Week 6 - Numbering Systems and IP Addressing (2).pptx

Week 6: Numbering Systems and IP Addressing NTWK8021 – Network Planning What we covered last lecture • Ethernet, including broadcast and collision domains in a LAN • Standard Networking Devices, including hubs, switches and Routers • Understand basic TCP/IP Protocols, including DHCP, DNS, TCP, UD...

Week 6: Numbering Systems and IP Addressing NTWK8021 – Network Planning What we covered last lecture • Ethernet, including broadcast and collision domains in a LAN • Standard Networking Devices, including hubs, switches and Routers • Understand basic TCP/IP Protocols, including DHCP, DNS, TCP, UDP, ICMP and ARP Q/A Any Questions? Welcome to Week 6! This week were are going to discuss Numbering Systems and IP Addressing After this lecture, you should be able to… • • Understand common Numbering Systems and how to convert from decimal to binary to hexadecimal. Understand both IPv4 and IPv6 addressing. Part 1: Numbering Systems NTWK8021 – Network Planning Numbering Systems • There are three central numbering systems when it comes to networking • Understanding these numbering systems is essential for networking as well as IT in general Numbering Systems • Decimal • Binary • Hexadecimal Decimal (Base-10) • Decimal Numbering is a way of representing IPv4 addresses in networking • Base-10 Numbering System (0-9) • Each digit represents a Power of 10 • Also known as dotted decimal notation or decimal-dot notation • Example: 172.16.1.1 Decimal (Base-10) Powers 100 = 1 101 = 10 × 1 = 10 102 = 10 × 10 = 100 103 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 1,000 104 = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 10,000 105 = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 100,000 106 = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 1,000,000 107 = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 10,000,000 108 = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 100,000,000 Binary (Base-2) • Binary numbers are identified as either 1 (On) or 0 (Off) • Base-2 Numbering System (0 and 1) • Each digit represents a power of 2 Binary (Base-2) Powers Binary and Computing • Transistors • Capacitors • Storage • • • Unicode A = 01000001 B = 01000010 • • • • IP Addresses (IPv4) 32 bits Can accommodate 4,294,967,296 IP addresses. 192.168.2.1 in decimal is represented by 11000000.10101000.00000010.00000001 in binary. Hexadecimal (Base-16) • Identified by numbers 0-9 and letters A-F • After 9, we switch over to letters to identify 10-15 Hexadecimal and Computing • MAC Addresses – Unique for every network interface • Memory Addresses • IP Addresses (IPv6) – Uses hexadecimal – 128-bits long – Has a possible 340 undecillion IP addresses Hexadecimal Numbering (Base-16) Hexadecimal (Base-16) Powers Numbering Conversions • It’s essential to be able to convert between numbering systems • You can convert from decimal to binary, binary to hexadecimal and decimal directly to hexadecimal • The next set of slides will go through different methods for doing this • There are multiple ways to do conversions, including ways not shown in these slides • Use the one that works best for you Binary to Decimal Chart Decimal-to-Binary Conversion Decimal-to-Binary Conversion (cont’d) Hex to Binary to Decimal Chart Binary-to-Hex Conversion Decimal-to-Hex Conversion DECBINHEX Excel Worksheets • In Week 6, there is an Excel worksheet DECBINHEX Worksheet that goes over converting an IPv4 address (Decimal) to binary, then from binary to hexadecimal • We will go through it now • The answers are in the file DECBINHEX Worksheet Completed Q/A Any Questions? Part 2: IP Addressing NTWK8021 – Network Planning Class Discussion on IP Addresses • What devices use IP addresses? • Does your smartphone have one IP address or multiple? • What layer of the OSI model are IP addresses on? IPv4 • The main standard for communication in networks • Operates at Layer 3 of the OSI Model • 32-bit • Decimal notation • 4,294,967,296 address available (2 to the power of 32) IPv4 Limitations • The world has already run out of IPv4 addresses • NAT (Network Translation Protocol) was implemented to assist with this allowing multiple internal IP addresses to translate to a single external one • IPv6 was developed to fix the issue. More on this later IPv4 Terminology The Hierarchical IPv4 Addressing Scheme IPv4 Addressing IPv4 Classes • There are three classes of IP Addresses – Class A – Class B – Class C Class A,B,C Diagram Class A • In a Class A network address, the first byte is assigned to the network address and the three remaining bytes are used for the host addresses. The Class A format is as follows: network.host.host.host Class B • In a Class B network address, the first 2 bytes are assigned to the network address and the remaining 2 bytes are used for host addresses. The format is as follows: network.network.host.host Class C • The first 3 bytes of a Class C network address are dedicated to the network portion of the address, with only 1 byte remaining for the host address. Here’s the format: network.network.network.host Reserved Address Space • Some IPv4 Addresses are reserved for various purposes • The Reserved addresses table explains them on the next slide Reserved Address Space Private Address Space • IPv4 Address spaces have been assigned for Internal use only for LANs • These IP addresses cannot be used to route on the internet • Also identified by Class A, B and C Private Address Space APIPA More Address Terms IPv6 • Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the successor to IPv4, the main protocol for network communication. • IPv6 was developed to address the limitations of IPv4, such as address exhaustion and the need for complex NAT solutions IPv4 vs IPv6 IPv6 Address Types IPv6 Special Addresses • Just like IPv4 there are some Addresses Reserved for different purposes including troubleshooting IPv6 Special Addresses IPv6 Special Addresses (cont) IPv4 and IPv6 Use Cases • At this current time, IPv4 is still the main protocol used for internal networks (LANs) • The internet is currently a hybrid environment that is using both IPv4 and IPv6 Q/A – End of Lecture Any Questions?