Child Health and Diseases Nursing - Newborn Presentation

Name of Department : NURSING (ENGLISH) Course Code and Name : HEY342ET – CHILD HEALTH AND DISEASES NURSING-T Course Week : WEEK 4th Course Day and Time : WENDESDAY – 4 hours Course Credit/ACTS Information : Course Credit: 4 ACTS :4 Exami...

Name of Department : NURSING (ENGLISH) Course Code and Name : HEY342ET – CHILD HEALTH AND DISEASES NURSING-T Course Week : WEEK 4th Course Day and Time : WENDESDAY – 4 hours Course Credit/ACTS Information : Course Credit: 4 ACTS :4 Examination Type and Gradings : Midterm Exam: 50%, Final Exam: 50% Instructor’s Name & Surname : Assist. Prof. Dr. Süreyya TÜRK ÖĞÜN E-mail & Phone: : [email protected] / 0212 422 70 70 Instructor’s Room : B Block Ground Floor, Room 027 Office Hours : GBS Link : https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/ders-detay-17-319-17303-2 ALMS Link : https://lms.gelisim.edu.tr/Account/LoginBefore AVESIS Link : https://avesis.gelisim.edu.tr/suturk  | 14 WEEKS’ COURSE CONTENTS | WEEK 1st: Child Nursing WEEK 10th: Heart and Circulatory System Diseases- Respiratory System Diseases WEEK 2nd: Growth and Development WEEK 11th: Neurological System Diseases-Urinary WEEK 3rd: Growth and Development System Diseases WEEK 4th: Newborn WEEK 12th: Fluid-Electrolyte Disorders-Hematology and WEEK 5th: Nutrition in Childhood Oncology WEEK 6th: Nutritional Disorders WEEK 13th: Genetic and Metabolic Diseases WEEK 7th: Behavioral Disorders WEEK 14th: Common Accidents During Childhood WEEK 8th: Communication with the Child and Family WEEK 15th: Child Abuse and Neglect WEEK 9th: MIDTERM EXAM WEEK 16th: FINAL EXAM  | WEEKLY LEARNING OUTCOMES | Students will be able to recall the APGAR scoring system and its clinical significance in newborn assessment. Students will be able to describe the importance of safe sleep positions in preventing Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Students will be able to implement emergency interventions for neonatal respiratory distress, hypothermia, and hypoglycemia. Students will be able to differentiate between normal and abnormal newborn findings to facilitate early recognition of complications. Students will be able to assess the effectiveness of neonatal care strategies in promoting optimal health outcomes. Students will be able to develop educational materials, such as brochures, to guide parents on newborn care practices.  | ABOUT THE PREVIOUS COURSE | The concepts of growth and development were examined within the context of child health and diseases. While growth refers to the increase in physical measurements of the organism, development is considered a more comprehensive process encompassing biological, cognitive, emotional, and social dimensions. In this regard, genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors influencing growth and development were discussed in detail, with a particular focus on the critical developmental stages of childhood (newborn, infancy, preschool, school-age, and adolescence). Additionally, standard assessment methods used for monitoring growth and development, age-specific developmental milestones, and growth- and development-centered nursing care approaches were explored.  | DAILY FLOW | 11.00-11.50/ 1st Hour 12.00-12.50/ 2nd Hour 13.00-13.50/ 3rd Hour 14.00-14.50/ 4th Hour  | NEWBORN| 1. Definition and Importance of the 7. Common Health Issues in Newborns Newborn Period and Nursing Care 2. Anatomical and Physiological 8. Emergency Conditions in Neonates Characteristics of the Newborn 9. Daily Newborn Care and Nutrition 3. Adaptation Process: Transition from 10. Bonding and Psychosocial Support Fetal to Extrauterine Life 11. Newborn Safety 4. APGAR Score and Clinical Assessment 12. Conclusion 5. Classification of the Newborn by Gestational Age 6. Physical Examination and Neonatal Reflexes  | 1. Definition and Importance of the Newborn Period| Perinatal, Neonatal, and Postnatal Periods Perinatal period: Covers the period from the 22nd week of pregnancy until the 7th day after birth. This phase is crucial for intrauterine development and early postnatal adaptation processes. Neonatal period: Begins at birth and covers the first 28 days of life. During this time, vital functions such as adaptation to the external environment, physiological changes, and immune system development occur. The neonatal period is divided into two phases:  Early neonatal period: The first 7 days after birth  Late neonatal period: Days 8-28 Postnatal period: Refers to the entire period after birth. Following the neonatal stage, the infant period begins.  Importance of Newborn Health The neonatal period has the highest mortality and morbidity rates. According to World Health Organization (WHO) data, approximately 47% of child deaths occur within the first 28 days after birth. To ensure newborn health:  Early and regular postnatal monitoring should be conducted,  High-risk infants (preterm, low birth weight, congenital anomalies, etc.) should be closely monitored,  Breastfeeding should be encouraged,  Infection control measures must be implemented.  | 2. Anatomical and Physiological Characteristics of the Newborn| Newborns have physiologically immature organ and system functions and require specific adaptation mechanisms for survival outside the womb. Respiratory System  Before birth, the fetal lungs are filled with fluid, and oxygenation occurs via the placenta.  After birth, the first breath expands the alveoli, and most of the lung fluid is absorbed through the lymphatic system and pulmonary capillaries.  Respiratory rate: Normally 30-60 breaths per minute.  Breathing patterns: Periodic breathing (brief apnea periods of less than 20 seconds) may occur in newborns, but apnea lasting more than 20 seconds accompanied by cyanosis is considered pathological.  Circulatory System  Fetal circulation includes foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and ductus venosus.  After birth, the first breath triggers the closure of these structures.  Heart rate: Normally 120-160 beats per minute.  Blood pressure: Typically 60-80/40-50 mmHg.  Digestive System  The intestines are sterile at birth, and microbiota development begins immediately.  Newborns should pass meconium (a thick, dark green-black stool) within the first 24 hours.  Stomach capacity: Starts at 5-10 ml on the first day, increasing to 60-90 ml by the end of the first week.  Renal Function  Immature kidney function leads to incomplete water and electrolyte balance regulation.  Newborns who do not urinate within the first 24 hours should be evaluated for kidney abnormalities.  Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is low, resulting in slower fluid and drug excretion.  Neurological System  Brain development is not fully complete at birth, and synaptic connections rapidly develop postnatally.  Neonatal reflexes should be assessed after birth (e.g., Moro, Babinski, and Rooting reflexes).  | 3. Adaptation Process: Transition from Fetal to Extrauterine Life| Newborns undergo a series of adaptation mechanisms after birth to survive in the external environment. Clearance of Lung Fluid  Before birth, the lungs contain fluid, which must be rapidly absorbed postnatally.  In cesarean section deliveries, lung fluid clearance may be delayed, leading to Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN).  First Breath and Circulatory Changes  With the first breath, the lungs expand, and pulmonary vascular resistance decreases.  Foramen ovale functionally closes immediately after birth, with complete anatomical closure occurring over the following months.  Ductus arteriosus usually closes within the first 24 hours, but this process may be delayed in preterm infants.  Thermoregulation and Heat Loss Newborns are highly susceptible to heat loss due to:  Minimal subcutaneous fat,  Immature thermoregulatory mechanisms,  A large body surface area relative to their weight.  To prevent heat loss:  Skin-to-skin contact (kangaroo care) is recommended,  The newborn should be dried and wrapped within the first 30 minutes,  The room temperature should be maintained at 24-26°C (75-79°F). SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION OF THE NEWBORN The systematic evaluation of the newborn begins in the first minutes after birth and continues throughout the early days of life. This process is crucial for determining the general health status of the newborn, identifying potential risks early, and ensuring appropriate care.  4. APGAR Score and Clinical Assessment The APGAR score is a rapid and practical scoring system used to evaluate the newborn's adaptation immediately after birth. Importance of the APGAR Score and Scoring System Developed by Virginia Apgar, this system assesses five fundamental criteria at the first and fifth minutes after birth: 1. Heart rate 2. Respiratory effort 3. Muscle tone 4. Reflex irritability 5. Coloration  APGAR Scoring System Criterion 0 Points 1 Point 2 Points Heart Rate Absent (0)