Worksheet 9 Ch19 HSci11 PDF

Chapter 19: Cardiovascular System: Blood I. Functions of Blood A. List and describe the seven major homeostatic functions of blood: 1. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________...

Chapter 19: Cardiovascular System: Blood I. Functions of Blood A. List and describe the seven major homeostatic functions of blood: 1. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 6. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 7. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ II. Plasma A. Composition 1. It is a ____________________ fluid consisting of about: a. 91% ____________________ b. 9% ____________________ such as _____________________________ 2. What is a colloid? _______________________________________________ Page 1 of 15 Created by Martin E. Hicks, Community College of Southern Nevada  3. Most of the suspended substances are ______________________________ a. Albumin 1. Makes up about ________________________________________ 2. Albumin is important in regulating _____________________________ 3. It maintains the ______________________________ of blood b. Globulins 1. Make up about ________________________________________ 2. Which globulins are part of the immune system? a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ 3. Some globulins function as ______________________________ c. Fibrinogen 1. Makes up about ________________________________________ 2. Fibrinogen is responsible for the ______________________________ 4. Substances dissolved in the blood are maintained _____________________ 5. Plasma volume remains ______________________________ III. Formed Elements A. General 1. 95% of formed element volume consists of ___________________________ a. The remaining 5% is composed of ____________________ & _________ 2. Which formed elements in adults possess nuclei? ______________________ 3. Granulocytes have _____________________ and _____________________ a. The three types of granulocytes based on staining are: 1. ____________________ stain with ____________________ dyes 2. ____________________ stain with ____________________ dyes 3. ____________________ stain with ____________________ dyes 4. Agranulocytes appear to have __________ and nuclei that are not ________ a. The two types of agranulocytes are ______________ & ______________ B. Production of Formed Elements 1. The process of is called ____________________ or ____________________ Page 2 of 15 Created by Martin E. Hicks, Community College of Southern Nevada  2. In the embryo and fetus blood cell production occurs in: a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ d. ______________________________ e. ______________________________ f. ______________________________ 3. After birth blood cell production is limited to: a. ______________________________ b. Some _________________ helping in production of _________________ 4. All formed elements are produced from a single population of ____________ 5. Hemopoietic stem cells produce daughter cells called: a. Proerythroblasts that develop into ______________________________ b. Myeloblasts that develop into: 1. ______________________________ 2. ______________________________ 3. ______________________________ c. Lymphoblasts that develop into ______________________________ d. Monoblasts that develop into ______________________________ e. Megakaryoblasts that develop into ______________________________ 6. The development of cell lines is regulated by __________________________ C. Red Blood Cells 1. Red blood cells are more technically called ___________________________ 2. The average male has ______________________________ 3. The average female has ______________________________ 4. Structure a. Describe the size and shape of a red blood cell: ____________________ ___________________________________________________________ b. The biconcave shape increases _________________________________ 1. This allows gases _________________________________________ c. When a red blood cell folds _____________________________________ Page 3 of 15 Created by Martin E. Hicks, Community College of Southern Nevada  d. About one-third of a red blood cell's volume is ______________________ e. What enzyme is found in red blood cells? __________________________ 5. Function a. What is the primary function of red blood cells? _____________________ ___________________________________________________________ b. List the three major forms of carbon dioxide transport in the blood: 1. 7% ______________________________ 2. 23% ______________________________ 3. 70% ______________________________ c. What is formed when carbon dioxide joins with water? _______________ 1. What enzyme catalyzes this reaction? _________________________ d. Carbonic acid dissociates into: 1. ______________________________ 2. ______________________________ 6. Hemoglobin a. What is a globin? ____________________________________________ b. What is a heme? _____________________________________________ c. How many globins and hemes in a hemoglobin molecule? ____________ d. In normal adult hemoglobin there will be: 1. ____________________ globin chains 2. ____________________ globin chains e. What atom does oxygen attach to for transport in the blood? ___________ f. What is oxyhemoglobin? _______________________________________ 1. What color is oxyhemoglobin? ______________________________ g. What is deoxyhemoglobin? _____________________________________ 1. What color is deoxyhemoglobin? ______________________________ h. What is carbaminohemoglobin? _________________________________ 7. Life History of Red Blood Cells a. How many red blood cells are destroyed per second? ________________ b. To maintain homeostasis what is the production rate of new erythrocytes? __________________________________________________ Page 4 of 15 Created by Martin E. Hicks, Community College of Southern Nevada  c. The process of producing new erythrocytes is called _________________ 1. The time required for production of one red blood cell is ____________ d. What substances are required for normal red blood cell production? 1. ______________________________ 2. ______________________________ 3. ______________________________ e. What is the stimulus to increase red blood cell production? ____________ f. What hormone stimulates red blood cell production? _________________ 1. Where does this hormone come from? _________________________ g. The hormone increases red blood cell production by: 1. Increasing ________________________________________ 2. Decreasing ________________________________________ h. How long do red blood cells normally stay in circulation? ______________ i. What causes them to be destroyed? ______________________________ j. Where are macrophages located? _________, _________, & __________ k. What digests hemoglobin inside the macrophage? __________________ l. The globin part of hemoglobin is broken down into ___________________ m. What happens to the iron atoms? ________________________________ n. What is the source of bilirubin? __________________________________ o. Eventually bilirubin ends up in the liver as part of ____________________ p. What is jaundice? ____________________________________________ D. White Blood Cells 1. White blood cells protect the body against ____________________________ 2. What is ameboid movement? ______________________________________ 3. What is diapedesis? _____________________________________________ 4. What is chemotaxis? ____________________________________________ 5. What is the composition of pus? ____________________________________ 6. Neutrophils a. What does polymorphonuclear neutrophil mean? ____________________ ___________________________________________________________ b. How long are they in the circulation? _____________________________ Page 5 of 15 Created by Martin E. Hicks, Community College of Southern Nevada  c. In the tissues they become __________ and ____________________ d. What are lysozymes? _________________________________________ e. How long do neutrophils survive in the tissues? ____________________ 7. Eosinophils a. The cytoplasmic granules in eosinophils stain ______________________ b. Eosinophils enter the tissues during ______________________________ c. Eosinophils are most common in tissue ___________________________ d. Functionally eosinophils reduce the inflammatory response by _________ ___________________________________________________________ e. Toxic chemicals produced by eosinophils attack ____________________ 8. Basophils a. The large cytoplasmic granules in basophils stain ___________________ b. Basophils migrate through tissues playing a role in both: 1. ______________________________ 2. ______________________________ c. Basophils contain large amounts of ____________________ that is used to ______________________________ d. Basophils also release heparin which ____________________________ 9. Lymphocytes a. The majority of lymphocytes are found ____________________________ b. What stimulates B cells (B-lymphocytes)? _________________________ c. What do B cells produce when they are stimulated? _________________ d. T cells (T-lymphocytes) protect against ___________________________ ___________________________________________________________ e. T cells are also involved in _______________ & ____________________ 10. Monocytes a. How long do monocytes stay in the circulation? _____________________ b. When they enter tissues they become transformed into _______________ c. What do they phagocytize? _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ d. An increase in monocyte number may indicate _____________________ Page 6 of 15 Created by Martin E. Hicks, Community College of Southern Nevada  e. How do macrophages function to activate lymphocytes? ______________ ___________________________________________________________ 11. Which white blood cell is most common? _____________________________ 12. Which white blood cell is least common? _____________________________ 13. Which white blood cell is about the size of an erythrocyte? _______________ 14. Which white blood cell is the largest in size? __________________________ E. Platelets 1. Are also known as ______________________________ 2. Structurally platelets are minute________________________ consisting of a: a. Small ______________________________ b. Surrounded ______________________________ 3. Platelets are roughly _____________________________________________ 4. What is found on the surface of platelets? ____________________________ a. What are these molecules involved in? ____________________________ 5. Granules from platelets and surface molecules play important roles in ________________________________________ 6. Platelet contraction is the result of _________ & _________ in the cytoplasm 7. What is the life expectancy of a platelet? _____________________________ 8. Platelets are formed by ______________________________ 9. Functionally platelets prevent blood loss by: a. Forming __________________________________________________ b. Promoting __________________________________________________ IV. Hemostasis A. Define hemostasis _________________________________________________ B. Vascular Spasm 1. Vascular spasm is an immediate but temporary ________________________ resulting from __________________________________________________ 2. The constriction can _____________________________________________ 3. What produces vascular spasm? a. ______________________________ reflexes Page 7 of 15 Created by Martin E. Hicks, Community College of Southern Nevada  b. ______________________________ released by platelets c. ______________________________ released by endothelial cells C. Platelet Plug Formation 1. What is a platelet plug? __________________________________________ 2. The formation of platelet plugs occurs many times a day to close __________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. Formation of a platelet plug involves: a. Damage to the vessel exposes ______________________________ b. Platelets adhere to the exposed _____________________________ 1. Adhesion is mediated through ________________________________ 2. Other platelet receptors can _________________________________ c. Attachment activates platelets and initiates _________________ reaction 1. In this reaction exocytosis causes the release of: a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ & other chemicals d. The release of these chemicals causes ___________________________ thereby producing ____________________________________________ e. Activated platelets express surface receptors that ___________________ ___________________________________________________________ f. In platelet aggregation _________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ g. Activated platelets also express chemicals important in _______________ D. Coagulation 1. Coagulation or blood clotting results in the formation of a ________________ 2. Describe the structure of a blood clot: _______________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. What are coagulation factors? _____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 4. What happens during each of the three main phases of coagulation? a. Stage 1 ____________________________________________________ b. Stage 2 ____________________________________________________ Page 8 of 15 Created by Martin E. Hicks, Community College of Southern Nevada  c. Stage 3 ____________________________________________________ 5. Extrinsic Clotting Pathway a. The term extrinsic refers to _____________________________________ b. In Stage 1: 1. Damaged tissues release ___________________________________ called ____________________ also known as ___________________ 2. In the presence of Ca2+ ____________________ forms a complex with ____________________ which activates ____________________ 3. Prothrombinase is formed when activated factor _____, factor ______, platelet ____________________, and __________ complex together c. In Stage 2: __________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ d. In Stage 3: __________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ e. Fibrin forms _________________________________________________ f. Thrombin also stimulates ____________________ which is necessary to ________________________________________ 6. Intrinsic Clotting Pathway a. The term intrinsic refers to _____________________________________ b. In Stage 1: 1. Contact with exposed collagen activates ________________________ 2. Activated factor XII stimulates factor ____, which activates factor ____ 3. Factor X is activated when activated factor _____ joins with factor _____, platelet ____________________, and __________ 4. Prothrombinase is formed when activated factor _____, factor ______, platelet ____________________, and __________ complex together c. Stages 2 and 3 are then _______________________________________ 7. Thrombin is part of a positive-feedback system in ______________________ ______________________________________________________________ 8. Thrombin also has a positive-feedback effect by _______________________ Page 9 of 15 Created by Martin E. Hicks, Community College of Southern Nevada  E. Control of Clot Formation 1. To prevent unwanted clotting the blood contains _______________________ 2. Why don't anticoagulants prevent clotting at the site of an injury? __________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. Away from a site of injury _________________________________________ 4. How does each of the following anticoagulants function in the body? a. Antithrombin ________________________________________________ b. Heparin ____________________________________________________ c. Prostacyclin _______________________________________________ & ___________________________________________________________ 5. EDTA and sodium citrate prevent clot formation by _____________________ F. Clot Retraction and Dissolution 1. A blood clot condenses into a denser, compact structure by the process of ______________________________ 2. The process involves the contractile proteins ____________ & ___________ 3. Serum is squeezed out as the clot ______________________________ a. What is serum? ______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 4. Edges of the damaged vessel are pulled together by ___________________ a. Pulling the edges together can help ______________________________, reduce ____________________, and ____________________ healing 5. Repair of the damaged vessel is accomplished by: a. Fibroblasts __________________________________________________ b. Epithelial cells _______________________________________________ 6. What is fibrinolysis? _____________________________________________ 7. What is plasmin? _______________________________________________ 8. Plasminogen is activated to become plasmin by: a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ d. ______________________________ Page 10 of 15 Created by Martin E. Hicks, Community College of Southern Nevada  e. ______________________________ V. Blood Grouping A. Definitions 1. What is a transfusion? ___________________________________________ 2. Define infusion: _________________________________________________ 3. Transfusion reactions include: a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ 4. Transfusion reactions are caused by ________________________________ 5. The surface of the red blood cells have ______________________________ 6. The plasma contains ____________________________________________ 7. Since antibodies are very specific they can ___________________________ 8. What is agglutination? ___________________________________________ 9. What is hemolysis? _____________________________________________ 10. Since the antigen-antibody reaction causes agglutination: a. The antigens on the erythrocytes are called ________________________ b. The antibodies in the plasma are called ___________________________ 11. What is the basis of blood groups? _________________________________ B. ABO Blood Group 1. Complete the following table for the ABO blood group: Agglutinogen Antibodies What percent What percent of present on present in the of Caucasians African-Americans Blood Type Erythrocytes Plasma are each type? are each type? A B AB O Page 11 of 15 Created by Martin E. Hicks, Community College of Southern Nevada  2. Many people have antibodies to erythrocyte antigens even though they have never had a transfusion. What is a possible explanation for these antibodies? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 3. A blood donor ______________________________ 4. A blood recipient ______________________________ 5. Describe the reaction if Type A blood is given to a person with Type B blood: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 6. What blood type is considered the "universal donor"? _________________ a. Why is this so? ______________________________________________ b. Why can this be a problem? ____________________________________ C. Rh Blood Group 1. What is the Rh blood group named for? ______________________________ 2. People are Rh-positive if _________________________________________ 3. People are Rh-negative if ________________________________________ 4. What percent of Caucasians are Rh-positive? ________________________ 5. What percent of African-Americans are Rh-positive? ____________________ 6. B negative blood, is type B for the ___________ group & Rh _____________ 7. Antibodies against the Rh antigen develop only after ___________________ ______________________________________________________________ a. This can occur through: 1. Blood ______________________________ 2. Transfer ________________________________________ 8. The transfusion reaction would occur with a _________________ transfusion 9. The major Rh incompatibility occurs for an Rh __________ mother that has an Rh ____________________ fetus a. The first pregnancy is usually not a problem because ________________ ___________________________________________________________ Page 12 of 15 Created by Martin E. Hicks, Community College of Southern Nevada  b. During subsequent pregnancies if fetal blood leaks through the placenta: 1. The sensitized mother produces ______________________________ 2. The antibodies cross the placenta and cause: a. ______________________________ & b. ______________________________ of fetal red blood cells 3. This disorder is called ___________________________________ or ________________________________________ 10. How can HDN be prevented? ______________________________________ a. The injection contains ________________________________________ b. This prevents ________________________________________________ 11. How is HDN treated? ____________________________________________ VI. Diagnostic Blood Tests A. Type and Crossmatch 1. What does blood typing determine? _________________________________ a. Cells are tested with ______________________________ b. Serum is mixed with ______________________________ 2. What does a crossmatch determine? ______________________________ a. Donor's cells are mixed with ______________________________ b. Donor's serum is mixed with ______________________________ B. Complete Blood Count (CBC) 1. Red Blood Count a. Determines the number of _________________ per __________ of blood 1. Normal range for males is ______________________________ 2. Normal range for females is ______________________________ b. What is erythrocytosis? ________________________________________ c. Erythrocytosis can: 1. Make it more difficult ______________________________ a. Increases the ________________________________________ 2. Reduce ________________________________________ 3. Result in ______________________________ capillaries Page 13 of 15 Created by Martin E. Hicks, Community College of Southern Nevada  2. Hemoglobin Measurement a. Determines the amount of ______________________________________ 1. Normal range for males is ______________________________ 2. Normal range for females is ______________________________ b. What is anemia? _____________________________________________ 1. This is due to: a. Reduced number ______________________________ OR b. Reduced amount ______________________________ 3. Hematocrit Measurement a. The hematocrit is the __________________________________________ 1. Normal range for males is ______________________________ 2. Normal range for females is ______________________________ b. Hematocrit is determined by ____________________________________ c. What is the buffy coat? ________________________________________ d. What is a normocyte? ________________________________________ e. What is a microcyte? ________________________________________ f. What is a macrocyte? ________________________________________ g. A low hematocrit indicates the volume of red blood cells is ____________ a. Could be result of __________ normocytes or __________ microcytes 4. White Blood Count (WBC) a. Measures the _______________________________________________ 1. The normal range is ________________________________________ b. What is leukopenia? ________________________________________ c. What is leukocytosis? ________________________________________ d. What is leukemia? ____________________________________________ 1. What is the effect on number of white blood cells? ________________ e. What else can cause leukocytosis? ______________________________ C. Differential White Blood Count 1. Determines ____________________________________________________ 2. What are the normal ranges for each type of leukocyte? a. Neutrophils ____________________ Page 14 of 15 Created by Martin E. Hicks, Community College of Southern Nevada  b. Lymphocytes ____________________ c. Monocytes ____________________ d. Eosinophils ____________________ e. Basophils ____________________ 3. Clinically a high neutrophil count usually indicates ____________________ 4. People with allergic reactions will have elevated ___________ & __________ D. Clotting 1. Platelet Count a. What is the normal range for platelets? ___________________________ b. What is thrombocytopenia? ____________________________________ 2. Prothrombin Time Measurement a. Measure of how long it takes ______________________________ 1. It normally takes ______________________________ b. Determined by adding ____________________ to __________________ E. Blood Chemistry 1. Determines the composition of materials _________________ or ____________________ in plasma Page 15 of 15 Created by Martin E. Hicks, Community College of Southern Nevada