Wk 13 Maslow, Berne, Bertalanffy PDF

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) Humanistic-Existential Paradigm Self-actualization Theory Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ◼ Self-Actualization ◼ Esteem ◼ Love ◼ Safety ◼ Physiological Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Bottom Level of the pyramid, the physiology needs...

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) Humanistic-Existential Paradigm Self-actualization Theory Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ◼ Self-Actualization ◼ Esteem ◼ Love ◼ Safety ◼ Physiological Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Bottom Level of the pyramid, the physiology needs of the human organism, consist of: the need to breathe, the need to drink water, the need to interact, the need to eat, the need to dispose bodily waste. PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS  Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Second Level of the pyramid, the safety needs of the human organism, consist of: Physical safety (safety from aggression, violence), Security of employment, Security of resources, Mind & Moral security, Family security, Health security, Security of personal property against social indifferences such as crime. SAFETY NEEDS PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Friendship, Sexual intimacy, Support and Communication with family LOVE, AFFECTION, AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS SAFETY NEEDS PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-esteem Confidence ESTEEM NEEDS Personal Achievement Respect of others LOVE, AFFECTION, AND Attaining respect by others BELONGINGNESS NEEDS SAFETY NEEDS PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS  Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs NEED FOR SELF- ACTUALIZATION MASLOW EMPHASIZES NEED FOR SELF ACTUALIZATION IS A HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL’S PRIME MOTIVATION SELF-ACTUALIZATION MEANS ACTUALIZING ONE’S POTENTIAL BECOMING ALL ONE IS CAPABLE OF BECOMING Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs NEED SELF- ACTUALIZATION ESTEEM NEEDS LOVE, AFFECTION, AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS SAFETY NEEDS PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS Maslow’s Definition of a Self-actualized Person ◼ Has no mental illness ◼ Satisfied in basic needs ◼ Fully exploited talents ◼ Motivated by values  The expanded hierarchy of needs ❖ Changes to the original five-stage model are highlighted and include a seven-stage model and an eight-stage model; both developed during the 1960's and 1970s. The expanded hierarchy of needs 1. Biological and physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc. 2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, etc. 3. Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, trust, and acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work). 4. Esteem needs - which Maslow classified into two categories: (i) esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery, independence) and (ii) the desire for reputation or respect from others (e.g., status, prestige). 5. Cognitive needs - knowledge and understanding, curiosity, exploration, need for meaning and predictability. 6. Aesthetic needs - appreciation and search for beauty, balance, form, etc. 7. Self-actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfilment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. 8. Transcendence needs - A person is motivated by values which transcend beyond the personal self (e.g., mystical experiences and certain experiences with nature, aesthetic experiences, sexual experiences, service to others, the pursuit of science, religious faith, etc.). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: How it Applies to Nursing?  Eric Berne Transactional Analysis  Transactional analysis is primarily concerned with following: 1. Analysis of self-awareness 2. Analysis of ego states 3. Analysis of transactions 4. Script analysis 5. Games analysis 6. Analysis of life positions 7. Stroking 1. ANALYSIS OF SELF AWARENESS ▪ Self is the core of personality pattern which provides integration. ▪ Self-Awareness is having a clear perception of your personality, including strengths, weaknesses, thoughts, beliefs, motivation, and emotions. 2. ANALYSIS OF EGO STATES ▪ Ego states are person’s way of thinking, feeling and behaving at any time. Cont 3 IMPORTANT EGO STATES ▪ Ego states: Parent Adult Child The Parent, Adult and Child ego states and the interaction between them form the foundation of transactional analysis theory.  3. ANALYSIS OF TRANSACTIONS The heart of transactional analysis is the study and diagramming of the exchanges between two persons. Transactional analysis can help us to determine which ego state is most heavily influencing our behaviour and the behaviour of the other people with whom we interact.  4. SCRIPT ANALYSIS According to Eric Berne,” a script is an ongoing programme, developed in early childhood under parental influence which directs the individual behaviour in the most important aspects of his life. In transactional analysis a person’s life is compared to a play and the script is the text of the play.  5. ANALYSIS OF LIFE POSITIONS The combination of assumptions about self and the other person called as life position. In the process of growing up people make basic assumptions about their own self-worth as well as about the worth of significant people in their environment. Cont 5. ANALYSIS OF LIFE POSITIONS Transactional analysis constructs the following classifications of the four possible life positions or psychological positions: ▪ I am OK, you are OK. ▪ I am OK, you are not OK. ▪ I am not OK, you are OK. ▪ I am not OK, you are not OK. ❑ I am OK, you are OK: It appears to be an ideal life position. People with this type of life position have confidence in themselves as well as trust and confidence in others. ❑ I am OK, you are not OK: This is a distrustful psychological positions. This is the attitude of those people, who think that whatever they do is correct. ❑ I am not OK, you are OK: This is a common position for those people who feel powerless when they compare themselves to others. ❑ I am not OK, you are not OK: people in this position tend to feel bad about themselves and see the whole world as miserable. They do not trust others and have no confidence in themselves.  6.STROKING Stroking is an important aspects of the transactional analysis. The term stroke refers to “giving some kind of recognition to others.”  Three Types of Strokes: 1. Positive strokes: the stroke one feel good, is a positive stroke. Recognition, approval are some of the examples. 2. Negative strokes: a stroke one feel bad or not good is a negative stroke. Negative strokes hurt physically or psychologically. 3. Mixed strokes: a stroke may be of a mixed type also. Example :the boss comment to a worker “you did an excellent job in spite your limited experience. What is your experience with strokes, stroking and being stroked? How do strokes impact on you and those around you? How do you deal with positive and negative strokes? Do they motivate you or do they make you want to hide under a rock?  7. GAMES ANALYSIS When people fail to get enough strokes at work they try a variety of things. One of the most important thing is that they play psychological games. A psychological game is a set of transaction with three characteristics: 1. The transaction tend to be repeated. 2. They make sense on superficial or social level. 3. One or more transactions is ulterior. Ludwig Von Bertalanffy (1901-1972) Systems Theory 31 ❖Ludwig Von Bertalanffy (1901-1972) was an Austrian born biologist considered as the father of General Systems Theory and almost every field of sciences. ❑Systems theory It describes how to break whole things into parts & then to learn how the parts work together in “systems”. 32 Systems theory was proposed to better understand the systems of the world around us. ❖This theory was applied to better understand food chains, life cycles, and the environment. Through systems theory we can better understand the world around us and explore problems and their causes. 33  General Systems theory A system is made up of separate components. The parts rely on one another, are interrelated, share a common purpose & together form a whole.  Input is the information that enters the system.  Output is the end product of a system.  Feedback is the process through which the output is returned to the system. 34 Systems can be closed or open, but only open systems can really be studied. 35 ▪ Open systems are self-adapting through feedback loops and adaptation. ▪ Open systems have inputs and outputs; they are not self- sustaining. ▪ E.g:.Open systems can best be represented by the digestive system in the human body. The digestive system has an input which is food entering the body; the output is obviously the excretory function of the body. By the body adapting to this process and to feedback channels it remains healthy and in a state of equilibrium. 36 Systems theory is easily summed up with a simple definition: “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.” 37 Thanks! Any questions? 38