Week 4&5 Classification of Protozoa PDF

11/6/2024 Microbiology and HS260 NRS413 Parasitology in Nursing Microbiology and Parasitology in Nursing ROSUZEITA BINTI FAUZI 1 Microbiology and H...

11/6/2024 Microbiology and HS260 NRS413 Parasitology in Nursing Microbiology and Parasitology in Nursing ROSUZEITA BINTI FAUZI 1 Microbiology and HS260 NRS413 Parasitology in Nursing Classification & description of parasites o Description of Life Cycle o Mode of Infection o Infective stage o Diagnostic stage o Treatment 2 1  11/6/2024 Microbiology and HS260 NRS413 Parasitology in Nursing Protozoa Amoeba Flagellate Coccidia 3 Microbiology and HS260 NRS413 Parasitology in Nursing Lesson overview Learning objectives Upon completion of this lesson , students should be able to: 1. describe the life cycle of amoeba parasites, including the stages from trophozoite to cyst. 2. explain the modes of infection associated with amoeba parasites. 3. identify the infective stage of amoeba parasites and explain how and when this stage can lead to infection in a host organism. 4. state the diagnostic stage of amoeba parasites, detailing the laboratory techniques used to detect these stages in clinical Standards specimens. 5. explain the treatment available for infections caused by amoeba parasites. 6. explain the control and prevention strategies for amoeba parasite infections, including personal hygiene practices, public health measures, and environmental management to reduce transmission risk. 4 2  11/6/2024 Microbiology and HS260 NRS413 Parasitology in Nursing Protozoa Amoeba 5 3. Heat from beneath Grouped under the Kingdom Protista as they are neither classified as a plant, animal nor fungus. Amoeba Fall under eukaryotes as they possess a true nucleus. What is Amoeba? Amoeba is a unicellular organism that has the ability to change its shape. Usually found in water such as ponds, lakes & slow- moving rivers. Sometimes, can also make their way inside the human body & cause various illnesses. Process of reproduction is through asexual means (binary fission) Despite its simplicity, the amoeba can perform all necessary life functions such as movement, feeding, & reproduction. 6 3  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Typically, most amoebas are characterized by the following features: Amoeba Primarily encompasses 3 parts – the cytoplasm, plasma membrane & nucleus. CELL MEMBRANE o Flexible, semi-permeable outer layer that surrounds the entire amoeba. o Controls the movement of substances in & out of the cell & allows the amoeba to engulf food through phagocytosis. NUCLEAR o Large, dense, membrane-bound organelle located within the endoplasm. o Controls all cellular activities, including growth, reproduction, & metabolism o Contains the organism's genetic material (DNA). 7 3. Heat from beneath Typically, most amoebas are characterized by the following features: Amoeba Primarily encompasses 3 parts – the cytoplasm, plasma membrane & nucleus. CYSTOPLASM o Jelly-like fluid that fills the cell, consisting of 2 parts:  Ectoplasm: Outer, clearer, & more rigid part near the membrane.  Endoplasm: Inner, granular, & more fluid part that contains organelles. o Pushes the plasma membrane outward or inward, creating blunt, finger-like projections. o Contains the nutrients & organelles needed for the amoeba’s survival. 8 4  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Amoeba also contains other cellular organelles: Amoeba PSEUDOPODIA ("FALSE FEET") o Temporary projections of the cytoplasm that the amoeba extends & retracts to move or capture food. o Uses pseudopodia to engulf food particles in a process called phagocytosis. CONTRACTILE VACUOLE o Clear, spherical organelle that can expand & contract, usually located near the edge of the cell. o Helps regulate water content inside the amoeba by expelling excess water > called as osmoregulation  Vital for preventing the amoeba from bursting due to water intake from its environment. 9 3. Heat from beneath Amoeba also contains other cellular organelles: Amoeba FOOD VACUOLES o Small, spherical vacuoles formed when the amoeba engulfs food particles. o Contain the ingested food, & digestive enzymes  break down the food so nutrients can be absorbed into the cytoplasm. MITOCHONDRIA o Tiny, rod-shaped organelles found within the endoplasm. o Responsible for producing:  Energy through cellular respiration  Providing the amoeba with the energy > needs for movement, growth. 10 5  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Amoeba Lifespan of a typical amoeba is 2 days, but because it undergoes binary fission, Resultant daughter cells are the same as its parent cell > can be termed as immortal. When living conditions are: Not ideal: o Transform itself into a protective ball, called a microbial cyst. Living conditions become better: o Revert back to its trophozoite stage, where it can start feeding again. 11 3. Heat from beneath Entamoeba histolytica 12 6  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Entamoeba histolytica E. histolytica is the causative agent of AMEBIASIS E. histolytica is a protozoan parasite that primarily causes amoebiasis, which can lead to diarrhea, abdominal pain, & other complications. Commonly found in areas with poor sanitation. Several protozoan species in the genus Entamoeba colonize humans, but not all of them are associated with disease. Most infections are asymptomatic but may occasionally cause intestinal or extra-intestinal disease. 13 3. Heat from beneath Entamoeba histolytica Geographic Distribution o Pathogenic Entamoeba species occur worldwide & are frequently recovered from fresh water contaminated with human feces. o Poor socioeconomic conditions & sanitation levels found in developing countries such as India, Africa have led to endemic illness in these areas. More than 500 million humans are constantly infected. Death tolls per year are calculated 75,000–100,000. About 10 % of the world population is constantly endangered. 14 7  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Entamoeba histolytica Morphology E. histolytica exists in 3 main forms during its lifecycle: Trophozoite, pre cyst & Cyst 1-TROPHOZOITE o Trophozoite or feeding stage or free moving stage o Lives in the mucosa & sub-mucosa of large intestine (colon & cecum). o It is the invasive form of the parasite. 2-PRE CYCTS o It is the transient stage, between the trophozoite & cyst, formed in the lumen of the large intestine 3-CYTS o It is the non-feeding infective stage of the parasite found in the lumen of the large intestine 15 3. Heat from beneath Entamoeba histolytica Morphology TROPHOZOITE (Active Form) Shape: Irregular, amoeboid shape, as it constantly changes form due to pseudopodia. Size: 8-40 micrometers (µm) in diameter, with an average size of about 20µm -25µm Source: http://vle.du.ac.in/mod/book/print.php?id=9845&chapterid=15981 Nucleus: Single, round nucleus Motility: Moves using pseudopodia, which helps it engulf food (phagocytosis) & move through the intestinal mucosa. Feeding & digestion: Food consists of bacteria & other cytolysedorganic substances found in the hosts intestine. Trophozoite is the active, disease-causing form found in the intestines. Source: http://www.k-state.edu/parasitology/625tutorials/Ehistolytica.html 16 8  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Entamoeba histolytica Morphology PRE CYTS Shape: Round or oval. Size: Smaller in size (10-20µm) than the trophozoite but larger than cyst, with blunt pseudopodia. Diagrammatic sketch of pre-cyst of Entamoeba histolytica Source:http://vle.du.ac.in/mod/book/print.php?id=9845&chapterid=15981 Nucleus: Same as in trophozoites—one nucleus. Retains all the characteristics of the nucleus of a trophozoite. Amoeba begins to lose its ability to move actively & prepares for encystation (forming the protective cyst). Develop a resistant outer layer > shields from harsh conditions. Reduce metabolic activity >, allowing it to survive for extended periods. Pre-cyst is a transitional form where the trophozoite prepares to encyst by becoming rounded and storing nutrients. 17 3. Heat from beneath Entamoeba histolytica Morphology CYTS (Infective /Dorman stage) Shape: Spherical or oval, Size: 10-15 micrometers (µm). Nuclei: Cyst can have 1 to 4 nuclei; mature cysts contain 4 nuclei Function: The cyst is the infective form, resistant to harsh environments. Diagrammatic sketch of uninucleate cyst of Entamoeba histolytica Source: http://vle.du.ac.in/mod/book/print.php?id=9845&chapterid=15981 It is passed out in feces & can survive for long periods outside the body, allowing transmission through contaminated food or water. Cyst is the infective, dormant form that survives outside the host and spreads the infection when ingested by another person. 18 9  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Entamoeba histolytica Life Cycle 1 Cysts & trophozoites are passed in feces (Typically found in formed stool, trophozoites - diarrheal stool) 2 Infection with E. histolytica occurs via ingestion of mature cysts from fecally contaminated food, water, or hands. 3 Excystation occurs in small intestine 4 Trophozoites > released, migrate to large intestine (May remain confined to the intestinal lumen)  (A: noninvasive infection) with individuals continuing to pass cysts in their stool (asymptomatic carriers).  (B: intestinal disease), Trophozoites can invade the intestinal mucosa or blood vessels,.  (C: extraintestinal disease). Reaching extraintestinal sites : liver, brain, & lungs > 5 Trophozoites multiply by binary fission & produce cysts & both stages are passed in the feces. 1 Cysts can survive days to weeks in the external environment & remain infectious in the environment due to the protection conferred by their walls. Trophozoites passed in the stool are rapidly destroyed once outside the body, & if ingested would not survive exposure to the gastric environment. 19 20 10  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Habit and Habitat Entamoeba histolytica lives in the mucosa & sub- mucosa of the large intestine (caecum & sigmoidorectal region of man). 21 3. Heat from beneath Entamoeba histolytica Mode of Transmission Mode of Infection Transmission o Fruits, raw vegetables & food contaminated by faeces containing cyst Source of Infection Carriers of E. histolytica are of 2 types: o Contaminated water 1. Contact carriers: People who have never o Unhygienic habits suffered from amoebic dysentery & their health remains unaffected. o Mechanical vectors like houseflies & cockroaches. Healthy carriers > can shed cysts for many years o Sexual transmission of E. histolytica has been 2. Convalescent carriers: Persons who have reported in about 20-30% homosexuals. recovered from acute amoebic dysentery 22 11  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Entamoeba histolytica An individual infected with E. histolytica may have mild to severe symptoms. Sometimes a person may show no symptoms of the disease. Chills Nausea Fever Abdominal Diarrhoea that may include blood discomfort or mucus Weight loss 23 3. Heat from beneath Entamoeba histolytica Tests are selected based on whether the infection is intestinal or extraintestinal (e.g., liver abscess). Stool Examination (Microscopy) Stool Antigen Detection Serology (Blood Tests) Stool sample is examined under To identifies E. histolytica-specific Detects antibodies against E. a microscope to detect E. antigens in stool samples. histolytica. histolytica trophozoites or More accurate than microscopy & can Useful in diagnosing invasive cysts. differentiate between E. histolytica amebiasis (e.g., liver abscess), where and with other species stool tests may not be reliable. 24 12  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoite of Entamoeba histolytica Cyst of Entamoeba histolytica 25 3. Heat from beneath Entamoeba histolytica Tests are selected based on whether the infection is intestinal or extraintestinal (e.g., liver abscess). Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Imaging (Ultrasound or CT Scan) Liver Abscess Aspiration PCR used to detect E. histolytica Liver abscess Sample of pus > taken to DNA in stool, liver abscess Ultrasound or CT scans analyzed, either by microscopy aspirates, or other tissues. To identify abscesses caused by E. or culture. histolytica. It is highly sensitive & specific. 26 13  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Entamoeba histolytica Asymptomatic Symptomatic Amoebiasis Amoebiasis (carriers) (intestinal or extraintestinal) Carrier is recommended to minimise the Medication Supportive care spread of disease. Antibiotic Encourage to take a plenty of Can infect others & 4%–10% of Metronidazole fluids asymptomatic patients develop disease should be given for 14 days Oral rehydration solutions within 1 year if untreated. (ORS) > replace lost fluids & Medication: electrolytes. Liver Aspiration Antiprotozoal agent Iodoquinol or paromomycin Severe dehydration Large amebic liver abscesses (>5 cm Need admission to hospital – in diameter) IV therapy Draining the abscess Electrolyte management Addition with metronidazole 27 Microbiology and HS260 NRS413 Parasitology in Nursing Protozoa Flagellate 28 14  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Giardia lamblia 29 3. Heat from beneath Giardia lamblia Illness caused by Giardia is called GIARDIASIS. Giardiasis is a small intestinal infection caused by the protozoan flagellate Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia intestinalis or Giardia duodenalis). Giardia is a pear or sickle shaped, binucleate (2 nuclei) protozoa. Giardia exists as infectious cysts in contaminated food & water which spread by fecal-oral route & as trophozoites which multiply in the intestinal lumen & cause disease. Neglected parasitic zoonotic - Quite common in many parts of the world, including Malaysia G. duodenalis trophozoites 30 15  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Giardia lamblia Geographic Distribution Worldwide, more prevalent in warm climates, & in children. Malaysia- giardiasis remains a public health problem due to low standard of personal hygiene, unsafe water resources, & improper sanitation: o Indigenous communities. o People living in densely populated areas such as slums & prisons 31 3. Heat from beneath Giardia lamblia Morphology Giardia lamblia exists in 2 main forms during its lifecycle: Trophozoite & Cyst 1-TROPHOZOITE o This is the active feeding stage of the parasite, residing freely within the human small intestine 2-CYTS o This is the dormant & hardy stage, passed into the environment. 32 16  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Giardia lamblia Morphology Giardia lamblia exists in 2 main forms during its lifecycle: Trophozoite & Cyst TROPHOZOITE (Active Form) Pear shaped, rounded anterior end, posterior end pointed (looks like monkey face) Size: 12 to 15 µm long x 5 to 9 µm wide Dorsal surface convex, ventral surface concave, Ventral surface bears sucking disk to adhere to surface of intestinal cell Bilaterally symetrical: 2 nuclei, 2 axostyles, - 4 pairs flagella (2 anterior, 2 posterior, 2 ventral, & 2 caudal) Actively moving & feeding stage – Habitat: small intestine – May invade the common bile duct. 33 3. Heat from beneath Giardia lamblia Morphology CYTS (Infective /Dorman stage) - Ovoid in shape - 8-12 µm long x 7-10 µm wide, thick cyst wall - 4 nuclei present, either clustered at on end or present in pairs at opposite ends - Axostyle runs diagonally through the cyst - Flagella shorten & are retracted within cyst– provide internal support - Cyst forms as trophozoites become dehydrated when they pass through the large intestine - Cyst may remain viable in the external environment usually water) for many months. Infective form – mature cyst passed in feces of man 34 17  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Giardia lamblia Life Cycle Cysts are resistant forms and are responsible for transmission of giardiasis. 1 Both cysts and trophozoites can be found in the feces (diagnostic stages). The cysts are hardy & can survive several months in cold water. 2 Infection occurs by the ingestion of cysts in contaminated water, food, or by the fecal-oral route (hands or fomites) 3 In the small intestine, excystation releases trophozoites (each cyst produces 2 trophozoites) 4 Trophozoites multiply by binary fission, remaining in the lumen of the proximal small bowel where they can be free or attached to the mucosa by a ventral sucking disk 5 Encystation occurs as the parasites transit toward the colon. The cyst is the stage found most commonly in nondiarrheal feces 1 Because the cysts are infectious when passed in the stool or shortly afterward, person-to- person transmission is possible. 35 3. Heat from beneath Giardia lamblia Habit and Habitat Reside in the duodenum, jejunum, upper ileum 36 18  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Giardia lamblia Mode of Transmission Transmission o Ingestion of contaminated water – most important o Ingestion of contaminated food -uncommon Mode of Infection o Person to person – day care, nursing homes (poor hygiene) o Sexual – sexually active homosexual males o Contact with infected animals, particularly o Dogs, cat & other mammals that can carry & shed Giardia cysts in their feces. 37 3. Heat from beneath Giardia lamblia The majority of Giardia infections are asymptomatic, but they can present a chronic diarrhea. Typical symptoms include Fatigue Nausea Bloating & Flatulence Dehydration Abdominal pain & accompanied by: Large volume, watery, foul-smelling Greasy stools (Steatorrhea) 38 19  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Giardia lamblia Stool Examination (Microscopy) Stool Antigen Detection Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Stool sample is examined under a To identifies Giardia antigens in Highly sensitive test detects microscope to detect presence of stool samples. Giardia DNA in stool samples Giardia cysts or trophozoites. More sensitive & rapid diagnosis compared It can differentiate between to microscopic examination. Giardia lamblia & other species. 39 3. Heat from beneath Giardia lamblia Giardia duodenalis trophozoites are pear-shaped and measure 10-20 micrometers in length Giardia duodenalis cysts are oval to ellipsoid and measure 8-19 µm (average 10-14 µm). 2 large nuclei are usually visible Mature cysts have 4 nuclei, while immature cysts have 2. Sucking disks (used for attaching to the host’s mucosal epithelium), median bodies, and flagella (8) may also be seen. 40 20  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Giardia lamblia Asymptomatic Symptomatic Asymptomatic typically do not require Medication Supportive care treatment Antibiotic Hydration: May resolve spontaneously without Encourage increase fluid intake treatment, Metronidazole Severe diarrhea IV therapy > immune system can sometimes clear should be given for 5 to days Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) > the infection on its own. replace lost fluids & electrolytes. Tinidazole Often administered as a single dose or a Dietary Adjustments: short course (usually 2 to 3 days). Bland diet > recommended during recovery. Antiprotozoal agent (antiparasitic). Avoiding fatty & greasy foods > may exacerbate symptoms. Nitazoxanide Typically given for 3 days; available in both tablet and liquid forms. 41 3. Heat from beneath CONTROL & PREVENTIVE MEASURE Giardia lamblia & Entamoeba histolytica Safe Drinking Water: Avoiding High-Risk area: Clean & treated water. Be cautious > swimming in lakes, rivers, or pools Boiling water for at least one minute > effectively kill cysts. If traveling to areas of outbreaks or inadequate Use water filters sanitation> avoid consuming tap water, ice, or raw foods. Food Safety: Education & Awareness: Wash fruits & vegetables with clean water Provide education about transmission, & prevention strategies > at-risk communities or populations Good Hygiene Practices: Wash hands thoroughly with soap & water before eating, Prompt Treatment of Infected Individuals: after using the toilet, & after handling animals or changing Treat promptly to reduce the risk of transmission to diapers. others. should practice good hygiene & avoid preparing food Proper Sanitation: until completed treatment Ensure proper disposal of human & animal waste to prevent contamination of water sources. 42 21  11/6/2024 Microbiology and HS260 NRS413 Parasitology in Nursing Protozoa Coccidia 43 3. Heat from beneath Sarcocystis hominis & S. suihominis 44 22  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath [Sarcocystis hominis] [Sarcocystis suihominis] Sarcocystis hominis & S. suihominis is the causative agent of SARCOCYSTOSIS Sarcocystosis is an infection caused by Sarcocystis parasites, are part of the Apicomplexa group Primarily affect animals, but certain types can infect humans as well. Main ones causing human infections are Sarcocystis hominis & Definitive host Sarcocystis suihominis, typically associated with consumption of undercooked beef or pork. Sarcocystis has a complex life cycle involving 2 hosts: Intermediate host Definitive host (humans, where the parasite reaches sexual maturity) Intermediate host (herbivorous animals > cysts form in muscle tissue). 45 3. Heat from beneath [Sarcocystis hominis] [Sarcocystis suihominis] Geographic Distribution o Presence of livestock increases the likelihood of transmission o spread from animals to humans through undercooked meat or contaminated food & water. o More common in areas where people eat raw or undercooked meat, especially pork & beef. o Asia, Africa, South America, & some Worldwide, but more common in areas where livestock is raised. areas in Europe. 46 23  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath [Sarcocystis hominis] [Sarcocystis suihominis] Morphology Bradyzoites (Cysts in Muscle Tissue): Shape & Structure: Bradyzoites are elongated, banana-shaped cells, 10–12 micrometers in length & 2 micrometers in width. Location: found within tissue cysts (called sarcocysts) in the muscles of intermediate hosts -cows & pigs. Appearance in Cysts: Sarcocysts with bradyzoites (less active-dormant) have a thick, striated or wavy wall, visible under a microscope. 47 3. Heat from beneath [Sarcocystis hominis] [Sarcocystis suihominis] Morphology Sporozoites (Infectious Form for Intermediate Hosts): Shape & Structure: elongated, slender cells similar to bradyzoites. However, usually smaller, 7–9 micrometers long. Location: found inside sporocysts within oocysts, which are shed in human feces. When a cow or pig ingests these sporocysts, sporozoites are released & Cysts travel to the bloodstream, eventually reaching muscle tissue to form cysts. Function: Sporozoites are responsible for initiating infection in the intermediate host. Sporozoites 48 24  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath [Sarcocystis hominis] [Sarcocystis suihominis] Morphology Oocysts (Reproductive Form in Human Intestine): Shape & Structure: spherical to ovoid structures, 15–20 micrometers in diameter. Location: produced in the human intestine after fertilization occurs between microgametes (male) & macrogametes (female) forms. Appearance in Feces: When passed in feces, oocysts often rupture, releasing 2 sporocysts, each containing 4 sporozoites. 49 3. Heat from beneath [Sarcocystis hominis] [Sarcocystis suihominis] Morphology Sporocysts (Found in Feces, Infectious Form for Intermediate Hosts): Shape & Structure: Sporocysts are oval-shaped & smaller than oocysts, 12–15 micrometers long. Location: Sporocysts are released from ruptured oocysts in human feces & can survive in the environment until ingested by intermediate hosts. Function: Sporocysts contain the sporozoites that will infect intermediate hosts upon ingestion. 50 25  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath [Sarcocystis hominis] [Sarcocystis suihominis] Morphology Gamonts (Sexual Stages in Human Intestine): Microgametes (Male): small & motile, responsible for fertilizing the macrogametes. Macrogametes (Female): Larger & non-motile, & upon fertilization, they develop into oocysts. Location: Gamonts are formed in the human intestine, where they undergo sexual reproduction to create oocysts. 51 3. Heat from beneath [Sarcocystis hominis] [Sarcocystis suihominis] Life Cycle 1 Both sporulated oocysts (containing 2 sporocysts) & individual sporocysts can be passed in stool.  Sporocysts contain 4 sporozoites & refractile residual body.  Sporocysts ingested by the intermediate host (cattle for S. hominis & pigs for S. suihominis) rupture, releasing sporozoites.  Sporozoites enter endothelial cells of blood vessels & undergo schizogony, resulting in 1st-generation schizonts.  Merozoites derived from the 1st-generation invade small capillaries & blood vessels, becoming 2nd-generation schizonts. 2 2nd generation merozoites invade muscle cells & develop into sarcocysts containing bradyzoites, which are the infective stage for the definitive host. sarcocystis oocyst 52 26  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Life Cycle 3 Humans become infected when they eat undercooked meat containing these sarcocysts. 4 Bradyzoites are released from ruptured cysts in the small intestine & 5 Invade the lamina propria of the intestinal epithelium. There, they differentiate into macro- & microgametocytes. 6 Fusion of male & female gametes results in the formation of oocysts 7 Oocysts sporulate in the intestinal epithelium & are shed from the host in feces. Due to the fragile nature of the oocyst wall, individual sporocysts may also be detected in feces. 53 [Sarcocystis hominis] [Sarcocystis suihominis] 54 27  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath [Sarcocystis hominis] [Sarcocystis suihominis] Habit and Habitat Definitive Host (Humans): inhabit the intestinal tract of humans, where sexual reproduction occurs & oocysts are produced. Intermediate Hosts (Cattle - S. hominis & Pigs - S. suihominis): inhabit muscle tissue, where they form sarcocysts (muscle cysts) containing bradyzoites (asexual). 55 3. Heat from beneath [Sarcocystis hominis] [Sarcocystis suihominis] Mode of Transmission Mode of Infection Transmission Transmission: Human infection can occur Source of Infection through: 1. Intermediate Hosts Humans is the consumption of undercooked or raw o Transmission from Humans to Intermediate meat from infected livestock Hosts (Cattle or Pigs): o Cattle or Pigs > become infected > ingest 2. Environmental Sources food, water, or soil contaminated with Contaminated Water (Less common) > areas with poor sporozoites feces sanitation. Soil & Vegetation o Transmission from Intermediate Hosts to 4. Zoonotic Transmission Humans: Direct Contact> working closely with livestock o consuming raw or undercooked meat from (farmers, butchers) infected intermediate hosts (cattle or incidental exposure to oocysts. pigs). 56 28  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath [Sarcocystis hominis] [Sarcocystis suihominis] An individual infected with S. hominis or S. suihomin is often asymptomatic &clear spontaneously. Chills Weight loss Mild Fever Vomiting Diarrhoea Myalgia 57 3. Heat from beneath [Sarcocystis hominis] [Sarcocystis suihominis] Presumptive diagnosis based on travel history to tropical regions Stool Examination (Microscopy) Histopathological Examination In animal- Muscle biopsy is performed, Observation of oocysts or sporocysts histological staining can reveal sarcocysts in stool within the muscle tissue, 58 29  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath [Sarcocystis hominis] [Sarcocystis suihominis] Sporocysts shed in the feces of the definitive hosts 59 3. Heat from beneath [Sarcocystis hominis] [Sarcocystis suihominis] Generally supportive, as many cases are asymptomatic or self-limiting Symptomatic Gastrointestinal symptoms Antidiarrhea Antiparasitic Loperamide (Imodium) Sulfadiazine & Pyrimethamine Reduces the frequency of diarrhea. used for various parasitic infections. Analgesics Antibiotic Acetaminophen Bactrim or Septra: A combination antibiotic that mild to moderate pain may be effective in some cases of parasitic Ibuprofen infections. pain and inflammation. Oral Rehydration Solutions (ORS) Loss of fluid via diarrheal > Rehydration 60 30  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath CONTROL & PREVENTIVE MEASURE S. hominis or S. suihominis While not a treatment per se, prevention is crucial to avoid infection: Proper cooking of meat to kill the parasite. (at least 63°C for whole cuts & 71°C for ground meat) Good hygiene practices (handwashing, food safety). Avoid cross-contamination by using separate cutting boards for raw meat and other foods, Environmental control to prevent fecal contamination. Proper sanitation Meat inspection to ensure safety of food products. Avoiding raw or undercooked meat to reduce infection risk. 61 3. Heat from beneath THANK YOU 62 31  11/6/2024 3. Heat from beneath Class Activity Group 1 Group 2 63 32