Calcium Homeostasis PDF

#separator:tab #html:true "Calcium Homeostasis[...] calcium concentrations are generally very low (10 nM), while the [...] concentration, for example in plasma, is much higher (1 mM).The majority of calcium in the body is stored in bone (~1000 g), and dietary intake of calcium is...

#separator:tab #html:true "Calcium Homeostasis[...] calcium concentrations are generally very low (10 nM), while the [...] concentration, for example in plasma, is much higher (1 mM).The majority of calcium in the body is stored in bone (~1000 g), and dietary intake of calcium is around 1 g. " "Calcium HomeostasisIntracellular calcium concentrations are generally very low (10 nM), while the extracellular concentration, for example in plasma, is much higher (1 mM).The majority of calcium in the body is stored in bone (~1000 g), and dietary intake of calcium is around 1 g.  " "Calcium HomeostasisIntracellular calcium concentrations are generally very low (10 nM), while the extracellular concentration, for example in plasma, is much higher (1 mM).The majority of calcium in the body is stored in [...] (~1000 g), and dietary intake of calcium is around [...]. " "Calcium HomeostasisIntracellular calcium concentrations are generally very low (10 nM), while the extracellular concentration, for example in plasma, is much higher (1 mM).The majority of calcium in the body is stored in bone (~1000 g), and dietary intake of calcium is around 1 g.  " "Calcium HomeostasisParathyroid hormone:  - Produced by Chief cells of the parathyroid glands - Stimulates Ca++ reabsorption in kidney - Promotes conversion of vitamin D to active form 1,25 (OH)2 Vit D - In [...], persistent high levels of PTH activate osteoclasts and promote [...], while intermittent high levels cause [...]" "Calcium HomeostasisParathyroid hormone:  - Produced by Chief cells of the parathyroid glands - Stimulates Ca++ reabsorption in kidney - Promotes conversion of vitamin D to active form 1,25 (OH)2 Vit D - In bone, persistent high levels of PTH activate osteoclasts and promote bone resorption, while intermittent high levels cause bone deposition " "Calcium HomeostasisParathyroid hormone:  - Produced by Chief cells of the parathyroid glands - Stimulates Ca++ reabsorption in [...] - Promotes conversion of [...] to active form 1,25 (OH)2 Vit D - In bone, persistent high levels of PTH activate osteoclasts and promote bone resorption, while intermittent high levels cause bone deposition" "Calcium HomeostasisParathyroid hormone:  - Produced by Chief cells of the parathyroid glands - Stimulates Ca++ reabsorption in kidney - Promotes conversion of vitamin D to active form 1,25 (OH)2 Vit D - In bone, persistent high levels of PTH activate osteoclasts and promote bone resorption, while intermittent high levels cause bone deposition " "Calcium HomeostasisParathyroid hormone:  - Produced by Chief cells of the parathyroid glands - Stimulates Ca++ reabsorption in kidney - Promotes conversion of vitamin D to active form 1,25 (OH)2 Vit D - In bone, [...] high levels of PTH activate osteoclasts and promote bone resorption, while [...] high levels cause bone deposition" "Calcium HomeostasisParathyroid hormone:  - Produced by Chief cells of the parathyroid glands - Stimulates Ca++ reabsorption in kidney - Promotes conversion of vitamin D to active form 1,25 (OH)2 Vit D - In bone, persistent high levels of PTH activate osteoclasts and promote bone resorption, while intermittent high levels cause bone deposition " "Calcium HomeostasisParathyroid hormone:  - Produced by [...] cells of the parathyroid glands - [...] Ca++ reabsorption in kidney - Promotes conversion of vitamin D to active form 1,25 (OH)2 Vit D - In bone, persistent high levels of PTH activate osteoclasts and promote bone resorption, while intermittent high levels cause bone deposition" "Calcium HomeostasisParathyroid hormone:  - Produced by Chief cells of the parathyroid glands - Stimulates Ca++ reabsorption in kidney - Promotes conversion of vitamin D to active form 1,25 (OH)2 Vit D - In bone, persistent high levels of PTH activate osteoclasts and promote bone resorption, while intermittent high levels cause bone deposition " "Calcium HomeostasisVitamin D:  - Derived from diet - Regulates Ca++ levels in the body - Stimulates absorption of Ca++ from gut - Acts synergistically with [...] to enhance Ca++ reabsorption in the [...]. - Direct effects on bone cause release of Ca++ (but indirect effects promote mineralization)." "Calcium HomeostasisVitamin D:  - Derived from diet - Regulates Ca++ levels in the body - Stimulates absorption of Ca++ from gut - Acts synergistically with PTH to enhance Ca++ reabsorption in the kidney. - Direct effects on bone cause release of Ca++ (but indirect effects promote mineralization). " "Calcium HomeostasisVitamin D:  - Derived from [...] - Regulates Ca++ levels in the body - Stimulates [...] of Ca++ from [...] - Acts synergistically with PTH to enhance Ca++ reabsorption in the kidney. - Direct effects on bone cause release of Ca++ (but indirect effects promote mineralization)." "Calcium HomeostasisVitamin D:  - Derived from diet - Regulates Ca++ levels in the body - Stimulates absorption of Ca++ from gut - Acts synergistically with PTH to enhance Ca++ reabsorption in the kidney. - Direct effects on bone cause release of Ca++ (but indirect effects promote mineralization). " "Calcium HomeostasisVitamin D:  - Derived from diet - Regulates Ca++ levels in the body - Stimulates absorption of Ca++ from gut - Acts synergistically with PTH to enhance Ca++ reabsorption in the kidney. - Direct effects on [...] cause [...] of Ca++ (but indirect effects promote [...])." "Calcium HomeostasisVitamin D:  - Derived from diet - Regulates Ca++ levels in the body - Stimulates absorption of Ca++ from gut - Acts synergistically with PTH to enhance Ca++ reabsorption in the kidney. - Direct effects on bone cause release of Ca++ (but indirect effects promote mineralization). " "Calcium HomeostasisThe regulation of calcium levels and phosphate levels are linked to maintain a specific ratio in blood. Fluctuations in these levels will induce effects in [...], [...], and [...] that are mediated by PTH and Vitamin D." "Calcium HomeostasisThe regulation of calcium levels and phosphate levels are linked to maintain a specific ratio in blood. Fluctuations in these levels will induce effects in bone, kidney, and gut that are mediated by PTH and Vitamin D. " "Calcium HomeostasisThe regulation of calcium levels and phosphate levels are linked to maintain a specific ratio in blood. Fluctuations in these levels will induce effects in bone, kidney, and gut that are mediated by [...] and [...]." "Calcium HomeostasisThe regulation of calcium levels and phosphate levels are linked to maintain a specific ratio in blood. Fluctuations in these levels will induce effects in bone, kidney, and gut that are mediated by PTH and Vitamin D. " "Calcium HomeostasisThe regulation of [...] levels and [...] levels are linked to maintain a specific ratio in blood. Fluctuations in these levels will induce effects in bone, kidney, and gut that are mediated by PTH and Vitamin D." "Calcium HomeostasisThe regulation of calcium levels and phosphate levels are linked to maintain a specific ratio in blood. Fluctuations in these levels will induce effects in bone, kidney, and gut that are mediated by PTH and Vitamin D. " "Calcium HomeostasisElevated plasma phosphate induces deposition of calcium-phosphate in bone and other tissues, which results in decreased plasma calcium. Reduced calcium levels stimulate the parathyroid to increases PTH secretion. The rise in PTH will stimulate phosphate release by the kidneys (phosphaturia), which will lower plasma [...] levels to the normal range. At the same time, PTH will increase plasma [...] by mobilizing calcium from bone and stimulating production of the active form of vitamin D in the kidney, which will stimulate calcium absorption in the gut." "Calcium HomeostasisElevated plasma phosphate induces deposition of calcium-phosphate in bone and other tissues, which results in decreased plasma calcium. Reduced calcium levels stimulate the parathyroid to increases PTH secretion. The rise in PTH will stimulate phosphate release by the kidneys (phosphaturia), which will lower plasma phosphate levels to the normal range. At the same time, PTH will increase plasma calcium by mobilizing calcium from bone and stimulating production of the active form of vitamin D in the kidney, which will stimulate calcium absorption in the gut. " "Calcium HomeostasisElevated plasma phosphate induces deposition of calcium-phosphate in bone and other tissues, which results in decreased plasma [...]. Reduced [...] levels stimulate the parathyroid to increases PTH secretion. The rise in PTH will stimulate phosphate release by the kidneys (phosphaturia), which will lower plasma phosphate levels to the normal range. At the same time, PTH will increase plasma calcium by mobilizing calcium from bone and stimulating production of the active form of vitamin D in the kidney, which will stimulate calcium absorption in the gut." "Calcium HomeostasisElevated plasma phosphate induces deposition of calcium-phosphate in bone and other tissues, which results in decreased plasma calcium. Reduced calcium levels stimulate the parathyroid to increases PTH secretion. The rise in PTH will stimulate phosphate release by the kidneys (phosphaturia), which will lower plasma phosphate levels to the normal range. At the same time, PTH will increase plasma calcium by mobilizing calcium from bone and stimulating production of the active form of vitamin D in the kidney, which will stimulate calcium absorption in the gut. " "Calcium HomeostasisElevated plasma phosphate induces deposition of calcium-phosphate in bone and other tissues, which results in decreased plasma calcium. Reduced calcium levels stimulate the parathyroid to increases PTH secretion. The rise in PTH will stimulate phosphate release by the kidneys (phosphaturia), which will lower plasma phosphate levels to the normal range. At the same time, PTH will increase plasma calcium by mobilizing calcium from [...] and stimulating production of the active form of [...] in the kidney, which will stimulate calcium absorption in the [...]." "Calcium HomeostasisElevated plasma phosphate induces deposition of calcium-phosphate in bone and other tissues, which results in decreased plasma calcium. Reduced calcium levels stimulate the parathyroid to increases PTH secretion. The rise in PTH will stimulate phosphate release by the kidneys (phosphaturia), which will lower plasma phosphate levels to the normal range. At the same time, PTH will increase plasma calcium by mobilizing calcium from bone and stimulating production of the active form of vitamin D in the kidney, which will stimulate calcium absorption in the gut. " "Calcium HomeostasisElevated plasma [...] induces deposition of [...] in bone and other tissues, which results in decreased plasma calcium. Reduced calcium levels stimulate the parathyroid to increases PTH secretion. The rise in PTH will stimulate phosphate release by the kidneys (phosphaturia), which will lower plasma phosphate levels to the normal range. At the same time, PTH will increase plasma calcium by mobilizing calcium from bone and stimulating production of the active form of vitamin D in the kidney, which will stimulate calcium absorption in the gut." "Calcium HomeostasisElevated plasma phosphate induces deposition of calcium-phosphate in bone and other tissues, which results in decreased plasma calcium. Reduced calcium levels stimulate the parathyroid to increases PTH secretion. The rise in PTH will stimulate phosphate release by the kidneys (phosphaturia), which will lower plasma phosphate levels to the normal range. At the same time, PTH will increase plasma calcium by mobilizing calcium from bone and stimulating production of the active form of vitamin D in the kidney, which will stimulate calcium absorption in the gut. " "Calcium HomeostasisElevated plasma phosphate induces deposition of calcium-phosphate in bone and other tissues, which results in decreased plasma calcium. Reduced calcium levels stimulate the parathyroid to increases [...] secretion. The rise in [...] will stimulate phosphate release by the kidneys (phosphaturia), which will lower plasma phosphate levels to the normal range. At the same time, [...] will increase plasma calcium by mobilizing calcium from bone and stimulating production of the active form of vitamin D in the kidney, which will stimulate calcium absorption in the gut." "Calcium HomeostasisElevated plasma phosphate induces deposition of calcium-phosphate in bone and other tissues, which results in decreased plasma calcium. Reduced calcium levels stimulate the parathyroid to increases PTH secretion. The rise in PTH will stimulate phosphate release by the kidneys (phosphaturia), which will lower plasma phosphate levels to the normal range. At the same time, PTH will increase plasma calcium by mobilizing calcium from bone and stimulating production of the active form of vitamin D in the kidney, which will stimulate calcium absorption in the gut. " "Bone Mineral Density MaintenancePTH and Vit D both stimulate osteoblasts to secrete [...], which helps induce differentiation of [...]. PTH binding to osteoblasts also causes release of factors like IL-6 and RANK ligand that promote bone resportion by [...].Therefore, PTH indirectly stimulates bone resorption by [...]." "Bone Mineral Density MaintenancePTH and Vit D both stimulate osteoblasts to secrete M-CSF, which helps induce differentiation of osteoclasts. PTH binding to osteoblasts also causes release of factors like IL-6 and RANK ligand that promote bone resportion by osteoclasts.Therefore, PTH indirectly stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts.  " "Bone Mineral Density MaintenancePTH and Vit D both stimulate osteoblasts to secrete M-CSF, which helps induce differentiation of osteoclasts. PTH binding to osteoblasts also causes release of factors like IL-6 and RANK ligand that promote bone resportion by osteoclasts.Therefore, PTH [...] stimulates bone [...] by osteoclasts." "Bone Mineral Density MaintenancePTH and Vit D both stimulate osteoblasts to secrete M-CSF, which helps induce differentiation of osteoclasts. PTH binding to osteoblasts also causes release of factors like IL-6 and RANK ligand that promote bone resportion by osteoclasts.Therefore, PTH indirectly stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts.  " "Bone Mineral Density MaintenancePTH and Vit D both stimulate [...] to secrete M-CSF, which helps induce differentiation of osteoclasts. PTH binding to [...] also causes release of factors like IL-6 and RANK ligand that promote bone resportion by osteoclasts.Therefore, PTH indirectly stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts." "Bone Mineral Density MaintenancePTH and Vit D both stimulate osteoblasts to secrete M-CSF, which helps induce differentiation of osteoclasts. PTH binding to osteoblasts also causes release of factors like IL-6 and RANK ligand that promote bone resportion by osteoclasts.Therefore, PTH indirectly stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts.  " "PTH ProductionParathyroid hormone is a single chain peptide produced from a [...] precursor and released from Chief cells into circulation in response to [...] levels of circulating [...]." "PTH ProductionParathyroid hormone is a single chain peptide produced from a pre-proparathyroid precursor and released from Chief cells into circulation in response to reduced levels of circulating Ca++. " "PTH ProductionExtracellular calcium binds to receptors on chief cells and initiates a Gq GPCR pathway. This pathway activates [...] and causes an increase in intracellular calcium. Both [...] and intracellular calcium inhibit release of PTH from secretory granules. Therefore, low levels of extracellular calcium will relieve this inhibition, resulting in PTH release." "PTH ProductionExtracellular calcium binds to receptors on chief cells and initiates a Gq GPCR pathway. This pathway activates PKC and causes an increase in intracellular calcium. Both PKC and intracellular calcium inhibit release of PTH from secretory granules. Therefore, low levels of extracellular calcium will relieve this inhibition, resulting in PTH release. !! Intracellular calcium in this case inhibits vesicle exocytosis" "PTH Production[...] calcium binds to receptors on chief cells and initiates a Gq GPCR pathway. This pathway activates PKC and causes an increase in [...] calcium. Both PKC and [...] calcium inhibit release of PTH from secretory granules. Therefore, low levels of extracellular calcium will relieve this inhibition, resulting in PTH release." "PTH ProductionExtracellular calcium binds to receptors on chief cells and initiates a Gq GPCR pathway. This pathway activates PKC and causes an increase in intracellular calcium. Both PKC and intracellular calcium inhibit release of PTH from secretory granules. Therefore, low levels of extracellular calcium will relieve this inhibition, resulting in PTH release. !! Intracellular calcium in this case inhibits vesicle exocytosis" "PTH ProductionExtracellular calcium binds to receptors on chief cells and initiates a [...] GPCR pathway. This pathway activates PKC and causes an increase in intracellular calcium. Both PKC and intracellular calcium [...] release of PTH from secretory granules. Therefore, low levels of extracellular calcium will relieve this inhibition, resulting in PTH release." "PTH ProductionExtracellular calcium binds to receptors on chief cells and initiates a Gq GPCR pathway. This pathway activates PKC and causes an increase in intracellular calcium. Both PKC and intracellular calcium inhibit release of PTH from secretory granules. Therefore, low levels of extracellular calcium will relieve this inhibition, resulting in PTH release. !! Intracellular calcium in this case inhibits vesicle exocytosis" "PTH ProductionExtracellular calcium binds to receptors on chief cells and initiates a Gq GPCR pathway. This pathway activates PKC and causes an increase in intracellular calcium. Both PKC and intracellular calcium inhibit release of PTH from secretory granules. Therefore, [...] levels of extracellular calcium will [...] this inhibition, resulting in PTH release." "PTH ProductionExtracellular calcium binds to receptors on chief cells and initiates a Gq GPCR pathway. This pathway activates PKC and causes an increase in intracellular calcium. Both PKC and intracellular calcium inhibit release of PTH from secretory granules. Therefore, low levels of extracellular calcium will relieve this inhibition, resulting in PTH release. !! Intracellular calcium in this case inhibits vesicle exocytosis" "PTH ActionTo [...] levels of calcium in the blood, PTH [...] acts on bone and at the kidneys and [...] acts through Vitamin D. PTH exerts its action by binding to GPCR's that signal through adenylate cyclase and the intracellular Ca++ second messenger system" "PTH ActionTo raise levels of calcium in the blood, PTH directly acts on bone and at the kidneys and indirectly acts through Vitamin D. PTH exerts its action by binding to GPCR's that signal through adenylate cyclase and the intracellular Ca++ second messenger system " "PTH ActionTo raise levels of calcium in the blood, PTH directly acts on bone and at the kidneys and indirectly acts through Vitamin D. PTH exerts its action by binding to [...] that signal through [...] and the intracellular Ca++ second messenger system" "PTH ActionTo raise levels of calcium in the blood, PTH directly acts on bone and at the kidneys and indirectly acts through Vitamin D. PTH exerts its action by binding to GPCR's that signal through adenylate cyclase and the intracellular Ca++ second messenger system " "PTH ActionIn the [...], PTH increases [...] of Ca++, increases excretion of phosphate, sodium, and bicarbonate, and activates the conversion of Vit D to its active form. " "PTH ActionIn the kidneys, PTH increases reabsorption of Ca++, increases excretion of phosphate, sodium, and bicarbonate, and activates the conversion of Vit D to its active form.  " "PTH ActionIn the kidneys, PTH increases reabsorption of Ca++, increases [...] of phosphate, sodium, and bicarbonate, and activates the conversion of [...] to its active form. " "PTH ActionIn the kidneys, PTH increases reabsorption of Ca++, increases excretion of phosphate, sodium, and bicarbonate, and activates the conversion of Vit D to its active form.  " "PTH ActionIn bone, PTH promotes remodeling by stimulating both [...] and mineralization.Chronically elevated PTH will increase the number and activity of osteoclasts, which stimulates bone [...] and increases blood calcium levels.Short pulsatile delivery of PTH (as occurs naturally in healthy individuals) promotes normal growth, mineralization and healthy remodeling of bone." "PTH ActionIn bone, PTH promotes remodeling by stimulating both resorption and mineralization.Chronically elevated PTH will increase the number and activity of osteoclasts, which stimulates bone resorption and increases blood calcium levels.Short pulsatile delivery of PTH (as occurs naturally in healthy individuals) promotes normal growth, mineralization and healthy remodeling of bone. " "PTH ActionIn bone, PTH promotes remodeling by stimulating both resorption and [...].Chronically elevated PTH will increase the number and activity of osteoclasts, which stimulates bone resorption and increases blood calcium levels.[...] delivery of PTH (as occurs naturally in healthy individuals) promotes normal growth, [...] and healthy remodeling of bone." "PTH ActionIn bone, PTH promotes remodeling by stimulating both resorption and mineralization.Chronically elevated PTH will increase the number and activity of osteoclasts, which stimulates bone resorption and increases blood calcium levels.Short pulsatile delivery of PTH (as occurs naturally in healthy individuals) promotes normal growth, mineralization and healthy remodeling of bone. " "PTH ActionIn bone, PTH promotes remodeling by stimulating both resorption and mineralization.Chronically elevated PTH will increase the number and activity of osteoclasts, which stimulates bone resorption and increases blood calcium levels.Short pulsatile delivery of PTH (as occurs naturally in healthy individuals) promotes [...], mineralization and [...] of bone." "PTH ActionIn bone, PTH promotes remodeling by stimulating both resorption and mineralization.Chronically elevated PTH will increase the number and activity of osteoclasts, which stimulates bone resorption and increases blood calcium levels.Short pulsatile delivery of PTH (as occurs naturally in healthy individuals) promotes normal growth, mineralization and healthy remodeling of bone. " "PTH ActionIn [...], PTH promotes remodeling by stimulating both resorption and mineralization.[...] PTH will increase the number and activity of osteoclasts, which stimulates bone resorption and increases blood calcium levels.Short pulsatile delivery of PTH (as occurs naturally in healthy individuals) promotes normal growth, mineralization and healthy remodeling of bone." "PTH ActionIn bone, PTH promotes remodeling by stimulating both resorption and mineralization.Chronically elevated PTH will increase the number and activity of osteoclasts, which stimulates bone resorption and increases blood calcium levels.Short pulsatile delivery of PTH (as occurs naturally in healthy individuals) promotes normal growth, mineralization and healthy remodeling of bone. " "PTH ActionSpecific actions of PTH on bone Increases the proliferation of [...] cells Stimulates osteoblast-mediated [...] Stimulates osteoblasts to produce RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin Indirectly stimulates bone resorption activity of osteoclasts by the action of RANK ligand produced from osteoblasts" "PTH ActionSpecific actions of PTH on bone Increases the proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells Stimulates osteoblast-mediated mineral deposition Stimulates osteoblasts to produce RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin Indirectly stimulates bone resorption activity of osteoclasts by the action of RANK ligand produced from osteoblasts " "PTH ActionSpecific actions of PTH on bone Increases the proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells Stimulates [...]-mediated mineral deposition Stimulates [...] to produce RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin Indirectly stimulates bone resorption activity of osteoclasts by the action of RANK ligand produced from osteoblasts" "PTH ActionSpecific actions of PTH on bone Increases the proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells Stimulates osteoblast-mediated mineral deposition Stimulates osteoblasts to produce RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin Indirectly stimulates bone resorption activity of osteoclasts by the action of RANK ligand produced from osteoblasts " "PTH ActionSpecific actions of PTH on bone Increases the proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells Stimulates osteoblast-mediated mineral deposition Stimulates osteoblasts to produce [...] and osteoprotegerin Indirectly stimulates bone resorption activity of osteoclasts by the action of [...] produced from osteoblasts" "PTH ActionSpecific actions of PTH on bone Increases the proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells Stimulates osteoblast-mediated mineral deposition Stimulates osteoblasts to produce RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin Indirectly stimulates bone resorption activity of osteoclasts by the action of RANK ligand produced from osteoblasts " "PTH ActionSpecific actions of PTH on bone Increases the proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells Stimulates osteoblast-mediated mineral deposition Stimulates osteoblasts to produce RANK ligand and [...] Indirectly stimulates bone resorption activity of [...] by the action of RANK ligand produced from osteoblasts" "PTH ActionSpecific actions of PTH on bone Increases the proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells Stimulates osteoblast-mediated mineral deposition Stimulates osteoblasts to produce RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin Indirectly stimulates bone resorption activity of osteoclasts by the action of RANK ligand produced from osteoblasts " "Vitamin DExposure of the skin to UV rays form the sun converts provitamin D (7-dehydrocholesterol) to vitamin D3, which is subsequently converted by hydroxylation reactions in the [...] and [...] to the active forms of the hormone.The principal circulating form of Vitamin D is the mono-hydroxylated form, present in the blood bound to a globulin carrier protein. This form serves as the primary reservoir for the production of the di-hydroxy form of the vitamin, which is about 10 times more active than the monohydroxylated form." "Vitamin DExposure of the skin to UV rays form the sun converts provitamin D (7-dehydrocholesterol) to vitamin D3, which is subsequently converted by hydroxylation reactions in the liver and kidney to the active forms of the hormone.The principal circulating form of Vitamin D is the mono-hydroxylated form, present in the blood bound to a globulin carrier protein. This form serves as the primary reservoir for the production of the di-hydroxy form of the vitamin, which is about 10 times more active than the monohydroxylated form. Review of Vitamin D production - suspend if desired" "Vitamin DExposure of the skin to [...] rays form the sun converts provitamin D (7-dehydrocholesterol) to [...], which is subsequently converted by hydroxylation reactions in the liver and kidney to the active forms of the hormone.The principal circulating form of Vitamin D is the mono-hydroxylated form, present in the blood bound to a globulin carrier protein. This form serves as the primary reservoir for the production of the di-hydroxy form of the vitamin, which is about 10 times more active than the monohydroxylated form." "Vitamin DExposure of the skin to UV rays form the sun converts provitamin D (7-dehydrocholesterol) to vitamin D3, which is subsequently converted by hydroxylation reactions in the liver and kidney to the active forms of the hormone.The principal circulating form of Vitamin D is the mono-hydroxylated form, present in the blood bound to a globulin carrier protein. This form serves as the primary reservoir for the production of the di-hydroxy form of the vitamin, which is about 10 times more active than the monohydroxylated form. Review of Vitamin D production - suspend if desired" "Vitamin DExposure of the skin to UV rays form the sun converts provitamin D (7-dehydrocholesterol) to vitamin D3, which is subsequently converted by hydroxylation reactions in the liver and kidney to the active forms of the hormone.The principal circulating form of Vitamin D is the [...]-hydroxylated form, present in the blood bound to a globulin carrier protein. This form serves as the primary reservoir for the production of the [...]-hydroxy form of the vitamin, which is about 10 times more active than the monohydroxylated form." "Vitamin DExposure of the skin to UV rays form the sun converts provitamin D (7-dehydrocholesterol) to vitamin D3, which is subsequently converted by hydroxylation reactions in the liver and kidney to the active forms of the hormone.The principal circulating form of Vitamin D is the mono-hydroxylated form, present in the blood bound to a globulin carrier protein. This form serves as the primary reservoir for the production of the di-hydroxy form of the vitamin, which is about 10 times more active than the monohydroxylated form. Review of Vitamin D production - suspend if desired" "Vitamin D RegulationPTH stimulates the 1α hydroxylase enzyme to produce the active di-hydroxy form. This enzyme is also stimulated by low plasma phosphate and is inhibited by high levels of calcium. Vit D also [...] on its own production (feedback inhibition)." "Vitamin D RegulationPTH stimulates the 1α hydroxylase enzyme to produce the active di-hydroxy form. This enzyme is also stimulated by low plasma phosphate and is inhibited by high levels of calcium. Vit D also inhibits on its own production (feedback inhibition). " "Vitamin D RegulationPTH stimulates the 1α hydroxylase enzyme to produce the active di-hydroxy form. This enzyme is also stimulated by low plasma [...] and is inhibited by high levels of [...]. Vit D also inhibits on its own production (feedback inhibition)." "Vitamin D RegulationPTH stimulates the 1α hydroxylase enzyme to produce the active di-hydroxy form. This enzyme is also stimulated by low plasma phosphate and is inhibited by high levels of calcium. Vit D also inhibits on its own production (feedback inhibition). " "Vitamin D RegulationPTH [...] the 1α hydroxylase enzyme to produce the [...] di-hydroxy form. This enzyme is also [...] by low plasma phosphate and is inhibited by high levels of calcium. Vit D also inhibits on its own production (feedback inhibition)." "Vitamin D RegulationPTH stimulates the 1α hydroxylase enzyme to produce the active di-hydroxy form. This enzyme is also stimulated by low plasma phosphate and is inhibited by high levels of calcium. Vit D also inhibits on its own production (feedback inhibition). " "Vitamin D Regulation[...], sex steroids and [...] all stimulate production of the active form of Vitamin D." "Vitamin D RegulationInsulin, sex steroids and growth hormone all stimulate production of the active form of Vitamin D. " "Vitamin D RegulationInsulin, [...] and growth hormone all [...] production of the active form of Vitamin D." "Vitamin D RegulationInsulin, sex steroids and growth hormone all stimulate production of the active form of Vitamin D. " "Vitamin D ActionIn the gut, Vitamin D stimulates the absorption of dietary calcium by activating enterocyte expression of genes that encode [...] and [...]. Vitamin D also stimulates phosphate absorption in the gut. These effects occur through Vitamin D binding to its nuclear receptor (VDR)." "Vitamin D ActionIn the gut, Vitamin D stimulates the absorption of dietary calcium by activating enterocyte expression of genes that encode calcium transporters and binding proteins. Vitamin D also stimulates phosphate absorption in the gut. These effects occur through Vitamin D binding to its nuclear receptor (VDR). " "Vitamin D ActionIn the gut, Vitamin D stimulates the absorption of dietary [...] by activating enterocyte expression of genes that encode calcium transporters and binding proteins. Vitamin D also stimulates [...] absorption in the gut. These effects occur through Vitamin D binding to its [...]." "Vitamin D ActionIn the gut, Vitamin D stimulates the absorption of dietary calcium by activating enterocyte expression of genes that encode calcium transporters and binding proteins. Vitamin D also stimulates phosphate absorption in the gut. These effects occur through Vitamin D binding to its nuclear receptor (VDR). " "Vitamin D ActionThe overall effect of Vitamin D in bone is promoting [...], since Vitamin D increases the flux of [...] into bone by increasing [...] absorption by the gut. Vitamin D also binds directly to receptors on osteoblasts and osteoclasts and stimulates bone remodeling. " "Vitamin D ActionThe overall effect of Vitamin D in bone is promoting mineralization, since Vitamin D increases the flux of calcium into bone by increasing calcium absorption by the gut. Vitamin D also binds directly to receptors on osteoblasts and osteoclasts and stimulates bone remodeling.  Direct effects of Vit D in bone are complex" "Vitamin D ActionThe overall effect of Vitamin D in bone is promoting mineralization, since Vitamin D increases the flux of calcium into bone by increasing calcium absorption by the gut. Vitamin D also binds directly to receptors on [...] and [...] and stimulates bone [...]. " "Vitamin D ActionThe overall effect of Vitamin D in bone is promoting mineralization, since Vitamin D increases the flux of calcium into bone by increasing calcium absorption by the gut. Vitamin D also binds directly to receptors on osteoblasts and osteoclasts and stimulates bone remodeling.  Direct effects of Vit D in bone are complex" "Calcium - Other HormonesCalcitonin is primarily produced by the thyroid, but is also produced by the thymus, pituitary, adrenal glands, and brain. It does not appear to function in the minute-to-minute regulation of serum calcium levels, but plays an important role in maintaining bone density during the metabolic stresses of [...] and [...], and suckling infants also appear to have a greater need for calcitonin." "Calcium - Other HormonesCalcitonin is primarily produced by the thyroid, but is also produced by the thymus, pituitary, adrenal glands, and brain. It does not appear to function in the minute-to-minute regulation of serum calcium levels, but plays an important role in maintaining bone density during the metabolic stresses of pregnancy and lactation, and suckling infants also appear to have a greater need for calcitonin. " "Calcium - Other HormonesCalcitonin is primarily produced by the [...], but is also produced by the thymus, pituitary, adrenal glands, and brain. It does not appear to function in the minute-to-minute regulation of serum calcium levels, but plays an important role in [...] during the metabolic stresses of pregnancy and lactation, and suckling infants also appear to have a greater need for calcitonin." "Calcium - Other HormonesCalcitonin is primarily produced by the thyroid, but is also produced by the thymus, pituitary, adrenal glands, and brain. It does not appear to function in the minute-to-minute regulation of serum calcium levels, but plays an important role in maintaining bone density during the metabolic stresses of pregnancy and lactation, and suckling infants also appear to have a greater need for calcitonin. " "Calcium - Other HormonesRegulation of calcitonin secretion Stimulated by elevated plasma calcium levels Suppressed by hypocalcemia Stimulated by GI hormones such as [...], [...] or [...]" "Calcium - Other HormonesRegulation of calcitonin secretion Stimulated by elevated plasma calcium levels Suppressed by hypocalcemia Stimulated by GI hormones such as gastrin, cholecystokinin or glucagon " "Calcium - Other HormonesRegulation of calcitonin secretion Stimulated by elevated plasma [...] levels [Stimulated/suppressed] by hypocalcemia Stimulated by GI hormones such as gastrin, cholecystokinin or glucagon" "Calcium - Other HormonesRegulation of calcitonin secretion Stimulated by elevated plasma calcium levels Suppressed by hypocalcemia Stimulated by GI hormones such as gastrin, cholecystokinin or glucagon " "Calcium - Other HormonesRegulation of calcitonin secretion [Stimulated/suppressed] by elevated plasma calcium levels Suppressed by [...] [Stimulated/suppressed] by GI hormones such as gastrin, cholecystokinin or glucagon" "Calcium - Other HormonesRegulation of calcitonin secretion Stimulated by elevated plasma calcium levels Suppressed by hypocalcemia Stimulated by GI hormones such as gastrin, cholecystokinin or glucagon " "Calcium - Other HormonesCalcitonin acts to [...] plasma calcium and phosphate levels by inhibiting bone [...]. It does this by inhibiting osteoclast activity." "Calcium - Other HormonesCalcitonin acts to decrease plasma calcium and phosphate levels by inhibiting bone resorption. It does this by inhibiting osteoclast activity. " "Calcium - Other HormonesCalcitonin acts to decrease plasma [...] and [...] levels by inhibiting bone resorption. It does this by inhibiting [...] activity." "Calcium - Other HormonesCalcitonin acts to decrease plasma calcium and phosphate levels by inhibiting bone resorption. It does this by inhibiting osteoclast activity. " "Calcium and Bone - Other HormonesSex steroids (testosterone and estrogen)) promote bone [...], while glucocorticoids (cortisol) promote bone [...].PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) mimics PTH, but its physiological role is unclear." "Calcium and Bone - Other HormonesSex steroids (testosterone and estrogen)) promote bone deposition, while glucocorticoids (cortisol) promote bone resorption.PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) mimics PTH, but its physiological role is unclear. " "Calcium and Bone - Other Hormones[...] (testosterone and estrogen)) promote bone deposition, while [...] (cortisol) promote bone resorption.PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) mimics PTH, but its physiological role is unclear." "Calcium and Bone - Other HormonesSex steroids (testosterone and estrogen)) promote bone deposition, while glucocorticoids (cortisol) promote bone resorption.PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) mimics PTH, but its physiological role is unclear. " "Calcium and Bone - Other HormonesSex steroids (testosterone and estrogen)) promote bone deposition, while glucocorticoids (cortisol) promote bone resorption.[...] mimics PTH, but its physiological role is unclear." "Calcium and Bone - Other HormonesSex steroids (testosterone and estrogen)) promote bone deposition, while glucocorticoids (cortisol) promote bone resorption.PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) mimics PTH, but its physiological role is unclear. " "Calcium - Pathologies[...] causes rickets in children in which bone has reduced mineralization of both cortical bone and trabecular bone.This deficiency causes osteomalacia in adults, which also leads to demineralized bone and a general decline in [...]." "Calcium - PathologiesVitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children in which bone has reduced mineralization of both cortical bone and trabecular bone.This deficiency causes osteomalacia in adults, which also leads to demineralized bone and a general decline in bone strength. " "Calcium - PathologiesVitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children in which bone has [...] of both cortical bone and trabecular bone.This deficiency causes osteomalacia in adults, which also leads to [...] and a general decline in bone strength." "Calcium - PathologiesVitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children in which bone has reduced mineralization of both cortical bone and trabecular bone.This deficiency causes osteomalacia in adults, which also leads to demineralized bone and a general decline in bone strength. " "Calcium - PathologiesVitamin D deficiency causes [...] in children in which bone has reduced mineralization of both cortical bone and trabecular bone.This deficiency causes [...] in adults, which also leads to demineralized bone and a general decline in bone strength." "Calcium - PathologiesVitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children in which bone has reduced mineralization of both cortical bone and trabecular bone.This deficiency causes osteomalacia in adults, which also leads to demineralized bone and a general decline in bone strength. " "Calcium - PathologiesVitamin D is important for [...] but also for many other processes in the body. This is evidenced by the many different consequences of Vitamin D [...]." "Calcium - PathologiesVitamin D is important for bone density but also for many other processes in the body. This is evidenced by the many different consequences of Vitamin D deficiency. " "Calcium - PathologiesThe major risk factor for [...] is the declining [...] levels in aging women. Rarely, other endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and Cushing disease (hypercortisolism) are responsible. Other risk factors include inadequate dietary [...] intake, alcoholism, cigarette smoking, and a sedentary lifestyle." "Calcium - PathologiesThe major risk factor for osteoporosis is the declining estrogen levels in aging women. Rarely, other endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and Cushing disease (hypercortisolism) are responsible. Other risk factors include inadequate dietary Ca++ intake, alcoholism, cigarette smoking, and a sedentary lifestyle. Barely discussed osteoporosis in lecture - suspend if desired" "Calcium - PathologiesThe Ca++ receptor is mutated in patients with the disorder [...]. Serum Ca++ in these patients is typically [...] while urine Ca++ is [...], especially compared to persons with hypercalcemia of other causes. Despite the high plasma Ca++, serum PTH concentrations in these patients are normal. The cause of the syndrome is a genetic mutation in the gene that encodes the calcium sensing receptor on PTH-producing Chief cells that changes the ‘set-point’ of the receptor for calcium." "Calcium - PathologiesThe Ca++ receptor is mutated in patients with the disorder familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH). Serum Ca++ in these patients is typically elevated while urine Ca++ is low, especially compared to persons with hypercalcemia of other causes. Despite the high plasma Ca++, serum PTH concentrations in these patients are normal. The cause of the syndrome is a genetic mutation in the gene that encodes the calcium sensing receptor on PTH-producing Chief cells that changes the ‘set-point’ of the receptor for calcium. " "Calcium - PathologiesThe Ca++ receptor is mutated in patients with the disorder familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH). Serum Ca++ in these patients is typically elevated while urine Ca++ is low, especially compared to persons with hypercalcemia of other causes. Despite the high plasma Ca++, serum PTH concentrations in these patients are normal. The cause of the syndrome is a genetic mutation in the gene that encodes the [...] on PTH-producing Chief cells that changes the ‘set-point’ of the receptor for calcium." "Calcium - PathologiesThe Ca++ receptor is mutated in patients with the disorder familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH). Serum Ca++ in these patients is typically elevated while urine Ca++ is low, especially compared to persons with hypercalcemia of other causes. Despite the high plasma Ca++, serum PTH concentrations in these patients are normal. The cause of the syndrome is a genetic mutation in the gene that encodes the calcium sensing receptor on PTH-producing Chief cells that changes the ‘set-point’ of the receptor for calcium. " "Calcium - PathologiesThe Ca++ receptor is mutated in patients with the disorder familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH). Serum Ca++ in these patients is typically elevated while urine Ca++ is low, especially compared to persons with hypercalcemia of other causes. Despite the high plasma Ca++, serum [...] concentrations in these patients are normal. The cause of the syndrome is a genetic mutation in the gene that encodes the calcium sensing receptor on [...]-producing Chief cells that changes the ‘set-point’ of the receptor for calcium." "Calcium - PathologiesThe Ca++ receptor is mutated in patients with the disorder familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH). Serum Ca++ in these patients is typically elevated while urine Ca++ is low, especially compared to persons with hypercalcemia of other causes. Despite the high plasma Ca++, serum PTH concentrations in these patients are normal. The cause of the syndrome is a genetic mutation in the gene that encodes the calcium sensing receptor on PTH-producing Chief cells that changes the ‘set-point’ of the receptor for calcium. "