Week 8 Respiratory System PDF

Respiratory system Respiratory system The role of respiratory system is to bring oxygen (O2) to the tissue and eliminate carbon dioxide (CO2). Parts of the Respiratory System Nose Pharynx Upper respiratory tract Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Lower respiratory tr...

Respiratory system Respiratory system The role of respiratory system is to bring oxygen (O2) to the tissue and eliminate carbon dioxide (CO2). Parts of the Respiratory System Nose Pharynx Upper respiratory tract Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Lower respiratory tract Alveoli Lungs  Upper respiratory tract 1- The Nose & Nasal Cavity There are two cavities or opening where air can enter into body: nose and mouth The Nasal airways are lined with cilia and kept moist by mucous Functions: 1.Filters the air by the hairs and mucous 2.Moistens and warms the air Tubes are lined with mucous-secreting cells (trapping bacteria, dust and viruses) and tiny hairs called cilia (cilia moves the mucous). Upper respiratory tract 2. The Pharynx (Throat): It is a muscular tube that serves as a pathway for both air and food. During the inspiration O2 moves downward to the pharynx and larynx. The epiglottis opens when we breath while it closes off the trachea when we swallow which protect entering the food and fluid into respiratory tract. Upper respiratory tract 3- The Larynx Below the epiglottis is the larynx or voice box. It contains two vocal cords (thin connective tissue), which vibrate when air passes by them.  Lower respiratory tract 1- The Trachea It is made of muscle and elastic fibres with rings of cartilages which allow air to pass in and from the lungs. Cartilage rings prevent the trachea from collapsing during inhalation and exhalation. Trachea is branched into bronchi and then into smaller bronchioles that branch off into alveoli. Lower respiratory tract 2. Bronchi: They are the larger airways that branch off from the trachea into the lungs. The walls of the bronchi are supported by cartilage, which keeps them open. The bronchi are lined with mucus and cilia that trap dust, bacteria, and other particles, helping to keep the lungs clean by pushing these particles out. 3. Bronchioles: They are flexible and lead air to the alveoli. Regulation of Airflow: Bronchioles can expand and constrict to control the amount of air reaching the alveoli. Both are essential in getting air deep into the lungs for oxygenation. Lower respiratory tract 4. Alveoli (air sac) are well adapted for gas exchange by high surface area of blood capillaries. It exchange O2 between the lungs and blood, which takes oxygen to the body cells and diffuses CO2 out of the blood. Lower respiratory tract 5. The Lungs Lungs are the respiration organ made of spongy structure. The two lungs are located near the back-bone on either side of the heart. Their principal function is to transport O2 from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release CO2 from the blood stream into the atmosphere. The Lung  Breathing (gas exchange mechanism) Breathing consists of two phases; inspiration and expiration. Inspiration (Inhalation)- the process of taking in air (O2), causes diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract. Air travels down the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, reaching the alveoli. Oxygen in the alveoli diffuses across the alveolar membrane into the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Oxygen moves from an area of higher concentration (alveoli) to lower concentration (blood) and binds to haemoglobin molecules in red blood cells to transported from the lungs to the rest of the body. Breathing Expiration (Exhalation)- the process of blowing out air (CO2), muscles relax, and the diaphragm moves upwards Deoxygenated blood carrying CO₂ returns to the lungs. CO₂ diffuses from the blood in the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli. CO₂ moves from an area of higher concentration (blood) to lower concentration (alveoli). Finally, air containing CO₂ is exhaled out of the body through the bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, and nose/mouth.  Respiratory disease Bronchial Asthma Chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that makes it difficult to breath. It characterized by recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm Symptoms: wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough. Triggered by allergens (e.g., pollen, dust mites), irritants (e.g., smoke, pollution), exercise, cold air, or infections  Classification of Asthma Moderate Severe Persistent: Mild Mild Persistent: Persistent: Symptoms: Intermittent: Symptoms: Symptoms: Throughout the Symptoms: More than Daily symptoms. day. Occur less than twice a week, twice a week. but not daily. Night-time Night-time symptoms: symptoms: Night-time Night-time More than once Often, symptoms: symptoms: 3-4 a week, but not sometimes Less than twice times a month. nightly. every night. a month. Minor impact Some limitation Significant No major on daily in daily limitation in impact on daily activities. activities. daily activities activities.  Treatment Lifestyle changes Avoiding triggers Medications: includes the use of quick- relief inhalers (bronchodilators) to open airways during an asthma attack and long- term control medications like inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Proper management helps keep asthma under control and allows individuals to live normally. Role of Pharmacists in Asthma Management Patient education Proper inhaler technique Adherence to medication Monitoring and follow-up Recognizing uncontrolled asthma Adjusting therapy based on control levels Interprofessional collaboration Working with physicians and other healthcare providers