University Of Mosul Lecture Notes On Medical Biology - PDF

University of Mosul College of Medicine Practical Lecture: (2) Subject/stage: Medical Biology/1st year Lecturer: Assist.Prof. Dr. Ramzia Hasan Department: Anatomy Date: 24 /11/2024  The AIM of this lecture is The students will learn : - The types of organism and their characters. - Diagnos...

University of Mosul College of Medicine Practical Lecture: (2) Subject/stage: Medical Biology/1st year Lecturer: Assist.Prof. Dr. Ramzia Hasan Department: Anatomy Date: 24 /11/2024  The AIM of this lecture is The students will learn : - The types of organism and their characters. - Diagnose the number of organisms. ❖ Intended learning outcomes: By the end of this lecture the student will be able to: 1. Define cell biology, cytology and the cell. 2. Understand the types of organism (Prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell ) and their characters. 3. Inspect examples for each type of organism.  Cell biology Cell biology : is the branch of biology which deals with the study of structure and function of cells. Cell is the basic structure and function unit of living organism (animals , plants and microorganism Types of cells Cells divided into two types prokaryotic cells -1 Eukaryotic cells-2 prokaryotic cells -1 (in Greek language) Pro = before Karyon = Nucleus -: The main characters of prokaryotic cells Simple and small in size -1 (therefore they are visible with the light microscope) Cells are have cell wall outside the plasma-2 membrane The genetic material is DNA-3 lack a nuclear envelope-4 The organelles are not limited by -5 membranes.They divide asexually by binary fission Example (The bacteria)  Examples for the bacteria 1-Staphylococcus bacteria (Gr+) 2-Streptococcus bacteria (Gr+) 3-Bacilli bacteria (Gr-)  Staphylococcus bacteria (Gr+)-1 prokaryotic cells-1 2-Rounded in shape (cocci) 3-Gram positive Gr+ (blue color) 4-Arrenged as groups (cluster) Streptococcus bacteria (Gr+)-2 1-Prokaryotic cells 2-Rounded in shape (Cocci) 3-Gram positive Gr+ (purple color).4-Arrenged as a chain Bacilli bacteria (Gr-)-3 1-Prokaryotic cells 2-Rods like shape (Bacilli) 3-Gram negative (Gr-) (red color)  Eukaryotic cells-2 (in Greek language): Eu = good or true Karyon = nucleus The main characters of eukaryotic cells 1-Eukaryotic cells are complex and larger in size 2-Have a clear nucleus 3- The nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope 4-Has membrane bound organelles  Examples for eukaryotic cells Nerve cells -1 Squamous cells-2 Blood cells-3 Smooth muscle cells-4  Nerve cells Eukaryotic cells-1 Multipolar cells-2 Star like shape with spherical centric nucleus-3  Squamous cells Eukaryotic cells-1 Polyhedral cells with spherical centric nucleus -2  Human blood smear ((Blood cells Eukaryotic cells-1 Rounded in shape-2 RBC Neutrophil Acidophil Lymphocyte Eukaryotic cells-1 Rounded in shape-2 WBC RBC Human blood smear ((Blood cells  Smooth muscle cells Eukaryotic cells-1 Spindal shape with ovoid nucleus-2 two Eukaryotic cells can be divided into types Unicellular Organisms -1 Multicellular Organisms -2  Entamoeba coli Unicellular Organism-1 Slowly movement by short and small pseudopodia -2 None pathogenic parasite-3  Entamoeba histolytica Unicellular Organism-1 Moves by pseudopodia-2 Pathogenic parasite cause amebic dysentery -3  Trypanosoma gambiense Unicellular Organism-1 Moves by flagella -2 Pathogenic parasite cause Mid-African sleeping sickness -3 Transport by insect bites-4 RBC Trypanosoma gambiense Examples for Multicellular Organisms Fasciola hepatica It is a large leaf-shaped-1 It is hermaphrodite-2 Cause disease called (liver rot) -3 :To summarize -The cell is the functional and structural unit of a living organism. -Organisms are divided according to their distinguishing characteristics into a. Prokaryotic organism. b. Eukaryotic organism. -A number of different organisms have been identified and some of their distinctive characteristics studied