West Civ Midterm Study Guide PDF

West Civ Midterm Study Guide Ancient Greece ⭑​ Democracy (direct/indirect) ⭒​ A direct democracy is when everyone directly, by themselves votes on what they want. ⭒​ An indirect democracy is when elected officials vote instead of every person ⭑​ Military Oligarchy...

West Civ Midterm Study Guide Ancient Greece ⭑​ Democracy (direct/indirect) ⭒​ A direct democracy is when everyone directly, by themselves votes on what they want. ⭒​ An indirect democracy is when elected officials vote instead of every person ⭑​ Military Oligarchy ⭒​ In Sparta, ruled by the few, aristocrats, 2 kings ⭑​ Philosophy ⭒​ Love of wisdom ⭒​ Organized system of thought ⭑​ Agora/Polis ⭒​ The agora is the marketplace, and meeting place, below the hill ⭒​ Polis or city-states are the dividers of Greece. It’s own state because it has its own government ⭑​ Socratic Method ⭒​ Critical thinking ⭒​ Question all ⭒​ The belief that no one truly knows anything ⭑​ Oracle of Delphi (hint: in The Apology) ⭒​ Talked to the gods (specifically Apollo) to give wisdom and prophecy ⭑​ Peloponnesian War (Delian League/Peloponnesian League) ⭒​ War between Athens (Delian League) and Sparta (Peloponnesian League) ⭑​ Pericles (and the Funeral Oration of Pericles) ⭒​ An aristocratic soldier who secured the golden age and democracy ⭒​ The funeral oration was a speech that he gave during the Peloponnesian wars where people died but he was using their funeral to inspire more hope in the people and give more sense of civic duty ⭑​ Socrates ⭒​ Questioned all, died by taking poison in prison, and created the Socratic method. ⭑​ Plato ⭒​ Taught by Socrates and created the academy ⭑​ Plato’s Apology – The Trial of Socrates ⭒​ The Apology is Plato's recounting of Socrates's defense at this trial for atheism and corruption of the youth of Athens. Plato re-tells Socrates' speeches to the judges at his trial. Plato's purpose is to show that Socrates, whom Plato called the justest man I have ever known, is the representative of truth, not the political elite of Athens. ⭑​ Spartan government & education (Lycurgan system) ⭒​ Lycurgus reportedly created a Council of Elders, gave Spartans their system of education, and instituted a system of iron coinage instead of gold. The laws of Lycurgus, whatever their origin, resulted in Sparta becoming one of the major military powers in ancient Greece. Ancient Rome ⭑​ Republic ⭒​ An indirect democracy  ⭒​ Citizens elect people to represent them instead of having a direct democracy ⭒​ For Rome, the body that represented them was the senate and people could elect consuls and praetors ⭒​ It’s important because there are still republics today, in fact, we’re a republic. Knowing this helps us understand why and how it fell and how to even prevent that in the future ⭑​ Empire ⭒​ A group of states ruled over by one person called an Emporer ⭒​ The emperors in Rome were a series of really powerful men ⭒​ An emperor is similar to a monarch as they elect an heir ⭒​ This is important because we see emperors and dictators today and we can use this example to compare and see how easy it is for power to corrupt ⭑​ Plebeians ⭒​ Made up 95% of the community ⭒​ Common people who lived in overcrowded, tall buildings ⭒​ Had no personal running water but instead went to a public fountain ⭑​ Patricians ⭒​ 5% of the population ⭒​ Nobles who lived in villas ⭒​ Usually held military or government positions ⭑​ Slavery/Enslavement ⭒​ There was such an influx of slaves that latifundium (plantations) became popular. ⭒​ They could also possibly work in slave camps. ⭒​ They had barely any freedom, rights, or space, and would spend all day working. ⭑​ Senate ⭒​ The most important decision-making body in Rome ⭒​ Took care of laws and taxes ⭒​ Senate members were retired magistrates ⭑​ Twelve Tables ⭒​ Placed in the square for all to see their rights ⭑​ Civic Virtue (ex. Cincinnatus) ⭒​ Cincinnatus is so important because he was given power and then gave it up so he could focus on the Roman values of self-sacrifice, duty, and devotion to the republic. He also showed how much he valued family when he gave up power to return to his. ⭑​ Roman Inventions (ex. aqueducts) ⭒​ Vespasian built the Coliseum and the Pantheon ⭒​ Hadrian built Hadrian’s wall ⭒​ Aqueducts, domed ceilings, and arches are other examples of great Roman inventions. ⭑​ Julius Caesar ⭒​ Dictator for life, part of the first triumvirate, built bridge Rubicon ⭒​ Took over Gaul ⭒​ He and the first triumvirate messed up the Senate and made it super corrupt which led the way for them to need someone to step up and rule them which Ceasar gladly did. ⭑​ Augustus ⭒​ The first emperor of Rome established a monarchy disguised as a republic ⭒​ Julius Caesar’s adopted heir ⭒​ Had a thing with Cleopatra ⭒​ Was the first Princeps Senatus (first man of the Senate) ⭑​ Pax Romana ⭒​ 300 years of relative domestic peace ⭑​ Constantine (Edict of Milan) ⭒​ Wrote the Edict of Milan which legalized Christianity  ⭑​ Fall of Rome ⭒​ Factors: ‒​ Political: ⟶​ The empire grew super quickly and the emperors didn’t care about the people ⟶​ There was no clear succession to the throne ⟶​ The army became very organized and soon the generals held power ⟶​ Rome was divided into the East & West (East favored) ⟶​ Rome didn’t have leaders so local rulers set up independent states ‒​ Economic: ⟶​ The government expenses were so high that they raised the taxes which funded everything ⟶​ They took as much money from the East as possible which was already exhausted from battles ⟶​ Trade disappeared ⟶​ The money system switched to worthless, heap metal ⟶​ Aristocrats took control of agriculture ⟶​ ½ free peasants became tied to the land ‒​ Social: ⟶​ Loyalty to Rome faded ⟶​ Rome was a melting pot of culture because so many rushed to Rome but Rome couldn’t sustain them ⟶​ Morality faded ⟶​ Duty faded ⟶​ Patriotism faded ⟶​ Soldiers failed Rome ‒​ External Causes: ⟶​ Germanic tribes called for aid and Rome failed them ⟶​ So they sacked Rome took land and killed the last king ⟶​ Rome fell for sure then ⭒​ East and West divided Monotheism ⭑​ Monotheism ⭒​ Belief in one, all-powerful god. They must be feared and loved at the same time and one usually has a personal connection to the god. They are omniscient and omnipresent as well as transcendent ⭑​ Polytheism ⭒​ Belief in multiple gods ⭑​ Covenant ⭒​ Pack made between Yahweh and his chosen people (the Israelites) ⭑​ Abrahamic religions ⭒​ Another name for the monotheistic religions ⭑​ Judaism/Christianity/Islam -​ The 3 main monotheistic religions ⭑​ Yahweh, God, Allah ⭒​ What each of the 3 main monotheistic religions calls their deity ⭑​ Old Testament (Torah), New Testament (Bible), Qur’an (Koran) ⭒​ Book of Worship for the 3 main monotheistic religions ⭑​ 10 Commandments ⭒​ An ethical code was given to Moses to guide the people ⭑​ Jesus (prophet/messiah) ⭒​ Spread message through Judea  ⭒​ Son of god ⭒​ Under Pontius Pilate, he was charged with contempt for the Roman gods and blasphemy and was killed by crucifixion ⭒​ He was born in the Time of Augustus Caesar ⭒​ Came into conflict with the Roman IMperial government ⭑​ Muhammed ⭒​ Prophet ⭒​ Ascended to talk to the gods for a bit and then came back down ⭒​ He was married to a wealthy merchant and had like 6 daughter ⭒​ Descendant of Ishmael ⭒​ Kicked out of Mecca, went to Medina, and came back and Mecca loved him ⭑​ 5 Pillars of Islam ⭒​ Faith (to one monotheistic god), Prayer (five times a day facing kabba), Tithe (the Zakat), Fast (of Ramadan), Pilgrimage (Hajj) ⭑​ Kaaba ⭒​ Where water sprung from the ground for Ishmael and Hagar ⭒​ Muslims pray facing it every day and must visit at least once ⭑​ Jerusalem ⭒​ The holiest city for Jews and Catholics but the 3rd holiest for Islam (Mecca - Medina - Jerusalem) ⭑​ Scapegoats (Jews and Christians) ⭒​ What are the similarities between all 3 Abrahamic religions? ‒​ Monotheism ‒​ Abraham ‒​ Fasting ‒​ Charity ‒​ Afterlife ‒​ Original sin ‒​ Prophets ‒​ Texts and stories ⭒​ What are some of the reasons these 3 religions have come into conflict with one another? ‒​ Fighting over Jerusalem ‒​ Concept of the messiah ‒​ Different views of the family tree and the patriarchal figure ⭒​ How does religion aid in a society’s stability? ‒​ Fostering a sense of shared values ‒​ Promoting social cohesion ‒​ Providing a framework for moral guidance and behavior Medieval Ages ⭑​ Serfdom ⭒​ You worked a lot and didn’t get to keep anything, you worked sunup - to sundown. ⭒​ Strict social hierarchy meant serfs usually tended vines ⭑​ Fief ⭒​ A land that would be traded for loyalty and service ⭒​ Power in a system of feudalism ⭑​ Manor  ⭒​ The medieval manor was a large estate granted to a lord by the king. The manor house served as the communal center of the manor as well as the residence of the lord and his family. Peasants were allowed to live in the manor in exchange for working the land reserved for the lord ⭑​ Knights ⭒​ Fought for Nobles ⭒​ Followed code of chivalry ⭑​ Chivalry ⭒​ A code knights follow of loyalty and bravery ⭒​ An ethical code ⭑​ Pope ⭒​ Head of the church ⭒​ Held so much power and wealth that everyone followed him ⭑​ Feudalism ⭒​ A system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and worked and fought for them in return. ⭑​ Manorialism ⭒​ A political, economic, and social system in medieval Europe that tied peasants to their land and their lord ⭑​ Lord/Vassal ⭒​ Lord gives land to vassals who swear service and loyalty in return for stability and safety and so on. ⭑​ Feudal Pyramid ⭒​ Serf - Knights - Lords/Nobles - King - Church ⭑​ Castle ⭒​ Stronghold meant to withstand sieges ⭒​ Where the king and his court as well as nobles stayed ⭑​ Monks ⭒​ Poor people ⭒​ Lived in humility before gid ⭒​ Must prove yourself to become one (beg at the door for days) ⭒​ Had to follow a bunch of super strict rules ⭒​ Believed they were the most worthless and insignificant of all people ⭑​ Charlemagne ⭒​ King Charles the Great ⭒​ Frankish King ⭒​ Looked like he was going to bring everyone together and then died ⭒​ Believed in education (“enlightened man”) ⭒​ Christian and was even crowned by the Pope ⭑​ Crusades ⭒​ First Crusade: Mostly poor people went to defend “Christ and his kingdom” but because there was no real leader and they kept getting sidetracked they were constantly arguing and disorganized. However, they did happen to take Jerusalem and killed a bunch of people in the al-Aqsa mosque. ⭒​ Third Crusade: An Egyptian general took Jerusalem so Pope Gregory VIII called for the crusade. Three European kings answered the call: Philip the Second of France, Richard the First of England, and Fredric Barbarossa. If Richard had stayed in the field he would have been able to see the leader of the Egyptian army die. ⭒​ Fourth Crusade: More than 35,000 volunteers but when they built the ships to transport them only 11,000 went. They got stuck and tried to get passage over to Jerusalem but they kept getting tricked and even got excommunicated. After a while, they took over and did terrible things to the people and land but in total gained 0 holy land for Christians.  ⭒​ Outcome: doomed Byzantine Empire ⭑​ Pope Urban II ⭒​ Called the First Crusade ⭑​ Black Death (Plague) ⭒​ A pandemic that occurred in Europe from 1346 to 1353 ⭒​ One of the most fatal in human history Vocabulary Notecards ⭑​ Mesolithic ⭒​ 800-500 bce ⭒​ Middle stone age ⭒​ During ice age ⭒​ Hunting larger with better tools ⭒​ More sophisticated and complex ⭑​ Neolithic ⭒​ 1000-4000 bce ⭒​ New stone age ⭒​ Began agriculture ⭒​ Start of economy ⭒​ Specialized crafts ⭒​ Laws ⭒​ Trading ⭑​ Deforestation ⭒​ Purpose of cleaning forest land ⭒​ Space for agriculture and animal grazing ⭒​ Could harm groups of animals and herds ⭒​ Also lost due to wild wires ⭑​ Defaunation ⭒​ Overgrazing leads to animals dying ⭒​ This can lead to only birds ⭒​ Semi-nomadic ⭒​ Led lots of tribes to starve ⭑​ Runoff ⭒​ Water melting off of mountains can be from rain or snow ⭒​ Source of water for people ⭑​ Soil Degradation ⭒​ A decline in soil quality due to natural processes or human activities ⭒​ Makes land hard to work with ⭒​ It could impact crops and lead to starvation ⭑​ Monarchy ⭒​ Ruled by kings/ queens ⭒​ Noble families (bloodline) ⭒​ Oldest system ⭒​ Sometimes rulers placed by blood ⭑​ Empire ⭒​ Vast stretch of land ruled by an emperor ⭒​ Mostly powerful shellfish young men ⭒​ Most feared and hated like Nero ⭑​ Rule of Law ⭒​ The principle that everyone is accountable under the law laws equally applied/ enforced ⭒​ Important because it's the first step toward a a fair democracy ⭑​ Democracy ⭒​ Greek word & concept ⭒​ The first real attempt at one was in Athens ⭒​ Translates to rule by people ⭒​ Largely influenced by common citizens ⭒​ Could be a direct or representative democracy ⭑​ Morality ⭒​ Customs or manners, ⭒​ The area of ethics focuses on an existing set of values adopted by a society or culture, and whether an action aligns with those values or violates them in some way. ⭑​ Philosophy ⭒​ Love of wisdom ⭒​ Essential Questions ⭒​ Organized system of thought ⭒​ Greek loved ⭑​ Enslavement ⭒​ “A human that is owned by someone else” ⭒​ Because of enslavement men had time to participate in government and politics ⭒​ There were about 100,00 (⅓ of pop.) ⭒​ Slaves in Athens had no privileges or rights and were the lowest of social classes ⭒​ Slaves couldn’t become citizens ⭑​ Republic ⭒​ Is a form of government in which citizens elect who they want to elect in office ⭒​ Rome's biggest, most important ruling body ⭑​ Paleolithic ⭒​ 2.5 million - 12,000 bce ⭒​ Known as the Old Stone Age of pre-history ⭒​ Culture, technology, and religion