Wk 1 - Intro to Microbiology PDF

Microbiology and Infection Control Course Introduction Introduction to Microbiology History of Microbiology Week:1 Course : Microbiology and Infection Control Updated : May 2022 1 Learning Outc...

Microbiology and Infection Control Course Introduction Introduction to Microbiology History of Microbiology Week:1 Course : Microbiology and Infection Control Updated : May 2022 1 Learning Outcomes Required Reading: Infection Control- Chapter 1 Upon successful completion of this unit the student shall discuss and understand: the course outcomes and objectives; schedule of the quizzes and exams. their expectations as a student. A brief history of microbiology. the connection between the study of microbiology and the TCDHA Program outcomes. the CDHO “Best Practices” and how they relate to the study of microbiology. 2 What is microbiology? The study of small life forms, including: 1. Viruses 2. Bacteria 3. Fungi (molds, yeasts) 4. Protozoa 5. Algae 3 Microbiology Several sub-disciplines within microbiology: 1.Bacteriology( study of bacteria) 2. Mycology (study of fungi) 3. Protozoology 4. Virology 4 What is Infection Control? Understanding of: Physical and chemical properties of microorganisms (mo’s) Where MO’s exist How Mo’s grow How environment, physical and chemical agents influence mo’s How mo’s cause disease In order to prevent contamination, infection, and spread from person to person 5  Immunology Knowledge of body defense mechanisms (immune system) add to the understanding of disease prevention through immunization, and the natural barriers of the body against infection Therefore, close relationship between: Microbiology (study of small life forms) Immunology (study of immune system) Biochemistry (chemistry of life forms) 6  Microorganisms can dominate in a setting such as a dental office and can lead to the transmission of infectious diseases. To eliminate and reduce the number of infectious diseases that can occur. By understanding the morphology, growth and proper standards of infection control Why study Microbiology and Infection Control? 7 History of Microbiology 8 Girolamo Fracastoro 1546- recognized the existence of tiny “living particles” that cause “catching” (contagious) diseases Spread by direct contact with humans, indirect contact with objects. Famously known for naming syphilis (in a poem) 9  Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Discovered bacteria First person to “see” a microbe. Developed a primitive microscope Named these small forms of life “animacules” 1683 – wrote to the Royal Society about his observations on the plaque between his own teeth, "a little white matter, which is as thick as if 'twere batter." 10 Edward Jenner 1749-1823 Credited with concept of Immunization Injection of cowpox(mild disease) and were then protected from smallpox (more serious disease) 11  Louis Pasteur Known as the “Father of Immunology” 1850’s - Associated living organisms with disease Saved the wine industry by heating the grape juice to reduce the amount of bacteria:“pasteurization” =destroying pathogens in milk or other fluids by heating it to 63 degrees Celsius for 30 min, or 72 degrees Celsius for 15 seconds 12 Louis Pasteur Use of heat to destroy vegetative bacteria and resistant bacterial spores. Discovered bacteria produced diseases such as anthrax and cholera Created first vaccines for rabies, anthrax and cholera 13  John Tyndall 1820-1893 Discovered the need for prolonged heating to destroy bacteria Discovered that bacteria existed in two forms: Heat-sensitive Heat-stable Discovered the process of “tyndallization”(prolong or intermittent heat to destroy heat-stable/heat-sensitive 14 bacteria)  Ferdinand Cohn 1828-1898 Discovered “endospores” (dormant form of bacteria with enhanced resistance to heat, staining and disinfection.) 15  Joseph Lister 1827-1912 Discovered the role of airborne microorganisms Discover that airborne microorganisms can be reduced with carbolic acid (known as phenols today)- spray with phenols to reduce airborne microorganisms. Used them in WWII surgeries to clean wounds Using phenol to boil instruments, and wash hands and surgical linens before surgery = reduced complications 16 Christian Gram 1853-1938 Discovered Gram staining Gram staining consists of 2 dies; crystal violet (purple/blue) & safranin (red) Gram staining has the ability to divide the bacterial world into two distinct groups; Gram positive & Gram negative Gram staining determines the differences in the cell wall. 17 Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis In 1861, Semmelweis published his principal work, ‘The Cause, Concept and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever’ = how handwashing by doctors would save thousands of lives every year. Responsible for recognizing the importance of handwashing. 18  Sir Alexander Fleming In 1928, while working on influenza virus, he observed that mold had developed accidently on a staphylococcus culture plate and that the mold had created a bacteria-free circle around itself. He was inspired to further experiment and he found that a mold culture prevented growth of staphylococci, even when diluted 800 times. He named this active substance penicillin 19 Wendell Stanley 1904-1971 Developed electron microscope Viruses magnified 35,000 times of their normal size 20 Robert Koch 1843-1910 Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax( Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Koch's postulates, Mycobacterium, Anthrax bacterium, Asiatic cholera) 21  Important Activities of Microorganisms 1. In soil: convert dead plants, animals, insects needed nutrients for live plants 2. Cultured & used to make everyday products: vinegar, vitamins, alcohol, organic acids, antibiotics, insecticides 3. Used to make rubber products, tobacco, spices, & in processing leather 4. Yeasts  bread dough rise, beer 5. Pickle cucumbers, dairy products 6. Bacteria and yeasts are used to synthesize: insulin, other hormones, Hepatitis B vaccines, 22 Important Activities of Microorganisms Probiotics are microbes that can confer a health benefit to a host , when administered in adequate amounts 23 When are microorganisms harmful? When they are When they someplace they grow out of should not be control 24 Microorganisms Explanation of the Types of Microbes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZIT6GyUIWk 25  References Chris Miller. Infection Control & Management of Hazardous Materials for the Dental Team. 7th Edition, 2023, Elsevier/ Mosby, ISBN-13:978-0-323-08257-0 CDHO Standards of Practice 26