Culture and Society - Rizal Technological University

College of Arts and Sciences RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY M. Eusebio Avenue, Brgy. San Miguel, Pasig City CULTURE AND SOCIETY I. Socio-Cultural Evolution In the late 19th century, theories of cultural evolution were enormous...

College of Arts and Sciences RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY M. Eusebio Avenue, Brgy. San Miguel, Pasig City CULTURE AND SOCIETY I. Socio-Cultural Evolution In the late 19th century, theories of cultural evolution were enormously influenced by the wide acceptance of the theory of biological evolution put forward by Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species (1859). Early anthropologists and sociologists began to explore the idea of cultural evolution (Pauls, & Prine, E., 1998). Charles Darwin 's research on evolution particularly “The Origin of Species” introduced the concept of natural selection and biological evolution. His idea of natural selection explained that all species of life evolved over time from common ancestors. His concept inspired early anthropologists and sociologists to explore similar concepts in human societies and cultures. They saw a similarity on how certain social behaviors and cultural practices could similarly evolve and spread within societies. Sociocultural evolutionism or cultural evolution are theories of cultural and social evolution that describe how cultures and societies change over time (Encyclopedia, n.d.) It also refers to a process by which structural reorganization is affected through time — gradual reorganization of societal structures like social institutions, and cultural practices—leading to new forms and structures that are different from their original state. This process reflects the dynamic and continuous nature of societal and cultural change, resulting in societies that evolve from simple beginnings to more complex and diverse forms. The English philosopher Herbert Spencer was among the first to work out a general evolutionary scheme that included human societies from across the globe. He held that human cultures evolved from less-complex “species” to those that were more so: people at first lived in undifferentiated hordes; then developed social hierarchies with priests, kings, scholars, workers, and so forth; and later accumulated knowledge that was differentiated into the various sciences. In short, human societies evolved, by means of an increasing division of labour, into complex civilizations ((Pauls, & Prine, E., 1998). According to Gerhard lenski, sociocultural evolution is the change that occurs as a society acquires new technology and the more technology a society has within its grasp, the faster cultural change will take place. Lenski defined 5 types of society that change orderly. The change in these society came when every society adapt new technology: 5 types of society 1. Hunting and gathering society During this stage, the technology they used was simple tools to hunt animals and vegetation such as bows, arrows and stone knives.Family was the primary institution. During this stage early humans called nomadic people had a high level of interdependence. Men hunted animals and women gathered. 2. Horticultural and Pastoral Societies Their emergence also resulted from the inventoion of new technology in the form of simple tools they use to raise crops. People started to stay in one place and grow their own food. Pastoral societies started the domestication and breeding of animals for food. Population in this society increased and the amount of food also increased and people in this society started to make arts and crafts. 3.Agricultural Societies People started agriculture using long scale land. Members of these societies tended crops and with the help of the plow harnessed by animals eventually led to the creation of cities and formed the basic structure of modern societies. More population and more surplus food resulted in a barter system (the direct exchange of goods or services—without money— It is considered the oldest form of commerce. 4. Industrial Societies Is the society that uses advanced sources of energy, rather than humans and animals, to run large machinery. Many inventions took place during industrialization, such as household equipment, automobiles and planes used for transportation. Increase of cities and increase of migration and the traditional lives of families became weaker as industrialization emerged. 5. Post-Industrial Societies The last stage of society that Lenski mentions is the postindustrial society that has developed over the past few decades, features an economy based on services and technology, not production. Industrial society people use machinery for production, while post Industrial society took the place of computers. Sociocultural evolution is the process by which societies and their cultures change over time (Kluver, 2008). These changes are driven by significant factors that include but are not limited to: the rising of new knowledge/ideas, the continuous technological advancement, and the adaptation to changing environments. The former affects culture in a way that it challenges existing beliefs and values which then enables the shaping of new perspectives. Such may be observed in cases where people incorporate new understanding into their lives (Fussell, 1996). In the case of the evolution of cultural values, in an instance, the conservative idea of showing respect to the elders in most situations is no longer being practiced today as societies become more open to liberated ideas.  ​The concept of ‘material culture’ refers to the physical objects created by a society (Blakeley, n.d.). In this matter, technological advancement alters how people communicate and access information. And these alterations lead to the emergence of new forms of expression and practices in a society (Alsaleh, 2024). The technological innovation of devices like smartphones, for example, has made ‘information access’ far easier for users and even alters communication patterns which affect the way people live and connect daily. In addition, the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg democratized access to information that allowed for the widespread distribution of ideas and knowledge, contributing to the Enlightenment era (BBR Graphics, n.d.). ​A society naturally adapts to its changing social environments (Athabasca University Press, n.d.). In this case, social adaptation occurs in cases where practices, beliefs, and values of one are based on distinct cultural traits of his surroundings (Teasley, n.d.). Such encompasses clothing styles, housing structures, and up to greater matters like spiritual beliefs. ​One great manifestation of sociocultural evolution at the global level names the change of societies over time, from the practice of hunter-gathering culture to the post-industrial one. Language evolution, furthermore, manifests sociocultural evolution in a sense that it shapes how people communicate by means of expressions and vocabulary (Nitoń, 2022). In the case of the Philippines, the blending of Tagalog and English, more known as taglish, is being used more often today, demonstrating Filipinos’ adaptability to incorporate new words into their initial language (Olson, 2021). While, at a more personal level, cultural change occurs when a person personally alters their beliefs and behaviors as influenced by their surroundings (Facing History & Ourselves, 2016). This is evident in the gradual shift of individuals from being much conservative into becoming more open to the idea of gender diversity. II. Social Groups and Organizations  According to (Macionis, 2017), social group refers to two or more people who identify and interact with one another. Groups contain people with shared experiences, loyalties, and interests. Members of social groups think of themselves as a special “we”. In our everyday lives, we are part of various groups – our families, friends, colleagues, religious communities, or even larger organizations. Each of these groups plays a vital role in shaping who we are, how we behave, and how we interact with the world. In sociology, understanding the concept of a “social group” is essential because it helps explain how human relationships and collective identities are formed. (Sociology Institute, 2022). A social group is a collection of individuals who interact regularly, share common characteristics or goals, and have a sense of unity. Social Organizations refers to the structured patterns of relationships and interactions within a community or society, shaping how individuals and groups relate to one another. These structures can include institutions like education, government, and businesses, playing a crucial role in maintaining social order and facilitating cooperation. (Vaia. (n.d.). Social organization.) Social Organization is a structured system that helps society function in an orderly way. It has rules, roles, and a clear structure). Examples include schools, governments, and businesses. Unlike social groups, Social Organizations focus more on stability and order rather than personal relationships. Again, Social groups are about people and relationships, while social organizations are about structure and function in society. Key Features of Social Groups (Sociology Institute) Shared Interests or Goals: Members come together to achieve common objectives. Regular Interactions: Continuous engagement among members. Sense of Belonging: Feeling of being part of the group Established Social Structure: It defines how members relate to each other and function as part of the group. Sociological Perspectives of Three Historians Emile Durkheim - Social Groups are vital in maintaining social order and cohesion. He argued that groups help to form a collective consciousness – a set of shared beliefs, values, and norms that bind individuals together. Max Weber - Social Groups are more than just a collection of individuals; they are groups that share a common sense of purpose and engage in social action aimed at achieving specific goals. George Herbert Mead - Social Groups are critical in the development of the self. He argued that the self emerges from social interaction, and it is through participation in social groups that individuals develop their sense of identity. Types of Social Groups ​ Primary Groups. Small, intimate groups where members have close, personal relationships. These groups are typically characterized by strong emotional bonds and face-to-face interactions. (Ex: Families, close-knit friends, and small communities) ​ Secondary Groups. These groups are often formed for a specific purpose, the relationships are typically goal-oriented and are not as emotionally deep as those found in primary groups. (Ex: work groups, professional organizations, or academic associations) ​ In-Groups-Outgroups. Refer to the sense of “belonging” or “non-belonging” that individuals feel towards a particular group. The concept of in-groups and out-groups is critical in understanding social conflict, prejudice, and intergroup relations. In-groups can be large or small and may encompass primary and secondary groups, while out-groups are observed in  competition (ex: basketball - your team (in-group) vs opponents (out-group). ​ Reference Groups. Groups that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves. These groups provide a benchmark for behavior and are often aspirational. For example, a young student may look up to a group of successful professionals as a reference group, aiming to achieve the same status and success. Reference groups help shape individual attitudes, values, and social behaviors. Importance of Groups (Salcedo) 1. The Group is a Transmitter of Culture. Groups help spread culture by teaching members how to behave, think, and react in different situations. Each member learns traditions, values, and customs from their group. 2. The Group is a Means of Social Control. Groups establish rules and standards that members must follow. These rules guide behavior and ensure that individuals act in ways that are acceptable to the group. Following these rules leads to approval and acceptance. 3. The Group Socializes the Individual. A person’s development starts within their group, especially in the family. From childhood, individuals learn skills, behaviors, and attitudes that help them become productive members of society. 4. The Group is the Source of Fundamental Ideas. People’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are shaped by their interactions with group members. Individuals may change their opinions and actions based on what they learn from others in the group. 5. The Group Trains the Individual to Communicate. Groups serve as a communication network where members share information and ideas. Active participation in group discussions helps individuals develop their communication skills. III. Socialization According to (Macionis 2017), Socialization refers to the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture. Socialization is the process through which individuals become members of society. It includes the processes of acquiring knowledge, skills, attitudes, beliefs, values and behaviors necessary to function within society. Socialization begins at birth and continues throughout life. Processes of Socialization ​ Enculturation - process by which individuals learn their group’s culture through experience, observation and instruction. Example 1: Language Acquisition: A child growing up in the Philippines learns Tagalog or Cebuano (or another local language) as their first language. They absorb the grammar, vocabulary, and cultural nuances associated with that language simply by being surrounded by it. They don't formally study it at first; they just pick it up. Example 2: Table Manners: In many Western cultures, it's considered polite to use a fork and knife. Children learn this through observation and instruction from their parents and family. In other cultures, different table manners prevail. Enculturation is learning your culture's way. ​ Acculturation - process of exchange of values and customs from one group to another by individuals. The groups remain distinct even though the two groups exchange cultural features. Example 1: Food: The popularity of sushi in the United States is an example of acculturation. Americans have adopted a Japanese culinary tradition, but they haven't abandoned American cuisine altogether. Similarly, many Asian countries have incorporated Western fast food into their diets, but they still maintain their own distinct food cultures. Both cultures have been changed by the interaction but remain distinct. Example 2: Music: The blending of musical styles, like the fusion of Latin rhythms with American pop music, is a clear example. Artists incorporate elements from different cultures into their music, creating something new while still acknowledging the origins. Listeners then enjoy both the new fusion music and the original distinct musical styles. ​ Assimilation - process of cultural absorption of a minority group into the main cultural body, eventually leading to the disappearance of the culture of the minority group. This can be done through individuals or larger groups. Example 1: Immigrants: Immigrants who move to a new country may choose to assimilate into the dominant culture. They may learn the new language, adopt the customs, and even change their names to fit in. Over time, they may lose touch with their original culture and become fully integrated into the new one. (Note: This is different from integration, which is a more two-way process where immigrants participate fully in society while retaining aspects of their original culture). Example 2: Language Loss: A family might stop speaking their native language at home to primarily use the dominant language of their country. Over generations, the original language can be lost entirely as younger generations never learn it. This is a sign of cultural assimilation. The agents of socialization An agent of socialization is a person or group of people who teach people the values, beliefs, and behaviors that are expected in their society. ○ Family - considered as the first and most influential agent of socialization. Through family, children learn the type of environment that adults create. Family gives/designates their children the social position (race, religion, ethnicity, social class, etc) as part of their self-concept. ○ School - provides formal education, both in knowledge and skills. School enlarges children’s social world, as it includes other people from different backgrounds. The school is where children first experience bureaucracy (i.e.: strict time schedule, proper wearing of uniforms, proper haircut and hairdo, etc.). ○ Peer/Friend - is a social group whose members have interests, social positions, and ages in common. A peer/friend allows children to escape the direct supervision of adults (i.e.: parents, guardians, teachers, etc). A peer/friend then offers opportunities to discuss interests that adults may not share or permit. Peers may guide short-term choices of a person (i.e.: copying the styles and slang of a group to get accepted into the group or win the approval of the group). ○ Mass Media - a means to deliver impersonal communication to a vast audience. Mass media has an enormous effect on individual’s attitudes and behavior. It introduces people to ideas and images that reflect the larger society and the entire world. (i.e.: TV series, Social media platforms like Facebook, instagram, or even in a dating app.) ○ Others- (officemates/colleagues, clubs, organizations, religious groups, advocacy groups, etc). ➔​ Examples of Socialization 1. Gender Socialization Gender socialization is a form of primary socialization which is the process by which children and infants learn the norms and behaviors associated with their gender. It is thought to occur within the family, peer groups, mass media and school curriculum (Bhattacharjee, 2021). For example, they may buy different kinds of toys for boys and girls – dolls for girls and toy cars for boys; or different types of infant clothings. This sends out a message to children that there are certain activities or behaviors which are only suitable for people of each gender. As children get older, they begin to spend more time with their peer group and different types of genders. For example, As children grow older, they may become more aware of societal expectations and stereotypes about gender. They may begin to question whether they fit into these expectations, or whether their feelings and preferences align with the gender they were assigned at birth. These changes can bring about new feelings and questions about their gender identity. Some adolescents may realize that they are transgender or gender non-conforming, meaning that their gender identity is different from the sex they were assigned at birth. Others may identify as cisgender, meaning that their gender identity aligns with their sex assigned at birth. 2. Hidden Curriculum The hidden curriculum, first described by Philip Jackson (1968), is a set of unspoken or unofficial rules and values that students learn while attending school. It is often contrasted with the more formalized, official curriculum that is spelled out in a school's mission statement or course catalog. The hidden curriculum comprises the informal routines, structures, and rules in schools via which students learn attitudes, beliefs, values, and behaviors. For example, a school that has a strict dress code may be sending the message that appearance and conformity are more important than individuality and self-expression. 3. Morality Morality is a system of beliefs about right and wrong behavior. Morality is often thought of as something that comes from a person's religious beliefs, but it can also come from family, social groups, and clubs. Religion is one of the most important sources of morality. Religious leaders teach their followers what they believe is right and wrong, and these teachings can have a strong influence on people's behavior. For example, many religions teach that murder is wrong (Staub, 2013). Family is another important source of morality. Parents often teach their children what they believe is right and wrong, and these beliefs can stay with them into adulthood. For example, if a child is taught that it is wrong to steal, they are less likely to steal as an adult. Social groups and clubs can also have an impact on a person's morality. For example, membership in the Boy Scouts or the Girl Scouts requires a commitment to follow a code of conduct that includes things like helping other people and being truthful. These organizations can help to instill moral values in their members throughout one’s life. 4. Social Relationships All social relationships involve some form of social interaction, and these interactions provide opportunities for socialization. Socialization that occurs through social relationships can be both formal and informal, voluntary and forced. For example, the relationships between students and professors are typically very formal and structured, and reinforce the idea that students are below and must respect professors 5. Subculture  Subcultures are groups of people who share similar values, beliefs, and behaviors that are different from the mainstream culture. Subcultures can be based on race, ethnicity, religion, social class, or any other shared experience (Leonard, 1991). For example, the media can provide a platform for members of a subculture to share their experiences with the world, and a band's music albums can create a common sense of taste and identity among those who choose to participate in it. 6. Political Socialisation Political socialisation is the process whereby individuals are initiated into the dominant values and traditions of a society, including those values which define the legitimate processes of politics and the way that power is exercised. The family is generally considered to be the primary agent of political socialization, followed by educational institutions, the media, and peer groups. The Purpose of Socialization Socialization is essential to the development and functioning of societies because it is through socialization that we learn the norms and customs that hold society together. Furthermore, Socialization allows people to interact with others and form relationships necessary to acquire social capital and resources (Cromdall, 2006). For example, a child may have the natural impulse to keep a toy, but learns through socialization that sharing is expected and beneficial behavior (Cromdal, 2006). IV. Basic Social Institutions What are social institutions?  Social institutions are the established patterns of beliefs, behaviors and relationships that organize social life. These institutions exist to meet society’s fundamental needs, such as providing structure, guidance, and order within various social contexts. Common examples of social institutions include family, religion, education, government and economy. What Are the Five Major Types of Social Institutions? ​ Social institutions provide a framework for organizing and regulating social behavior. There are five major types of social institutions, each with its unique characteristics and impact on society: ​ Family: The concept of family is usually defined in terms of structures where each family member performs the roles of father, mother, and child. Roles are the expected behavioral patterns that represent a person’s status (one’s social position within a group). ​ Religion. People have different religious beliefs or the specific ideas of a particular faith that members believe in. This is evident in the difference in the stories in terms of how the world came to be. ​ Education. The education system is next to the family in terms of socializing an individual to his society. It is a social institution through which one learns the basic academic knowledge, cultural norms, and learning skills in a given society. ​ Government. The political system, including the national government and local governance structures, is a key institution regulating society. Another social institution is the government, which makes and enforces laws for society. It directs the behaviors and actions of its citizens. This manifests the relations of power between the government and its people. ​ Economy. The economy is a social institution that manages society’s resources. It is responsible for its production, distribution, and consumption—ensuring the provision of basic needs and opportunities among its members. The Role of Social Institutions in the Philippine Popular Culture Social institutions are structures that shape society by influencing values, behaviors, and traditions. In the Philippines, five major institutions: Family, Religion, Education, Government, and Economy play a crucial role in shaping cultural identity and popular trends. These institutions guide how Filipinos interact, make decisions, and develop their way of life. Family as the Foundation of Society The family is the core of Filipino life, promoting values such as respect, bayanihan (community spirit), and hospitality. Family traditions influence pop culture, as seen in teleseryes, movies, and advertisements that emphasize close family ties. The strong family structure also shapes economic behavior, with many Filipinos working abroad to support their families. Religion’s Influence on Culture Religion, especially Catholicism plays a major role in shaping Filipino traditions and beliefs. Religious celebrations like Sinulog and Pahiyas influence cultural events, while religious themes are present in media and public discussions. Faith-based values also affect laws, policies, and social behavior. Education as a Tool for National Identity The education system instills Filipino values, language, and nationalism while also influencing pop culture through trends in language, student activism, and digital media. Schools shape intellectual and social skills, preparing individuals to contribute to society. Government’s Role in Society The government maintains order through laws and policies that regulate media, preserve cultural heritage, and promote national identity. Agencies like the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) influence what is presented in mainstream media and entertainment. The Economy’s Impact on Daily Life Economic factors influence Filipino lifestyles, from consumer trends and shopping habits to the rise of fast food, online businesses, and overseas employment. Advertisements and celebrity endorsements also shape popular culture, affecting buying decisions and entertainment choices. In conclusion, social institutions shape Philippine culture and influence everyday life. Family, Religion, Education, Government, and Economy are interconnected, continuously evolving with society. Understanding their role helps Filipinos preserve their cultural identity while adapting to change and progress. REFERENCES Alsaleh, A. (2024, December 30) The impact of technological advancement on culture and society. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83995-z Agustin, A. (n.d.). Social institutions. FilipiKnow. https://filipiknow.net/social-institutions/ Athabasca University Press (n.d.) “4. Contemporary Social Evolution” in “Sociocultural Systems”. https://read.aupress.ca/read/sociocultural-systems-principles-of-struct ure-and-change/section/dea46549-b8c8-465d-910f-11794a01ad5c BBR Graphics (n.d.) The Benefits Of The Printing Press. https://www.bbrgraphics.com/news/the-benefits-of-the-printing-press/ Blakeley, S. (n.d.) 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