Second World War History Notes - Evangel College PDF

Evangel College HISTORY Second World War NAME: CLASS: NO.:  Theme B Conflicts and Co-operation in the 20th century World Chapter 2 Interwar Period & Second World War 2.1 Causes of WWII ① Rise of totalitarianism Country Effect Germ...

Evangel College HISTORY Second World War NAME: CLASS: NO.:  Theme B Conflicts and Co-operation in the 20th century World Chapter 2 Interwar Period & Second World War 2.1 Causes of WWII ① Rise of totalitarianism Country Effect Germany - Expansionist policy (Nazism) - Austria → Sudetenland → Czechoslovakia → Poland - Britain & France were forced to declare war Italy - Expansionist policy (Fascism) - Fiume & Dalmatia → Albania → Abyssinia → encourage Hitler Japan - Expansionist policy (Militarism) - 918 Incident → established Manzhouguo → 77 Incident → encouraged Hitler ② Paris Peace Conference / Treaty of Versailles Clause Explanation Germany - War-guilt clause / bear sole responsibility - Felt humiliated / poor social livelihood - 6.6 billion pounds reparation - Supported strong leader to: - Cede land (Alsace-Lorraine / Poland) ➔ revenge - Sudetenland was given to Czech ➔ regain national glory (3 million German) ➔ solve internal problems - No union of Germany & Austria (German) - Supported Hitler/Mussolini who gave promises - Disarm (100,000 army) - Rise of totalitarianism → expansion Italy - Could not get promised land (Fiume & Dalmatia) - Got Istria & Tyrol only - Did not gain Germany colony Japan - Attended as victorious country - Militant could raise international status - Gained Shandong - Party politics made Japan discriminated - Failed to recognize racial equality - Lost faith to party politics - Support militarism to regain national glory → expansion  ③ Post-war social / economic problems Problem Explanation Germany - Return of soldier - Strong leader to solve internal problems (downsize to 100,000 army) - Hitler promised to solve such problems - Printed money to pay war debt - Supported Nazism → expansion (Value of German Mark decreased by 50%) - 6.6 billion pounds reparation France - Repay loans to US for war debt - Unwilling to start another war Britain - Factories destroy during WWI - Paved the way for appeasement policy - Return of soldier - Strengthened ambition of totalitarians Italy - 2 million returned soldiers unemployed - Landlords & businessmen discontented - Italian Socialist Party organized strikes - Strong leader to solve internal problems - Mussolini promised to solve such problems - Supported Fascism → expansion ④ Great Depression Impact / Action Explanation US - Adopted isolation policy - Trade with Italy in Abyssinian Crisis - Adopted protectionism - Ignored aggression of totalitarianism - Recall loans from France & Britain ➔ No power would stop the war - Stopped Dawes Plan ➔ Strengthened confidence of Hitler Britain - Repay US loans - Munich Conference & Agreement (1938) France - Britain: 2.8 million unemployment (1932) - Ceded Sudetenland to Germany - France: > 1 million unemployment (1932-33) ➔ No power would stop the war - Adopted appeasement policy ➔ Strengthened confidence of Hitler Japan - US protectionism - Needed a strong leader to solve internal problems - Export reduced by 50% (1929-31) - Supported militants to expand in China and SE Asia - 3 million unemployment for natural resources - Encouraged Hitler Germany - Stopped Dawes Plan - Needed a strong leader to solve internal problems - France and Britain asked for reparation - Hitler promised & solved by conscription - 6 million unemployment (1933) (6 million → 0.6 million) (1935: 500,000 army) - Strengthen support for expansion Italy - 1 million unemployment (1933) - Discontent towards Mussolini - Expansion to divert discontent (Abyssinia) - Encouraged Hitler  ⑤ Failure of collective security Effectiveness Limitations Peace-keeping Locarno Treaty 1925 Small circle cooperation: attempts - Solved boundary problems between - Only Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Belgium, France & Germany Switzerland, Poland, Czech - Solved the boundary problems between Lack of sincerity / Institutional weakness: Germany, Poland & Czech - ‘Legitimate self-defence’ ➔ First meeting for Gr & Fr after 1971 - Did not solve eastern boundary problems of Gr. ➔ Prevent outbreak of WWII ➔ Excuse for Hitler to expand in Austria, Czech... Kellog-Briand Pact 1928 Lack of binding power: - 65 nations joined - Just denounce, no penalty for starting a war - Denounce war for any propose ➔ Strength Hitler’s confidence to expand - Settle disputes by peaceful means Lack of sincerity / institutional weakness: - War of self-defence is accepted ➔ Excuse for Hitler to expand in Austria, Czech... Disarm Attempts Washington Conference 1921-22 Institutional weakness / lack of sincerity: - Limit capital ships & aircraft carriers - Can expand if other countries expand its navy Br : US : Japan 5 : 5 :3 - Only limit a few kinds of armament London Naval Conference 1930 (No submarines) - Limit large cruiser Small circle cooperation: Br : US : Japan 10:10:6 - No Germany Japanese support militarism for regain national glory ➔ Armament race with Gr. was unavoidable Geneva Conference 1932 Lack of sincerity: - 61 nations joined - Germany unwilling to disarm as they had disarmed in - 300 disarm suggestions Treaty of Versailles - France unwilling to disarm as Germany did not ➔ Intensified conflicts / armament race (1933-35: France military expense: US$ 520m → 870m Britain military expense: US$ 330m → 650m) League of Nations 918 Incident 1931 Institutional weakness: - Japan used veto power to reject LN’s demand to - Unanimous vote withdraw China ➔ Hard to solve conflicts between major powers Abyssinian Crisis 1935-36 - Countries could quit freely, leaving Fr. & Br. - US ignore economic sanction Lack of binding power: - Oil trade with Italy - No independent armed force Lack of Powers’ participation - Relied on Britain & France - 1933 Japan & Germany quitted Lack of sincerity: - 1934 USSR joined - US advocated LN, but did not join - 1937 Italy quitted - US did not join ➔ Strength Hitler’s confidence to expand  ⑥ Powers’ attitude Country Examples Explanation US Abyssinian Crisis 1935-36 - Powers ignored aggression / no obstacles (Isolation policy) - Ignored LN economic sanction - Strengthened confidence and ambition of Hitler - Oil trade with Italy Oil → invasion of Poland Britain & France Munich Conference / Agreement 1938 (Appeasement policy) - Ceded Sudetenland to Germany Soviet Union Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 1939 - Divided Poland with Germany  2.2 World War Two Timeline Germany Italy Japan 1919 Hitler joined German Workers’ Party Mussolini formed Italian Combat League 1920 Rename Nazi Party 1921 Hitler became President of Nazi Party 1922 March on Rome 1923 Beer Hall Putsch 1924 Got Fiume 1925 Published My Struggle Formed Schutastaffel (SS) 1926 Albania became protectorate 1931 918 Incident 1932 Nazi became the largest party Set up Manzhouguo Hindenburg became the President 1933 Hitler served as Chancellor 1934 Hindenburg died Hitler became President 1935 Abyssinian Crisis 1936 Remilitarized Rhineland Berlin-Rome Axis Anti-Comintern Pact Berlin-Rome Axis Anti-Comintern Pact 1937 Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis Joined Anti-Comintern Pact 77 Incident Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis Nanjing Massacre Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis 1938 Annexed Austria Annexed Sudetenland 1939 Annexed whole Czechoslovakia Annexed Albania Annex Poland Pact of Steel 1940 Annexed Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherland, Luxemburg, France Annexed Britain (failed) 1941 Annexed USSR Attacked Pearl Harbor 1942 Lost in Battle of Midway 1943 Lost in Battle of Stalingrad Surrendered 1944 D-Day 1945 Surrendered Atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Unconditional surrender  2.3 Impacts of Two World Wars Aspect WWI WWII Political ① Fall of Empire German Empire - Weimar Republic - Cede land to Poland, Czech Austria-Hungarian Empire - Split into Austria & Hungary - Cede land to Czech & Yugoslavia Russian Empire - Cede land to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania Ottoman Empire - Cede land to Greece & Italy ② Change in Balance of Power ② End of European Domination & European countries declined Rise of Superpowers - Europe was the main battlefield European countries deliclined - Lost factories and manpower - Germany & Italy complete destruction Rise of US - France US$ 1.35 billion foreign debts - Explored overseas market Rise of US & USSR - Borrow loans to European countries - US invented atomic bomb - Big Three + decision maker in PPC - USSR won battle of Stalingrad Rise of Japan - Both led wartime conference (international influence) - Export weapons to Europe - Gain Shandong ③ New Countries / National Self-determination ③ Decolonization - Czechoslovakia, Poland (German) - Japan / Germany occupied British / French colonies - Yugoslavia (Slavs) - Independent movement rose when they retreat - Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland - Indonesia, the Philippines Econ ① Heavy Economic Lost ① Heavy economic lost - Cost US$ 330 billion - Cost US$ 1000 billion - Factories destroyed - Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Berlin completely destroyed - Unemployment - London & Tokyo bombed - Inflation ② Protectionism ② Cooperation - 1921 Emergency Tariff - Marshall Plan & Molotov Plan - Collect heavy tariff on import - Benelux Union / OEEC / ECSC - Increase demand for local product - Reduce tariff and facilitate trading Aspect WWI WWII Social ① Heavy death and casualties ① Heavy death and casualties - ~ 10 million soldiers died - Atomic bomb - 21 million soldiers injured - Nanjing Massacre (300,00 died) - Holocaust of Jews (6 million died) - 60 million people died ② Ideology: Totalitarianism ② Ideology: Democracy - Democracy could not solve post-war problems - Wanted freedom - Totalitarianism could regain national glory & - Wanted prolonged peace solve internal problems - Decolonization (the Philippines) - Nazism, Fascism, militarism ③ Rise of Women Status ③ Rise of Women Status - Women worked in military industry - Women fought as pilots & shooters - 15000 women served as military nurse - France (1944), Italy (1945), Japan (1945) - Britain (1918), Germany (1918), Belgium (1919) Women enjoyed voting rights Women enjoyed voting rights Diplomatic ① Small-circle cooperation ① Diverse form of cooperation Focused on peacekeeping - United Nations (peacekeeping) - 1920 League of Nations - World Health Organization (medicine) - 1921-22 Washington Conference - World Trade Organization (economic) - 1925 Locarno Treaty - UNICEF (social) - 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact - UNESCO (cultural) - 1930 London Naval Conference - Benelux Union (economic) - 1932 Geneva Conference - European Coal and Steel Community (economic) - Marshall Plan (economic) - Molotov Plan (economic)