Theoretical Foundations in Nursing PDF

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING NEMIA T. ALIMBUYUGIN, PHD, RN, MAN  WHO : HEALTH AND ILLNESS ▪The WHO’s definition of health, formulated in 1948, remains influential and groundbreaking. It states: ▪  KEY POINTS OF WHO’S CONCEPT OF HEALTH : 1.Physical Well-being...

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING NEMIA T. ALIMBUYUGIN, PHD, RN, MAN  WHO : HEALTH AND ILLNESS ▪The WHO’s definition of health, formulated in 1948, remains influential and groundbreaking. It states: ▪  KEY POINTS OF WHO’S CONCEPT OF HEALTH : 1.Physical Well-being Involves the proper functioning of the body and being free from diseases. 2.Mental Well-being: Mental health is crucial and includes emotional, psychological, and social aspects. It affects how we think, feel, and act. 3.Social Well-being: Includes having fulfilling relationships, social stability, and a supportive community.  HOLISTIC WELL-BEING: ▪The WHO encourages an all-encompassing view of health. It’s not just about physical fitness or the absence of illness. ▪Instead, health includes mental and social dimensions. Imagine a three-legged stool: — all equally important.  BEYOND BIOMEDICINE: ▪Traditionally, health was often narrowly defined based on biomedical markers (like blood pressure or cholesterol levels). ▪The WHO’s definition widens the lens. It acknowledges that health isn’t just about lab results; it’s about feeling good  FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS: ▪The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is considered a fundamental right for every human being. ▪This right extends to everyone, regardless of  PEACE, SECURITY, AND COOPERATION: ▪The health of all peoples is interconnected. It affects peace and security globally. ▪Unequal health development across countries poses a common danger. We’re all in this together.  CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT: ▪Healthy child development is foundational. It shapes our ability to thrive in a changing world. ▪Living harmoniously within our environment—physical, social, and cultural—is essential for well-being.  INFORMED PUBLIC AND GOVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITY: ▪Informed public opinion and active cooperation are vital for improving population health. ▪Governments have a responsibility to provide adequate health and social measures.  ILLNESS ▪Refers to a state of poor health or sickness. It encompasses both ▪When we say someone is experiencing illness, it means they are unwell, whether due to a specific disease, a general feeling of being under the  DISTINGUISHING FROM DISEASE : ▪While disease specifically refers to a pathological condition with recognizable signs and symptoms (such as measles or pneumonia), illness is a broader term. ▪Illness includes not only the physical manifestations but also the individual’s subjective experience of being unwell.  SEEKING CARE: ▪When someone shows signs of illness, seeking medical attention is crucial. Whether t’s a common cold, chronic condition, or mental health issue, timely care can make a significant difference. ▪Remember, taking care of our health—both physical and mental—is essential. If you ever feel unwell, don’t hesitate to seek professional advice  CONCEPT OF ILLNESS: ▪refers to the presence of disease or infirmity. It can affect physical, mental, or social well-being, disrupting the overall state of health.  HERE ARE SOME OF THE KEY MODELS: ▪ Biomedical Model ▪ This model views health as the absence of disease and focuses on biological factors. ▪ It emphasizes diagnosis and treatment of diseases through medical interventions. ▪ There are several models of health and illness that provide different perspectives on how we understand and approach health. Here are some of the key models: HEALTH BELIEF MODEL (HBM) ▪Health Belief Model (HBM)—a fascinating framework that sheds light on why we make health- related decisions and how our beliefs influence our behaviors.  THE HBM KEYS : ▪ Perceived Susceptibility: How likely do you think you are to get a particular health condition? (Hint: It’s like assessing your vulnerability.) ▪ Perceived Severity: If you did get that condition, how serious would it be? (Think of it as weighing the consequences.) ▪ Perceived Barriers: Ah, the obstacles! What’s stopping you from doing the right thing? (Barriers can be pesky.) ▪ Perceived Benefits: What’s in it for you? If you take a specific health action, what gains do you expect? ▪ Self-Efficacy: Do you believe you can actually pull off the health behavior?  HIGH-LEVEL WELLNESS ▪the concept of high-level wellness—a state that goes beyond mere absence of illness and dives into the vibrant symphony of well-being.  THE EIGHT POINTS OF HIGH-LEVEL WELLNESS ▪ 1. Physical Wellness: the gym, veggies, and good sleep. Your body’s happy dance. ▪ 2. Emotional Wellness: Handling stress, nurturing relationships, and finding joy in little things. ▪ 3. Intellectual Wellness: Curiosity, learning, and mental gymnastics. Feed that brain! ▪ 4. Social Wellness: Friends, family, community— your social network is like a cozy blanket for your soul.  THE EIGHT POINTS OF HIGH-LEVEL WELLNESS ▪ 5. Occupational Wellness: Work satisfaction, purpose, and balance. ▪ 6. Environmental Wellness: Nature walks, recycling, and respecting Mother Earth. ▪ 7. Spiritual Wellness: Whatever floats your spiritual boat— meditation, prayer, stargazing, or pondering the meaning of life. ▪ 8. Financial Wellness: Budgeting, saving, and not losing sleep over bills.  WHY WE NEED THIS WELLNESS REVOLUTION ? ▪ Our world has shrunk and become crowded. But while we’ve made strides in reducing mortality rates, we’re not always raising the wellness bar equally. ▪ High-level wellness isn’t just for the yoga retreat crowd—it’s for everyone. It’s about thriving, not just surviving. ▪ So, let’s shift our focus from sickness to well-being. Let’s celebrate vitality, resilience, and those moments when our hearts sing. WHAT’S THE HEALTH-ILLNESS CONTINUUM? ▪ Imagine it as a spectrum—a rainbow of health states, if you will. ▪ Instead of thinking in binary terms (healthy vs. sick), the continuum acknowledges that our well-being is ever-changing. It’s like a dance between various factors that influence how we feel. ▪ So, whether you’re doing a happy jig on the wellness side or wading through the murky waters of illness, this continuum has your back.  THE DIMENSIONS OF WELL-BEING 4 interconnected dimensions: ▪ 1. Matter (Physical Dimension): This is where atoms collide, cells buzz, and organs do their thing. It’s the tangible stuff—the meat and bones of existence. ▪ 2. Life (Biological Dimension): Cells team up, DNA whispers secrets, and life pulses through veins. It’s the biological rhythm—the heartbeat of existence. ▪ 3. Mind (Psychological Dimension): Thoughts, emotions, dreams—they all waltz here. It’s where anxiety tap-dances, joy pirouettes, and resilience moonwalks. ▪ 4. Culture (Socio-Linguistic Dimension): Language, relationships, traditions—they weave our story. It’s where “hello” echoes across generations. The Dimensions of Well-Being CHILDREN AND RESIDENTIAL EXPERIENCES (CARE) MODEL: CREATING CONDITIONS FOR CHANGE ▪ The CARE model isn’t just about managing routines; it’s about nurturing growth, healing, and well-being  PRINCIPLES: ▪ Developmentally Focused: It considers where each child is on their unique developmental journey. ▪ Family Involved: Families play a crucial role—like the roots of a sturdy tree. ▪ Relationship-Based: It’s all about genuine connections between staff and children. ▪ Competence Centered: Nurturing skills and abilities—like watering a growing plant. ▪ Trauma Informed: Recognizing and addressing trauma’s impact. ▪ Ecologically Oriented: Understanding the broader context—like tending to the whole garden.  HEALTH VS. CARE: ▪ Health and care—they’re like cousins who sometimes squabble at family gatherings. ▪ Health: Always a good thing. It’s the glowy, feel-good state. ▪ Care: It’s not always rainbows and unicorns. Sometimes it’s messy, like tending to a garden during a storm.  SUCHMAN’S 5 STAGE OF ILLNESS ▪ Symptom Experience (Stage 1): ▪ In this stage, you notice physical changes—maybe a persistent cough, a twinge in your side, or a headache that won’t quit. These are the measurable signs. ▪ You also experience cognitive aspects (like wondering what’s going on) and emotional responses (perhaps worry or frustration). It’s like a symphony of sensations.  SUCHMAN’S 5 STAGE OF ILLNESS ▪ Assumption of the Sick Role (Stage 2): ▪ You decide you’re officially “sick.” It’s like donning a cloak labeled “Patient Mode.” ▪ You seek “permission” to be sick—maybe you tell your boss you need a day off or excuse yourself from social obligations. ▪ “lay referral system” kicks in: You turn to family, friends, or trusted folks for advice. They become your wellness consultants.  SUCHMAN’S 5 STAGE OF ILLNESS ▪ Medical Care Contact (Stage 3): ▪ This stage is all about validation. You want a professional to confirm that your symptoms aren’t just in your head (or your imagination). ▪ Sometimes you seek second opinions or explore different treatment options.  SUCHMAN’S 5 STAGE OF ILLNESS ▪ Dependent Patient Role (Stage 4): ▪ follow medical advice, take prescribed medications, and maybe even undergo tests. It’s like being a student in the School of Healing. ▪ might feel vulnerable, relying on others—whether it’s nurses, therapists, or that friendly pharmacist who knows your name  SUCHMAN’S 5 STAGE OF ILLNESS ▪ Recovery or Rehabilitation (Stage 5): ▪ The sun peeks through the clouds. You’re on the mend! ▪ Whether it’s physical therapy, lifestyle changes, or simply time healing wounds, this stage is about progress. ▪ You regain strength, adjust to new normals, and maybe even find a silver lining—a lesson learned, resilience discovered, or gratitude for health restored.  MODEL OF HUMAN NEEDS ABRAHAM MASLOW ▪ Physiological Needs: the survival toolkit. Air, food, water, shelter, and a cozy spot for some shut-eye. These are the “I- need-to-stay-alive” essentials. ▪ Safety Needs: predictability, and a safety net. Think police, schools, and that comforting feeling when you lock your front door at night. It’s like wrapping yourself in a warm security blanket.  MODEL OF HUMAN NEEDS ABRAHAM MASLOW ▪ Love and Belongingness: for connections—friends, family, that quirky book club, or even a cat that side-eyes you but secretly adores you. It’s the “I-belong-here” vibe. ▪ Esteem: Keep climbing: it’s about respect, recognition, and feeling like a worthy human. ▪ Self-Actualization: we’re not just surviving; we’re thriving. It’s about creativity, purpose, and becoming the best version of ourselves. Think artists, visionaries, and those moments when you feel like you’re levitating.  CLAYTON ALDERFER: THE ERG THEORY ▪ ERG Theory: Existence, Relatedness, and Growth ▪ Alderfer expanded on Maslow’s hierarchy by proposing the ERG theory. It’s like Maslow’s pyramid with a twist—a remix for the modern psyche. ▪ Existence Needs: These are the basics—the primal survival kit. Think air, food, water, and shelter. When you’re hungry or cold, you’re squarely in existence mode. ▪ Relatedness Needs: connections. It’s about relationships, belongingness, and feeling part of a tribe. Friends, family, and that cozy sense of “I fit here” fall into this category ▪ Growth Needs: This is where self-actualization vibes kick in. It’s not just about surviving; it’s about thriving. Creativity, personal development, and purpose live here. Imagine a mental greenhouse for your soul.