Ancient Persia and Greece PDF

10/28/2024 Learning objectives and formatives  SWBAT ◦ Define a classical civilization ◦ Distinguish differences and identify similarities across the second period 600 BCE – 600 CE ◦ Discuss various the cultural and technological achievements of...

10/28/2024 Learning objectives and formatives  SWBAT ◦ Define a classical civilization ◦ Distinguish differences and identify similarities across the second period 600 BCE – 600 CE ◦ Discuss various the cultural and technological achievements of empire building ◦ Analyze the reasons for which empires arose and fell. ◦ Evaluate the social, economic, and political problems that plagued empires  Formatives ◦ Answers to DQs 1 Aims: What is a classical civilization? How did the Persian Empire establish the first multiethnic state? Do Now: In what ways is diversity a source of strength in society? What might be some problems if people begin to use ethnic/religious/geographic/cultural distinctions to “other” their rivals? 2 Historical context Consolidation of early civilizations into well organized empires:  Persian Empire (Achaemenid) – ca 550 – 330 B.C.E.  Mauryan Empire(India) 321 – 185 B.C.E.  Qin and Han dynasties (China) 221 B.C.E. – 220 CE.  Classical Greece 5th century – 4th century B.C.E.  Hellenistic Greece 4th century – 2nd century B.C.E.  Roman civilization  Republic founded 5th century BCE  Empire founded 27 B.C.E destroyed 476 CE 3 1  10/28/2024 Parthenon Sanchi Stupa Classical Greece and Ancient India 4 GREAT WALL China 5 P.S. Why did empires emerge in the 2nd period? (600 BCE – 600 CE) From City-states to empires Example: India 6 2  10/28/2024 Empire Building  an extensive group of peoples, cities, cultures , or regions under a single supreme authority  Use of force to extract wealth.  Violence, expansion, and conquests  Slave labor.  Frequent warfare emphasized a patriarchal system. 7 Second civilizations  Establishment of state/political systems, cultural values, ways of organizing society.  Peace, prosperity Monuments, standardized measurements, arts, technology, sciences, mathematics, literature. 8 Achievements made possible by…  Great cultural achievements (artistic, literary technological, architectural, etc.) at great costs (exploitative taxation and slavery).  Conquest: violence, exploitation, oppression. 9 3  10/28/2024 Timeline for 2nd civilizations 10 D.Q. WHAT CHANGED FROM THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS TO THE SECOND CIVILIZATIONS? 11 AIM: HOW DID THE PERSIAN EMPIRE SHAPE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MIDDLE EAST AND MEDITERRANEAN ? 12 4  10/28/2024 Persian Empire of the Achaemenid dynasty (550 – 330 BCE) 13 Political organization of Persia  Empire: Multi-ethnic/multicultural/multiregional  Respected people of different faiths and cultures  Fondness of adapting foreign cultures and religions.  Great king of kings.  Satraps: local governors as eyes and ears of the king and tax collectors 14 Different peoples of the Persian Empire 15 5  10/28/2024 Satrapies of Persia 16 Illustration of Persian satrap 17 D.Q. WHY WAS PERSIA ABLE TO DEVELOP CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EMPIRE? 18 6  10/28/2024 Persepolis the capital 19 Persepolis procession 20 One of Persepolis’ gates 21 7  10/28/2024 Homage to the Persian Emperor 22 Multi-ethnic Persian Empire 23 D.Q. TO WHAT EXTENT WAS PERSIA AN EMPIRE? 24 8  10/28/2024 Aim: Why is the monotheism of Zoroastrianism unique in the ancient world? Do Now: In what ways are religions important to cultures where they are practiced? 25 Founder  Zarathustra (Zoroaster)  Persian prophet who lived sometime between 6th and 7th century B.C.E. 26 Scripture, house of worship, symbol  Avesta  Fire temple  Faravahar – Winged symbol of Zoroastrianism 27 9  10/28/2024 Core beliefs  God (Ahura Mazda) as source of truth, light, and good.  God engaged in cosmic struggle against Angra Mainyu, the embodiment and creator of all things evil.  God will ultimately triumph.  Arrival of a final savior to aid God on the Day of Judgment.  All who align with God will enter heaven. Those who align with evil will be sent to hell. 28 Zoroastrian worship 29 Aim: How did Phoenician civilization in the Middle East establish trade routes that brought the culture of the Middle East into the Mediterranean? Do Now: How may culture be spread? Note: Phoenician civilization emerged ca. 10th century B.C.E. 30 10  10/28/2024 Middle East 31 32 Mediterranean Sea 33 11  10/28/2024 Phoenician trade ship 34 Phoenician trade routes 35 Phoenician alphabet 36 12  10/28/2024 D.Q.TO WHAT EXTENT DID TRADE IMPACT CULTURE BETWEEN THE MIDDLE EAST AND MEDITERRANEAN REGIONS? 37 Do Now: Locate the Ionian, Aegean and Mediterranean seas and Athens and Crete on the map by circling them. Key Terms: Peninsula, Archipelago, Aegean Sea, Homer, Mediterranean Sea, The Iliad and the Odyssey, Minoan civilization, Mycenaean civilization AIM: HOW DID THE GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION? 38 Greece map 39 13  10/28/2024 Greek Geography  Peninsula: Land surrounded on three sides by water.  Archipelago: Chain of Islands   D.Q. In contrast to river valley civilizations, how did early Greek culture depend on its geography to survive? 40 41 MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS OF GREECE 42 14  10/28/2024 Mountainous land  D.Q. What are the difficulties with living in mountainous regions? 43 Geography of Greece and trade  Rocky mountainous land  Isolation of cities, rocky terrain and fertility of soil, need for fresh water  Archipelago and peninsula   Sea faring civilization: maritime trade in olive oil, wine. Smelted iron and bronze. 44 Mycenaean Civilization on Minoan Civilization on Crete mainland Greece  1650 – 1200 BCE  2000 – 1400 BCE Mycenaean civilization Minoan Greeks on the in mainland Greece island of Crete  Tomb building  Palace building in  Trade with Minoans Knossos and Egyptians  Influence by Egypt art  Ended by the Dorian through trade invasion Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations in Greece 45 15  10/28/2024 46 Citadel of Mycenae 47 Lion’s Gate 48 16  10/28/2024 Mycenaean tomb 49 Excavated palace at Knossos 50 Palace of Knossos reimagined 51 17  10/28/2024 Tapering columns 52 Minoan fresco art 53 Minoans paying tribute to Egypt 54 18  10/28/2024 Sea faring civilization: Minoan trade with Egypt, mainland Greece, and Middle East 55 Bull fighting Minoan culture 56 Greek, Sumerian, Egyptian art compared 57 19  10/28/2024 Greek Literature  Heroic Age ◦ Trojan War (As told in The Iliad) 1200 B.C.E. ◦ War between Mycenaean Greeks and Trojans of Anatolia ◦ The Odyssey: King Odysseus’ trek back home to his country of Ithaca ◦ Authored by a blind epic poet named Homer (not Homer Simpson)  D.Q. What are the qualities of “heroes”? 58 Mythology  Greek mythology ◦ Olympian Gods: Gods resided in Mt. Olympus (site of the ancient Olympic Games) ◦ Human qualities of gods.  Read Euripides’ Medea  D.Q. What qualities do you think the Greeks attributed to their gods? 59 Heracles (Hercules) in Greek pottery 60 20  10/28/2024 Aim: How were the city-state governments of Sparta and Athens different? Do Now: 1. 2. What is a democracy? Is the USA democratic? Is Brooklyn Tech democratic? Key terms: Athens, Sparta, Direct Democracy, Acropolis, Parthenon, Polis 61 Classical Period: 500 – 336 B.C.E.  City-States of Greece: the Polis during the classical period  Each city in ancient Greece had its own government 62 ARCHITECTURE 63 21  10/28/2024 Ancient model of an early Greek temple 64 Acropolis 65 Parthenon 66 22  10/28/2024 Part of the “Elgin Marbles” collection of pieces seized by the British 67 Acropolis as it were in Classical Greece 68 Model of Acropolis 69 23  10/28/2024 Phidias and the frieze of the Parthenon 70 Part of the Parthenon’s frieze 71 Replica of Athena statue in Acropolis 72 24  10/28/2024 Order of columns 73 74 Aim: To what extent was Athens a true democracy? Do Now: What are some characteristics of a genuine democracy? 75 25  10/28/2024 Athens’ Direct Democracy  “Demos” the people  “Cracy” the rule of or government of  Athenian leader Pericles  76 Democracy of Solon, early 6th century B.C.E.  Leader of Athens who pushed for democracy when he forced Athenian aristocrats to agree to the following to confirm their land ownership but cancelled debts of the poor and debt slavery.  Representation of all Athenian citizens regardless of wealth.  Allowed poor to participate in government and gave a salary. 77 “Demos” “Cracy”  Demagogue: n.A rabble-rouser; a leader  * Aristocracy: rule by the highest social who rouses the prejudices of mobs class  Democracy: n. Government of the people,  *Autocracy: rule by one person with by the people absolute power  Demogenic: adj. Relating to a society  Bureaucracy: government in which officials based on citizenship, not on kinship or take most of the decisions tribe  *Democracy: rule by all citizens  Demography: n. Study of populations,  Gerontocracy: rule by old people births, deaths, etc  Mediocracy: rule by mediocre people or a  Demophile: n.A friend of the people system in which mediocrity is rewarded  Demotic: adj. Of or relating to the  Meritocracy: rule by those selected on language of the Greek people the basis of ability  *Theocracy: rule by the religion  Plutocracy: rule by the rich 78 26  10/28/2024 D.Q. WHY DID STRAYER (AUTHOR OF THE TEXT) CALL ATHENS “SEMI-DEMOCRATIC”? 79 Athenian citizenry: All free born males of an Athenian father and mother. Who was left out? Council: Make Assembly: Vote proposals. on proposals. Citizens chosen Included all by lottery from citizens with or the propertied without class. property. 80 D.Q. TO WHAT EXTENT WAS ATHENS DEMOCRATIC? 81 27  10/28/2024 D.Q. What are some of the advantages and problems of a direct democracy? SHOULD MODERN SOCIETY HAVE A DIRECT DEMOCRACY? 82 Judicial system: Jury of peers.  D.Q. What is the importance of being able to be tried by a jury of your peers? 83 Sparta  Spartan life  Military upbringing of Spartan males ◦ Age of 7: taken away from mother to be trained as a soldier.  Learned to fight  Learned to endure pain ◦ Age of 20 – 30: lives in barracks ◦ Age of 30: allowed to live at home with wife. ◦ Age of 30 – 60: army elders 60 + ◦ Oligarchy: ruled by the few (aristocratic families)  Helots ◦ Slaves who worked for Spartan citizens  Spartan women less cloistered than Athens 84 28  10/28/2024 Do Now: What are the characteristics of a democracy? AIM: WHY DID THE CONTENTION BETWEEN GREECE AND THE PERSIAN EMPIRE LEAD TO WAR? 85 Trade and colonization of Mediterranean  Close contact between Greek city – states to richer more established civilizations of the Middle East (Persia) and Africa (Egypt). ◦ Development of trade routes ◦ Establishment of colonies as land hungry/resource hungry population expanded. ◦ Greek colonies established on the fringes of the Persian Empire ◦ Olive oil and wine exchanged for timber, tin, slaves, grain on Greek merchant ships 86 87 29  10/28/2024 88 D.Q. How did the establishment of Greek trade routes and Greek colonies impact the Mediterranean? 89 Olympic games  Athletic competition between Greek poleis (city-states)  Trade accompanied brought goods from all over the Greek and non-Greek worlds (luxury goods like jewels, perfume, oils) 90 30  10/28/2024 91 Greek women and gender  Father is head of the house.  Upper class women chaperoned by servants and were sometimes veiled. Women in lower classes worked along with men  Women could not own property  Women priestess of certain cults  Poet Sappho 92 93 31  10/28/2024 Slavery in Greece  “An ox is a poor man’s slave” – Aristotle  Prisoners of war  Debt slavery  Women as plunder  Skilled slaves, although property, could keep some money earned from his labor 94 Persian Wars 492 – 449 BCE (5th century B.C.E)  Revolt of Greek cities on the borders of the Persian Empire  Persian invasion under Darius the Great (r. 521 – 486 B.C.E.) and Xerxes (r. 486 – 465 B.C.E.)  Persia defeated at the naval Battle of Salamis (480 B.C.E.) and Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.E.)  Athens burned 95 96 32  10/28/2024 Portrayal of the Greeks 97 Depiction of Persians in 300 98 Real Persians 99 33  10/28/2024 Alliance between Sparta and Athens and other city – states.  Athenian navy and Spartan army  Important turning points in wars (all Greek victories ◦ Battle of Thermopylae  300 Spartans fought to the last man against Persian army. ◦ Destruction of Persian fleet at Salamis 480 BCE ◦ Battle of Marathon 100 Results of Persian War  Greek Golden Age under Athenian leadership: Delian League alliance of Greek poleis under Athens 101 D.Q. HOW WAS THE VICTORY OF GREECE AN IMPORTANT TURNING POINT? WHAT DID THE VICTORY OF GREECE MEAN FOR THE PERSIAN EMPIRE? 102 34  10/28/2024 Do Now:Why do “we” admire the Greeks? AIM: WHY DID GREECE BECOME AN EMPIRE? 103 PELOPONNESIAN WAR 104 Peloponnesian War 105 35  10/28/2024 Peloponnesian War: Athens vs Sparta  Delian League: City States allied to Athens  Athens’ ambitions too overbearing for its allies (Athens punished an ally in the League when it did not toe the line)  Sparta defeated Athens  End of the Golden Age of Athens 106 Peloponnesian War 107 Aim: How did Alexander the Great conquer the Greek city – states and Persia Do Now: What were some cultural achievements of ancient Greece? 108 36  10/28/2024 Philip of Macedon 109 Alexander the Great of Macedon (356 – 323 B.C.E.)  Son of Philip of Macedon ◦ Greek speaking region north of the city – states.  Tutored by Aristotle  Unification of Greek city – states. ◦ End of the Classical Period of Greek city – states.  Conquest of Egypt (part of the Persian Empire) ◦ Crowned pharaoh. ◦ Founded great city of Alexandria.  Conquest of Persian Empire in 331 B.C.E. ◦ Great wealth brought to Alexander’s empire. ◦ Adoption of Persian customs.  Creation of Hellenistic civilization. 110 Phalanx 111 37  10/28/2024 Roman mosaic of Alexander 112 Pair Share: 1. HOW DID THE PERSIANS VIEW ALEXANDER? 2. HOW DID THE GREEKS VIEW THE PERSIANS? 113 Alexander’s path of conquest 114 38  10/28/2024 115 116 Ruin of Persepolis following Alexander’s conquest 117 39  10/28/2024 Hellenistic civilization  Hellas “Ελλάς” = Greece in Greek  Blend of Greek (Hellenic), Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures  Greek artists, merchants, and officials followed Alexander’s armies spreading Greek culture and bringing back Persian, Egyptian, Indian influences.  Alexandria in Egypt – a city where Egyptians, Greeks, Babylonians, Jews, Syrians, and Persians lived together. 118 Science and mathematics of the Hellenistic world  Astronomy  Ptolemaic system – Earth at  Ptolemaic system of the center of the universe. universe  Eratosthenes – calculation of earth circumference to 24,662 miles (actually C = 24,860 miles)  P.S. What is implied by Eratosthenes’ calculation? 119 Euclidean geometry  Proofs: Assumption of a small set of intuitively appealing axioms (truths), and deducing many other propositions (theorems)  Results: Parallel postulate and congruence of triangles 120 40  10/28/2024 Trigonometry  Like the Egyptians, Mayans, Indians, and Chinese the Greeks developed what is called the Pythagorean theorem  Trigonometric functions: Sine, Cosine, Tangent 121 Trigonometric functions 122 π  Mathematics  Archimedes – calculation of π (pi).  π = C/d  What is pi used for? 123 41  10/28/2024 Applications Euclidean Geometry. 124 P.S. HO W CAN WE APPLY GREEK MATH TO EVERYDAY LIFE 125 Examples of Cultural Diffusion of the Hellenistic Civilization  Greeks patronized gods of Egypt, Persia, India, etc.  Greek culture and philosophy disseminated throughout the Mediterranean.  Laws issued in Greek, Egyptian, Sanskrit, Aramaic, Persian  Citizens of Hellenistic empire became Greek citizens by speaking the language, dressing like the Greeks, and taking Greek names.  Some Greek immigrants assimilated into Indian caste system in India. (What caste would they be?)  Some Greeks who migrated to India converted to Buddhism: Gandhara  P.S. What makes these examples of culture diffusion? 126 42  10/28/2024 Art  Realism in sculpture  Chiaroscurro – The use of light and shadow to create a sense of depth.  Laocoön  127 Funerary portrait of a Greek, from Roman Egypt 128 Break up of Alexander’s empire 129 43  10/28/2024 Rosetta Stone 130 AIM: HOW DID GREEK CULTURE IMPACT OUR CULTURE? TO WHAT EXTENT ARE WE HEIRS OF GREECE? 131 GANDHARA: 132 44  10/28/2024 Archaic Greek art 133 134 Bronze statue of the Classical Period 135 45  10/28/2024 Buddhist art of Gandhara 136 D.Q. WHAT ELEMENTS OF GREEK ART DO YOU SEE IN THE BUDDHA? 137 Buddha and Herakles 138 46  10/28/2024 GREEK PHILOSOPHY 139 Greek philosophy  Secular and rational  Questioned traditions, authority, and conventions  System of contemplation and ethics 140 Socrates 469 – 399 B.C.E.  Socratic Method of questioning: cross examining people (as a lawyer would today)  Goal: improve the soul through the search of truth  Questioned established morals and ethics in Athens  Proposed that people live thoughtful and ethical lives  Forced to commit suicide when accused of corrupting the youth and refused to recant his beliefs 141 47  10/28/2024 Use of the Socratic Method in modern education  “No student is certain before class whether she will be called on to discuss difficult issues or to respond to answers provided by one of her colleagues. She must therefore pay close attention to my discussions with other students so she will be ready to play a meaningful role. Furthermore, the Socratic Method places some responsibility on students to think about the questions silently and participate actively on their own; the element of surprise provides a powerful incentive for them to meet that responsibility. It also encourages students to prepare for class, which will enable them to learn more from the Socratic dialogue that takes place. Making mistakes in class is inevitable and ultimately helpful as we work toward solutions to difficult problems.”  Source: http://www.law.uchicago.edu/socrates/soc_article.html. Accessed 01/26/2012 142 Plato: 428 – 348 B.C.E  Student of Socrates  Founded the Academy (philosophy school)  Rulers should be philosopher kings.  Author of the Republic ◦ Forms and Ideas: Our world may not be real: Allegory of the Cave  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RWOpQX TltA 143 144 48  10/28/2024 Aristotle: 384 – 322 B.C.E.  Student of Plato  Tutor of Alexander the Great.  Founded Lyceum ◦ School for the gathering, ordering, and analyzing all human knowledge.  Rejected the abstract philosophy of Plato and believed that coherent and comprehensive rational systems govern the world.  Virtue Ethics: theory that emphasize the role of character and virtue in moral philosophy rather than either doing one’s duty or acting in order to bring about good consequences. 145 49