Introduction To International Relations - Week 6 PDF

Introduction to International Relations Week 6 International Conflict, Military Force and Terrorism Ali Balcı, Sakarya University 2019  A Brief Summary Types of War Theories of the Causes of War Conflicts of Ideas Nationalism Ethnic confl...

Introduction to International Relations Week 6 International Conflict, Military Force and Terrorism Ali Balcı, Sakarya University 2019  A Brief Summary Types of War Theories of the Causes of War Conflicts of Ideas Nationalism Ethnic conflicts Religious fundamentalism Military power Economic power  Types of War Crime of Kabinettskriege Hegemonic war (world war, global war, general war, or systemic war): a aggression war over control of the entire world War of liberation order War of aggression (a Limited war Total war is warfare by one state waged to conquer and occupy military conflict People's war another. The goal is to reach the waged without capital city and force the surrender of the justification Perpetual war the government. In total war, with the entire society mobilized for the of self-defense,) struggle, the entire society of the Preemptive war enemy is considered a legitimate Attrition warfare Preventive war target. Bloodless war Limited war includes military actions Civil war Proxy war carried out to gain some objective short of the surrender and occupation Cold war Religious war of the enemy. (general term) Civil war refers to war between War of succession factions within a state trying to Colonial war create, or prevent, a new government Total war for the entire state or some territorial Defensive war part of it. Ethnic conflict Undeclared war Guerrilla war, which includes certain Fault line war kinds of civil wars, is warfare without War of front lines. Irregular forces operate in Forgotten war independence the midst of, and often hidden or protected by, civilian populations. Invasion World war  Theories of the Causes of War The Individual Level: These theories try to identify the causes of war by looking at human nature or the human state of mind. 1) “Wars begin with conscious and reasoned decisions based on the calculation, made by both parties, that they can achieve more by going to war than by remaining at peace.” 2) An opposite theory holds that conflicts often escalate to war because of deviations from rationality in the individual decision-making processes of national leaders. The domestic level draws attention to the characteristics of states or societies that may make them more or less prone to use violence in resolving conflicts. 1) undemocratic and unjust states are more likely to be involved in conflict and war. 2) domestic political parties, interest groups, and legislatures play an important role in whether international conflicts become international wars The Interstate Level wars can be expected for as long as the globe remains split up into a large number of nation-state-based, egoistic units and for as long as the sovereignty of the state remains. power transition theory holds that conflicts generate large wars at times when power is relatively equally distributed and a rising power is threatening to overtake a declining hegemon in overall position  Theories of the Causes of War The Global Level: one approach links large wars with long economic waves in the world economy, of about 50 years’ duration. Another approach links the largest wars with a 100-year cycle based on the creation and decay of world orders. today’s military technology is too powerful to use in most conflicts; this is especially applicable to nuclear weapons  Conflicts of Ideas Nationalism Ideologies Religion «devotion to the interests a war primarily caused or The spread of ideology justified by differences in of one’s own nation over the interests of other Communism-capitalism religion. states» conflict during the Cold the Christian Crusades French revolution War (11th to 13th centuries) Self-determination the classic example «Imagined communities» Clash of civilizations 1948–present – Kashmir conflict, 1948–present – Balochistan conflict against Pakistan and Iran, 19th century–present – Kurdish conflict against Turkey and Iraq, 1969–2001 – Northern Ireland's Troubles: ethnic, also political and religious  Ethnic conflicts between 1945 and 1999, about 3.33 million battle deaths occurred in the 25 interstate wars that killed at least 1,000 and had at least 100 dead on each side. These wars involved just 25 states that suffered casualties of at least 1,000 and had a median duration of not quite 3 months. In contrast, in the same period there were roughly 127 civil wars that killed at least 1,000, 25 of which were ongoing in 1999. A conservative estimate of the total dead as a direct result of these conflicts is 16.2 million, five times the interstate toll.  Alternative explanations of ethnic conflicts 1. Measures of a country’s ethnic or religious diversity should be associated with a higher risk of civil war. 2. The effect of ethnic diversity on the probability of civil war should increase at higher levels of per capita income. 3. Countries with an ethnic majority and a significant ethnic minority are at greater risk for civil war. 4. Measures of political democracy and civil liberties should be associated with lower risks of civil war onset. 5. Policies that discriminate in favor of a particular language or religion should raise the risk of civil war onset in states with religious or linguistic minorities. 6. Greater income inequality should be associated with higher risks of civil war onset. 7. The presence of (a) rough terrain, poorly served by roads, at a distance from the centers of state power, should favor insurgency and civil war. 8. Political instability at the center, which may indicate disorganization and weakness and thus an opportunity for a separatist or center-seeking rebellion. Per Capita Income, Ethnic and Religious Composition, Democracy and Civil Liberties, Linguistic and Religious Discrimination, Inequality, New States and Political Instability, Mountains and Noncontiguous Territory, Oil, Islam, Young Males, Foreign Support  Religious Conflicts Nothing inherent in religion mandates conflicts—in many places members of different religious groups coexist peacefully. But religious differences hold the potential to make existing conflicts more intractable, because religions involve core values, which are held as absolute truth. fundamentalist movements have gained strength in recent decades. Fundamentalist movements have become larger and more powerful in recent decades in Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, and other religions. In India, for example, Hindu fundamentalists have provoked violent clashes and massacres. In 2002, a frenzy of burning, torturing, and raping by Hindu nationalist extremists killed nearly a thousand Muslims in India’s Gujarat state, where the Hindu nationalist party controls the state government. In Israel, Jewish fundamentalists have used violence, including the assassination of Israel’s own prime minister in 1995, to derail Palestinian-Israeli peace negotiations. Special attention is due to conflicts involving Islamic groups and states. Islamist actors are active participants in 10 of the world’s 14 wars in progress Islam and Religious Conflicts Possible Causes 1. Western foreign policy, (colonial past, U.S. foreign policy has oppressed, killed, or otherwise harmed Muslims in the Middle East) 2. Interpretations of the Qur'an and Hadith, (Jihad is interpreted as an unlimited offensive to bring the whole world under Islamic law) 3. Economical motivations, (The Muslim world has been afflicted with economic stagnation for many centuries) 4. Education issues, 5. Citizenship issues (Muslim immigrants have been forced to emigrate to western countries in large numbers)  Power Behavioral Material Discursive Elements Threats Military, Statements, (economic economy, ideology, sanction, population, and religion, norms, coercion, innovation and identity deterrence) and rewards (membership, economic aid) Theories Rewards: Classical Constructivism liberalism realism Post- Threats: neo- Offensive structuralism realism realism Feminism  Military Power: An Offensive Realist Account Latent power: state’s ability to translate assets of population and wealth into military power (‘mobilizable’ latent power). Military power: the size and strength of a state’s army and its supporting air and naval forces. Nuclear power: In fact, nuclear weapons are a superb deterrent for states that feel threatened by rival powers. Simply put, no state is likely to attack the homeland or vital interests of a nuclear-armed state for fear that such a move might trigger a horrific nuclear response. Not surprisingly, therefore, states are often tempted to acquire nuclear weapons to enhance their security.  Latent power of Russia in the 19th century and explanations of its loses Russia fought three wars against other great powers during that period and suffered humiliating defeats in each: the Crimean War (1853- 56), the Russo- Japanese War (1905) and World War I (1914-7)  France/Germany in 19th Century Napoleonic France was the most powerful state in Europe between 1793 and 1815. Prussia was weakest of the great powers at that time. By 1900, France needed alliance partners to help check Germany. 1862-1870: Under Bismarck, Germans established German unity and increased its power. (see changes between 1860 and 1880) Small wars against Denmark, Austria and France Between 1871-1900; Germany remained silent, not able to defeat the then great powers the Uk, Russia and France at once. After 1900, Germany tried to change the balance Great Power Shifts in Europe Wealth is a good indicator of shift in power. France and UK declined, Germany and Russia raised. Germany attempted to be hegemon in World Wars. Russia became a super power during the Cold War There is no striking differences between increasing numbers of great powers’ manpower. Something else made the difference; wealth and weapons  How does «production capacity» shape the result in military balance? A comparison of German and Russian military power in production in World War I and World War II respectively.  Today’s World Military power: the US military spending exceeds the total of following top 10 countries’ spending. Unlike existing military power, spending means renovation, strong economy and technological development. Spending also means huge army to be fed  Case Study: Measuring Turkey’s Military Power Traditional studies are heavily based on data on defense expenditure and the number of military personnel. Recent studies increasingly use David Singer’s Correlates of War (CoW) dataset for the assessment of Turkey’s material power. net military resource data and defense industry data (modern measurement methods)  CINC Scores of Turkey: A Critique the Composite Index of National Capability (CINC) Scores of Selected Countries, BELOW  Turkey’s CNIC Variables as Percentage The effect of the dramatic drop in troop number on Turkey’s overall score raises questions about the reliability of CINC data, given the fact that the significance of manpower has declined greatly over the last century as a result of a shift from labor-intensive to capital-intensive warfare  Bibliography Joshua S. Goldstein and Jon C. Pevehouse, International Relations, 2013-2014 Update, Pearson, 10th Edition (July 15, 2013) Edward W. Said, Şarkiyatçılık: Batı'nın Şark Anlayışları, Çev. Berna Ülner, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2003. Yannis Hamilakis, "The ‘War on Terror’ and the Military– Archaeology Complex: Iraq, Ethics, and Neo-Colonialism«, Archaeologies, 5.1 (2009): ss. 39-65. Gemma Smith, "Archaeologists, propaganda and the military: Libya’s cultural heritage and the role of archaeologists in a political crisis", The Post Hole, 27 (2013): ss. 7-16. Hermann, M. G. (2003). Assessing leadership style: A trait analysis. In J. M. Post (Ed.), The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders (pp. 178-212). Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press Mintz, Alex, and Karl DeRouen Jr. Understanding foreign