3D representation where all three axes (height, width, and depth) are shown at equal angles of 30° to the horizontal plane. In an isometric drawing, the scale along each axis is the same, meaning the object is depicted without distortion. It allows for an accurate and proportionate visual of a 3D object on a 2D surface. This type of drawing is commonly used in technical and engineering fields because it provides a clear, detailed view of an object from all sides while maintaining its proportions. Perspective Drawing Perspective Drawing Perspective drawing is a technique used to represent 3D objects on a 2D plane with a sense of depth and realism. In perspective drawing, objects appear smaller as they get farther away from the viewer, converging toward vanishing points on the horizon. The use of vanishing points and converging lines creates the illusion of depth, making it more lifelike. There are different types of perspective (one-point, two-point, and three-point), each offering varying levels of complexity. Perspective drawing is often used in art, architecture, and design to convey how an object or space will appear in the real world. CAD (Computer Aided Design) PROS 1. Precision and Accuracy: CAD allows for highly precise designs with accurate measurements, reducing human error. It enables engineers and designers to create detailed and exact models and drawings. 2. Efficiency and Speed: CAD software makes the design process faster by allowing users to easily modify, duplicate, and move elements. This reduces the time it takes to produce drafts and final designs. 3. 3D Visualization: CAD provides the ability to create 3D models and simulations of designs, making it easier to visualize and test a product before it is physically made. This helps in identifying potential issues early in the design process. 4. Easy Modifications: Making changes to designs is much easier with CAD. You can quickly edit dimensions, shapes, or materials, which would be much more time-consuming and difficult with traditional hand-drawing methods. CONS 1. High Initial Cost: CAD software and hardware can be expensive to purchase and maintain, especially for advanced programs used in complex design and engineering. There may also be costs associated with training employees to use the software effectively. 2. Requires Technical Skill: Using CAD software requires specialized knowledge and training. For beginners or those not familiar with the software, it can be difficult to navigate and utilize the full capabilities of the system. 3. Software Compatibility Issues: Different CAD software programs may not always be compatible with one another, leading to challenges in sharing files between different systems or platforms. This can cause delays or require additional time to convert files into a usable format. 4. Limited Creativity: Some critics argue that the structure and precision of CAD tools can limit creative expression. Designers might focus more on adhering to rigid measurements and specifications than on exploring innovative or artistic designs. 5. Dependence on Technology: Since CAD is entirely digital, any technical failure, such as a computer crash or loss of data, can disrupt the design process, leading to potential delays or loss of valuable work if backups are not maintained.  Ferrous vs Non-Ferrous Ferrous Metals - Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron as their primary element. These metals are typically magnetic and tend to rust or corrode when exposed to moisture and oxygen. The term "ferrous" comes from the Latin word ferrum, which means iron. Steel and cast iron are the most common types of ferrous metals. Steel, for example, is an alloy of iron and carbon, and can also contain other elements like chromium or nickel to improve its properties. Ferrous metals are known for their strength and durability, which makes them widely used in construction, automotive, and manufacturing industries. However, their susceptibility to rust and corrosion means they often require protective coatings like paint or galvanizing. Examples of ferrous metals: Steel, Cast Iron, Wrought Iron Non-Ferrous Metals - Non-ferrous metals are metals that do not contain significant amounts of iron. These metals are typically corrosion-resistant, lightweight, and non-magnetic. Non-ferrous metals are often more resistant to rust and other forms of corrosion, making them ideal for applications in environments where exposure to moisture or chemicals is common. They are used in industries like aerospace, electronics, and construction, where specific properties such as conductivity, strength, or corrosion resistance are required. Examples of non-ferrous metals: Aluminium, Copper, Lead, Zinc, Titanium  Ergonomics in design refers to the practice of designing products, systems, or environments that are optimized for human use, ensuring that they are comfortable, safe, and efficient. The Ergonomics goal is to improve the user experience by understanding how people interact with the objects or systems and designing them to fit human needs and capabilities. Ergonomics focuses on aspects like: Comfort: Ensuring that products or workspaces are designed to reduce discomfort or strain during use. For example, ergonomic chairs are designed to support the back and encourage proper posture, preventing discomfort during long periods of sitting. Safety: Minimizing the risk of injury or harm, especially when it comes to tools, machinery, and workplaces. Ergonomically designed tools are often shaped to reduce repetitive motion or awkward hand positions that could cause injury over time. Efficiency: Creating designs that make tasks easier and more productive, by reducing unnecessary movements or steps. For example, an ergonomically designed kitchen layout would place frequently used items within easy reach to minimize bending or stretching. Usability: Ensuring that products are intuitive and easy to use for a wide range of people, including those with varying levels of experience, physical abilities, or even age groups. An example is designing user-friendly interfaces for digital devices or simple controls for machinery. By incorporating ergonomic principles into product design, companies aim to enhance user comfort, increase productivity, and reduce the risk of injuries, leading to better overall performance and satisfaction.  Rapid prototyping is a method used to quickly create a physical model or prototype of a product or design using computer-aided design (CAD) data. It allows designers and engineers to test and Rapid Prototyping evaluate ideas quickly and efficiently before moving on to full-scale production. The main advantage of rapid prototyping is its ability to produce prototypes in a short time frame, which helps to reduce development costs and time to market. Rapid prototyping can involve several techniques, including: 1. 3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing): A process where a model is built layer by layer from materials like plastic, metal, or resin. This is one of the most common methods for rapid prototyping due to its flexibility and speed. 2. CNC Machining: Using computer-controlled machines to carve or mill materials such as metals or plastics into the desired shape quickly. 3. Stereolithography (SLA): A 3D printing technique that uses a laser to cure a liquid resin into solid layers, ideal for creating detailed prototypes. 4. Laser Cutting: A precise method for cutting materials like wood, plastic, or metal using a laser beam, often used for prototypes with flat or 2D components. Benefits of Rapid Prototyping: Faster Design Iterations: Allows designers to test multiple design ideas in a short period, leading to better final products. Cost-effective: Reduces the need for expensive molds and tools in the early stages of product development. Improved Communication: Physical prototypes help stakeholders better understand the design and functionality, improving feedback and collaboration.