week_6-Lecture_-_Programming_Languages[1].pptx

“Information Technology” “Programming Languages” “DATE & TIME” NU CLARK Presented By: “ Engr. Jerry Lucas” History NU CLARK Why Programming Languages is Important? A programming language is a formal set of instructions that a computer can understand and execu...

“Information Technology” “Programming Languages” “DATE & TIME” NU CLARK Presented By: “ Engr. Jerry Lucas” History NU CLARK Why Programming Languages is Important? A programming language is a formal set of instructions that a computer can understand and execute. It acts as a bridge between human language and binary code. Early Programming Languages (1940s-1950s) Machine Code Machine code is the lowest-level programming language, consisting of binary code that the computer's central processing unit (CPU) can directly execute. It is fundamental to the operation of all software, serving as the direct interface between the Early Programming Languages (1940s-1950s) Assembly Language - 1949 Development of low-level assembly language, used even today in flight simulators and creating computer viruses. Early Programming Languages (1940s-1950s) FORTRAN (1957) the first official programming language, developed by John Backus and IBM. Used in NASA probes Voyager 1 and 2. The 1960s - The Rise of Structured Programming COBOL (1959) Developed by Dr. Grace Hopper, widely used in businesses. By 1997, 80% of US businesses ran on COBOL.  The 1960s - The Rise of Structured Programming ALGOL (Algorithmic Language) ALGOL, short for Algorithmic Language, is a family of imperative computer programming languages originally developed developed in the late 1950s by a committee of European and American computer  The 1960s - The Rise of Structured Programming BASIC (1964) BASIC, an acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, was developed in 1964 by John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz at Dartmouth College. Purpose: To enable students to write programs easily and to democratize computing education.  The 1970s - Systems and Structured Programming Pascal (1970) Pascal is a high-level programming language developed by Niklaus Wirth in 1970. It was designed primarily for teaching programming and to encourage good programming practices. The language is named after the French  The 1970s - Systems and Structured Programming C (1972) Created by Dennis Ritchie. Used for operating systems, embedded systems, and web development. Considered the mother of all high-level languages.  The 1980s - Object-Oriented Programming Smalltalk (1980) Smalltalk is an object- oriented programming language that was created in the early 1970s at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) by a team led by Alan Kay  The 1980s - Object-Oriented Programming C++ (1985) an object-oriented extension of C. C++ remains the fastest high-level programming language. The internet was also born in 1983, with January 1st considered its birthday.  The 1990s - The Internet and Scripting Languages Python (1991) a popular and easy-to- understand language with applications in web development, machine learning, and IoT.  The 1990s - The Internet and Scripting Languages Java (1995) Java is a high-level, class- based, object-oriented programming language that was designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It was developed by James Gosling and his team at Sun Microsystems (which has since been acquired by  The 1990s - The Internet and Scripting Languages JavaScript (1995) JavaScript is a high-level, dynamic, and interpreted programming language that was created by Brendan Eich in 1995 while he was working at Netscape Communications Corporation. It was initially developed in just 10 days and was originally called Mocha, then renamed to LiveScript, and finally to JavaScript. Despite its name, JavaScript is not related to Java; the name was chosen as part of a marketing strategy by Netscape.  The 1990s - The Internet and Scripting Languages PHP (1995) PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used, open-source server-side scripting language that is particularly suited for web development. It was created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994. PHP has since evolved into a full-fledged programming language with a rich ecosystem of frameworks and tools.  The 2000s - Modern Languages and Frameworks C# (2000) C# (pronounced "C-sharp") is a modern, object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft and was first released in 2000 as part of its.NET initiative. The language was designed by Anders Hejlsberg, who also contributed to the development of C# is strongly Turbo influenced Pascal and Delphi. by C, C++, and Java, combining elements of these languages to create a powerful, type-safe, and component-oriented language suitable for a wide range of applications.  The 2000s - Modern Languages and Frameworks Ruby (1995) and Ruby on Rails (2005) Ruby on Rails, often referred to simply as Rails, is a server-side web application framework written in Ruby. It was created by David Heinemeier Hansson and released in 2005. Rails is designed to make web application development faster, easier, and more enjoyable by emphasizing convention over configuration, the DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) principle, and the use of the Model-View- Controller (MVC) architectural pattern The 2010s - Modern Trends Swift (2014) A powerful language for iOS and macOS applications, including cross-platform mobile app development. Swift was developed by Apple Inc. The language was primarily designed by Chris Lattner, who began work on it in 2010. The 2010s - Modern Trends Kotlin (2011) Kotlin is a statically typed programming language that runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and can also be compiled to JavaScript or native code. It was developed by JetBrains, the company known for creating the IntelliJ IDEA integrated development environment (IDE).  Current Trends and Future Directions Rise of Functional Programming  Languages like Haskell, Scala, and Elixir  Key feature: Immutable data, first-class functions Languages for Data Science and Machine Learning  Python, R, Julia  Key feature: Libraries for data manipulation and analysis Quantum Computing Languages  Q# by Microsoft, Qiskit by IBM  Key feature: Handling quantum algorithms and Types NU CLARK Types of Programming Languages Programming languages are divided into two main types: Low-Level and High-Level languages. Low-Level Languages Machine Language: The language directly understood by the CPU, consisting of binary code (zeros and ones). It is tedious, error-prone, and not portable as it is specific to a particular machine. Assembly Language: Simplifies machine language by using mnemonic codes instead of binary. It's still specific to a particular computer architecture and sometimes to an operating system (e.g., MIPS, x86). High-Level Languages These languages are more user-friendly and closer to human language, making them easier to use. High-Level Languages Subtypes: PROCEDURAL LANGUAGES: Programs are written as a sequence of steps, like following a recipe. OBJECT-ORIENTED LANGUAGES: Programs are written as interactions between objects, each with its own data and functions. These languages model real-world concepts, making it easier to relate to and secure data (e.g., Java, C#). Compilation vs. Interpretation Compiler: Translates high-level instructions into machine language and generates an executable file (e.g.,.exe). Interpreter: Translates and executes each line of high-level instructions individually. Thank You NU CLARK