Metabolism: Levels, Pathways, and Adaptations

### **What is Metabolism?** Metabolism is the set of all chemical reactions happening in cells which are well-organized and regulated and catalyzed by enzymes, aimed at production of, storage and utilization of energy from exogenous nutrients. These reactions are for different purposes: 1. 2. 3....

### **What is Metabolism?** Metabolism is the set of all chemical reactions happening in cells which are well-organized and regulated and catalyzed by enzymes, aimed at production of, storage and utilization of energy from exogenous nutrients. These reactions are for different purposes: 1. 2. 3. ### **Levels of Metabolism Study** Metabolism can be studied at various depths, each offering a unique perspective. #### **Level 1: The Whole Organism** - - - #### **Level 2: Organ Perfusion** - - #### **Level 3: Organ Slices** - - - #### **Level 4: Intact Cells and Tissue Culture** - - - #### **Level 5: Homogenates** - - #### **Level 6: Enzymes and Genetic Level** - - - - - - ### **Using Radioisotopes** - - ### **Studying Metabolic Pathways** To understand how metabolic reactions work, researchers focus on: 1. 2. 3. 4. #### **Inducing Changes in Metabolism** Metabolic pathways are often studied by introducing specific changes: - - - ### **Regulation of Metabolic Pathways** Metabolic pathways are regulated at multiple levels: 1. 2. 3. This breakdown gives a simpler, clear view of the experimental study of metabolism. Remembering the main purposes, levels of study, and the regulation methods can make it easier to grasp the big picture of metabolic research. ### **Types of Metabolic Pathways** 1. - - 2. - - 3. - ### **Stages of Metabolism** 1. - - 2. - - 3. - - ### **Key Metabolic Profiles of Organs** 1. - - - 2. - - - - 3. - - - 4. - - - 5. - - - ### **Summary of Major Points** - - - ### **Effect of Exercise on Metabolic Profile** **Types of Exercise and Their Metabolic Demands:** - - **Training Adaptations:** - - ### **Metabolic Adaptations During Starvation** **Stage 1: Glycogenolysis** - **Stage 2: Gluconeogenesis** - **Stage 3: Lipolysis** - **Stage 4: Acidosis** - **Stage 5: Death from Starvation** - ### **Energy Utilization of the Average Person (Box 8.1)** - - ### **Long Distance Runners vs. Sprinters (Box 8.2)** - -