Welcome To Anatomy And Physiology PDF

WELCOME TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Instructor: MARIA NINA A. CASINTO HISTORY The Stone Age (750000–500000 BCE) Ancient skulls from late Paleolithic period have shown evidence of trephining or trepanning. The Ancient Egyptians (3150-332 BCE) Superficial knowledge of anatomy is evident a...

WELCOME TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Instructor: MARIA NINA A. CASINTO HISTORY The Stone Age (750000–500000 BCE) Ancient skulls from late Paleolithic period have shown evidence of trephining or trepanning. The Ancient Egyptians (3150-332 BCE) Superficial knowledge of anatomy is evident as demonstrated by their drawings and sculptures. Mummification required incision to remove the viscera for embalming process; they were not interested in studying the extracted organs. HISTORY The Ancient Romans (670 BCE–480 CE) Anatomical knowledge was gained through treating wounded gladiators. Human dissection was forbidden, they relied on animal dissection Galen, a physician (born in Greek City), made observations and experimental approaches in the interrelation of anatomy and physiology. He noted the importance of spinal cord, motor, and sensory loss Noted pulmonary circulation, though unaware of the concept; he explained the flow of blood (r-l) HISTORY The Renaissance Period (1301-1700 CE) Anatomical sketches of the human body were made by artists like Leonardo Da Vinci and, Michelangelo di Buonarroti, Rembrandt van Rijn, Albrecht Dürer and Raphael da Urbino. Pen and ink sketches by Leonardo da Vinci entitled (A) A Dead or Moribund Man in sketch by Michelangelo di Buonarroti entitled Écorché Oil painting by Rembrandt van Rijn entitled The Bust Length (c. 1487 CE), detailing the muscles of the arm and the veins of the arm and (Skinned) (c. unknown), detailing the muscles and Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (c. 1632 CE), trunk, and (B) The Vitruvian Man (c. 1490 CE), showing the proportions of the human anatomical structure of the torso. demonstrating an educational dissection session. body. HISTORY Body Snatching -this isn’t grave robbery The term was coined in UK and USA throughout 17th-19th century. Resurrectionists/resurrection men were those who practiced the act of body snatching and sale of corpses. Its purpose is to provide medical school with cadavers. Unit 1: The Human Body Instructor: MARIA NINA A. CASINTO Objectives: Anatomy -comes from the Greek words , “ANA”, which means up and “TOMOS’ which means to cut. -is the study of the structure and the shape of the body parts and their relationships to one another. Types: Gross anatomy- the study of the form of the structure that can be seen with the naked eye Microscopic anatomy- the study of the form of normal structures seen under the microscope Physiology -the study of how the body and its parts work or function -it attempts to explain how and why humans function -it is where we figure out how stuff works Examples: How do muscles contract? How does a heart beat? How do we breathe? Levels of Structural Organization Levels of Structural Organization Atoms- the building blocks of matter Chemical Level Molecules- group of atoms Basic unit of life, the smallest unit which is capable of basic life processes like Cellular Level taking in nutrients, expelling wastes, and reproducing Group of similar cells that have common function Tissue A structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific Organ function for the body Is a group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common function Organ System Made up of 11 organ systems and represents the highest level of structural Organism organization Integumentary System Functions: Helps regulate body temperature Protects the body Eliminates some wastes Helps make Vitamin D Detects sensation Skeletal System Functions: Supports & protects the body Provides a specific areas for muscle attachment Assists with body movement Stores cells that produce blood cells Stores minerals and lipids Muscular System Functions: Participates in bringing out body movements Maintains posture Produces heat Lymphatic System Functions: Returns proteins and fluid to blood Carries lipids from GI tract to blood Contains sites of maturation & proliferation of B cells & T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes Respiratory System Functions: Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 from blood to exhaled air Helps regulate acidity of body fluids Air flowing out of the lungs through vocal cords produces sounds Digestive System Functions: Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food Eliminates solid wastes Cardiovascular System Functions: Heart pumps blood through blood vessels Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and CO2 and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acidity, temp., and H2O content of body fluids Helps defend against diseases and mend damaged blood vessels Endocrine System Functions: Regulates body activities through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs Nervous System Functions: Regulates body activities through nerve impulses by detecting changes in the environment Interpreting the changes Responding to the changes by bringing about muscular contractions or glandular secretions Regulates body activities through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs Urinary System Functions: Produces, stores, & eliminates urine Eliminates wastes & regulates volume and chemical composition of blood Helps regulate acidity of body fluids Maintains body’s mineral balance Helps regulate red blood cells production Reproductive System Functions: Gonads produce gametes (sperms or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism Release hormones that regulate production & other body process Associated organs transport and store gametes Mammary glands produce milk End of the slide