Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Outline 2022 PDF

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 5 Lecture Outline Anatomy & Physiology AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH Fourth Edition Michael P. McKinley Valerie Dean O’Loughlin Theresa Stouter Bidle Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or...

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 5 Lecture Outline Anatomy & Physiology AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH Fourth Edition Michael P. McKinley Valerie Dean O’Loughlin Theresa Stouter Bidle Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Introduction Tissues Groups of similar cells and extracellular material (extracellular matrix) Common function for example, providing protection Study of tissues, histology Four types of tissues Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous Varied structure and function Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 2 5.1a Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue 1 Epithelium, also referred to as epithelial tissue Composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells Contains little to no extracellular matrix Locations: Covers body surfaces Lines body cavities Forms majority of glands Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 3 5.1a Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue 2 Cellularity Composed almost entirely of tightly packed cells Polarity Apical surface Exposed to external environment or internal body space Microvilli or cilia Lateral surface with intercellular junctions Basal surface Epithelium attached to connective tissue Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 4 5.1a Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue 3 Attachment to basement membrane Barrier between epithelium and connective tissue Avascularity Epithelia lack blood vessels Nutrients obtained across apical surface or from basal surface Extensive innervation Richly innervated; detect changes in environment High regeneration capacity Continual replacement of lost cells Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 5  Characteristics of Epithelia Figure 5.1 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 6 5.1b Functions of Epithelial Tissue Physical protection Protects from dehydration, abrasion, destruction Selective permeability Allows passage of some substances while preventing passage of others Secretions Some cells are specialized to secrete Sensations Supply information to nervous system Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 7 5.1c Classification of Epithelial Tissue 1 Classification by number of cell layers Simple epithelium One cell layer thick; all cells contact basement membrane Filtration, absorption, or secretion is primary function Stratified epithelium Two or more layers of epithelial cells Only basal layer in contact with basement membrane In areas subjected to mechanical stress Pseudostratified epithelium Appears layered All cells contact basement membrane, but may not reach apical surface Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 8 5.1c Classification of Epithelial Tissue 2 Classification by cell shape Squamous cells Flat, wide, irregular in shape Nucleus flat Cuboidal cells About as tall as they are wide Nucleus spherical and in center of cell Columnar cells Slender and taller than they are wide Nucleus oval; oriented lengthwise in basal region Transitional cells can change shape, depending on stretch of epithelium Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 9  Classification of Epithelia Figure 5.2 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 10  Organization and Relationship of Epithelia Types Figure 5.3 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 11 Simple Squamous Epithelium Single layer of flat cells Spherical to oval nucleus Thinnest barrier Allows rapid movement of molecules across surface Lines air sacs of lungs (alveoli), vessel walls (endothelium), serous membranes (mesothelium) ©Dr. Thomas Caceci, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 12 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Single layer of uniformly shaped cells About as tall as they are wide Centrally located spherical nucleus Designed for absorption and secretion Ideal for structural components of glands ©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 13 Simple Columnar Epithelium Single layer of cells Taller than they are wide Oval nucleus, lengthwise in basal region Ideal for secretory and absorptive functions Two forms: Nonciliated Ciliated Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 14 Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium Contains microvilli Fuzzy structure—brush border Unicellular glands—goblet cells Secrete glycoprotein—mucin Forms mucus when mixed with water Lines most of digestive tract from stomach to anal canal ©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 15 Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium Cilia project from apical surface Move mucus along Goblet cells interspersed Lines Bronchioles Uterine tubes – cilia help move oocyte from ovary to uterus ©Victor P. Eroschenko Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 16 Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Appears as multiple cell layers Not really stratified All cells in direct contact with basement membrane Nuclei scattered at different distances Not all cells reach apical surface Two forms: Ciliated Nonciliated Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 17 Stratified Squamous Epithelium Multiple cell layers Only deepest in direct contact with basement membrane Basal layers with cuboidal shape Apical cells with squamous shape Protects against abrasion and friction Stem cells in basal layer continuously divide Replace lost cells at surface Exists in keratinized and nonkeratinized forms Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 18 Transitional Epithelium Limited to urinary tract Allows for stretching as bladder fills In relaxed state Basal cells cuboidal or polyhedral; apical cells large and rounded In stretched state Apical cells flattened Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 19 Transitional Epithelium: Relaxed and Distended ©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser; ©Victor P. Eroschenko Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 20 5.1d Glands 1 Glands Individual cells or multicellular organs composed of epithelial tissue Endocrine or exocrine Endocrine glands Lack ducts Secrete hormones into blood Exocrine glands Invaginated epithelium in connective tissue Connected with epithelial surface by duct Epithelium-lined tube for gland secretion For example, sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 21  General Structure of Multicellular Exocrine Glands Figure 5.5 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 22  Structural Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands Figure 5.6 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 23 5.1d Glands 4 Classification of exocrine glands by method of secretion: Merocrine glands Package secretions into vesicles, released by exocytosis For example Lacrimal (tear) and salivary glands Apocrine glands Apical membrane pinches off and becomes secretion For example mammary and ceruminous glands Holocrine glands Ruptured cell becomes secretion For example sebaceous (oil) glands Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 24  Methods of Exocrine Gland Secretion Figure 5.7 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 25 Section 5.1 What did you learn? 1 1. Why does an epithelium need to be highly regenerative? 2. Why is an epithelium considered selectively permeable? 3. How does simple epithelium differ from stratified epithelium? 4. What type of epithelial tissue lines the air sacs of the lungs? Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 26 Section 5.1 What did you learn? 2 5. Make a table to compare and contrast transitional epithelium and keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with respect to structure, function, and location. 6. What are the two basic parts of a multicellular exocrine gland? Describe each. 7. What are the differences between holocrine and merocrine glands? Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 27 5.2 Connective Tissue: Cells in a Supportive Matrix Connective tissue (CT): Most diverse, abundant, and widely distributed of the tissue types Connective tissue has more extracellular matrix than epithelial tissue Shared characteristics of CT: Originate from mesenchyme Mostly vascular, but degree of vascularity varies widely Wide range of ability to regenerate For example, bone and blood = high regenerative capacity; cartilage cannot regenerate Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 28 Connective Tissue General functions Connects Supports Transports Protects General structure All types are composed: Cells Either wandering or resident Extracellular Matrix Protein fibers Ground substance. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 5.2a Characteristics of Connective Tissue 1 All connective tissue shares three basic components: cells, protein fibers, ground substance The ground substance and proteins comprise the extracellular matrix Cells Classes of CT have specific cell types Most cells not in direct contact with each other Two classes of cells: Resident cells Wandering cells Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 30 5.2a Characteristics of Connective Tissue 5 Protein fibers Collagen fibers Unbranched, “cable-like” long fibers Numerous in tendons and ligaments Reticular fibers Similar to collagen fibers but thinner Abundant in stroma of some organs (for example lymph node) Elastic fibers Contain protein elastin Stretch and recoil easily Found in skin, walls of arteries Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 31 5.2a Characteristics of Connective Tissue 6 Ground substance Molecular (not cellular) material produced by CT cells Residence of CT cells and protein fibers Consistency: Viscous (for example, blood) semisolid (for example, cartilage) Solid (for example, bone) Ground substance + protein fibers = extracellular matrix Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 32  Connective Tissue Components and Organization Figure 5.8 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 33 5.2b Functions of Connective Tissue Functions of CT: Physical protection Support and structural framework Binding of structures Storage Transport Immune protection Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 34  Connective Tissue Classification Figure 5.9 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 35 5.2d Classification of Connective Tissue 1 CT proper Loose CT Fewer cells and protein fibers than dense CT Protein fibers are sparse and irregularly arranged Abundant ground substance Body’s “packing material”, supports structures Three types: 1. Areolar 2. Adipose 3. Reticular Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 36 Areolar CT Loose organization of collagen and elastic fibers Highly vascularized Predominant cell is the fibroblast Ground substance is abundant and viscous Found in the papillary layer of dermis, subcutaneous layer, and surrounding organs, nerve and muscle cells, and blood vessels ©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 37 Adipose CT Commonly referred to as fat Composed mostly of adipocytes Two types White (stores energy, acts as insulator, cushions) Brown (found in newborns, generates heat, lost as we age) Adipose gain/loss due to adipocytes enlarging or shrinking ©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 38 Reticular CT Meshwork of reticular fibers, fibroblasts, leukocytes Structural framework (stroma) of many lymphatic organs (for example spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, bone marrow) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 39 5.2d Classification of Connective Tissue 2 CT proper Dense CT Mostly protein fibers Less ground substance than loose CT Collagen fibers predominate Three categories: 1. Dense regular 2. Dense irregular 3. Elastic Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 40 Dense Regular CT Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers Resemble stacked lasagna noodles In tendons and ligaments Stress typically applied in a single direction Few blood vessels Takes a long time to heal ©Ed Reschke Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 41 Dense Irregular CT Clumps of collagen fibers extend in all directions Provides support and resistance to stress in multiple directions Found in dermis of skin, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, capsules around internal organs ©McGraw-Hill Education/Dennis Strete Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 42 Elastic CT Branching, densely packed elastic fibers Able to stretch and recoil Found in walls of large arteries, trachea, vocal cords ©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 43 5.2d Classification of Connective Tissue 3 Supporting CT Two types: cartilage, bone Cartilage Firm, semisolid extracellular matrix Collage and elastic protein fibers Chondrocytes—mature cells Occupy small spaces called lacunae Strong and resilient More flexible than bone Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 44 5.2d Classification of Connective Tissue 4 Cartilage (continued) In areas of body that need support and must withstand deformation (for example, tip of nose) Avascular in mature state Three types 1. Hyaline cartilage 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic cartilage Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 45 Hyaline Cartilage Most common type Clear, glassy appearance under microscope Surrounded by perichondrium Located in Nose, trachea, and larynx Costal cartilage Articular ends of long bones Most of fetal skeleton ©Ed Reschke Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 46 Fibrocartilage Weight-bearing cartilage, resists compression Protein fibers in irregular bundles between chondrocytes Sparse ground substance; no perichondrium Located in Intervertebral discs Pubic symphysis Menisci of knee joint ©Ed Reschke Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 47 Elastic Cartilage Flexible, springy cartilage Numerous densely packed elastic fibers Ensure tissue is resilient and flexible Chondrocytes closely packed Surrounded by a perichondrium Located in external ear and epiglottis ©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 48 5.2d Classification of Connective Tissue 5 Bone More solid than cartilage Greater support, but less flexible Organic components (collagen and glycoproteins) Inorganic components (calcium salts) Bone cells—osteocytes Housed within spaces in extracellular matrix called lacunae Two types: 1. Compact bone 2. Spongy bone Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 49 5.2d Classification of Connective Tissue 6 Bone types Compact bone Perforated by neurovascular canals Cylindrical structures—osteons Display concentric rings of bone CT called lamellae Lamellae encircle central canal, location of blood vessels and nerves Spongy bone Located in interior of bone Latticework structure, strong and lightweight Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 50 5.2d Classification of Connective Tissue 7 Bone functions Levers for movement Supports tissues Protects vital organs Stores minerals, for example, calcium and phosphorus Houses hematopoietic cells, which make blood cells Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 51 Bone ©McGraw-Hill Education/Dennis Strete Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 52 Spongy Bone Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 53 Cancellous (Spongy) Bone Tissue Trabeculae: Thin beams of bone Supports red bone marrow Red bone marrow is also called myeloid tissue, a type of reticular tissue that contains stem cells that produce various types of blood cells Called spongy bone because of its spongelike appearance Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 5.2d Classification of Connective Tissue 8 Fluid CT Blood Fluid connective tissue with formed elements Erythrocytes transport respiratory gases Leukocytes protect against infectious agents Cellular fragments, called platelets, help clot blood Liquid ground substance is called plasma Dissolved proteins Transports nutrients, wastes, hormones Lymph Derived from blood plasma No cellular components or fragments Ultimately returned to bloodstream Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 55 Functions of Blood Transportation Regulation of body temperature Regulation of body pH White blood cells destroy bacteria Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Blood ©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 57 Section 5.2 What did you learn? 1 8. What are the basic functional differences between resident cells and wandering cells in connective tissue? 9. What is the function of GAGs in ground substance? 10. What are some of the general functions of connective tissue? 11. What is the composition of mesenchyme, and what is its function? Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 58 Section 5.2 What did you learn? 2 12. Make a flow chart that starts with the common origin of all types of connective tissue, and then classifies each of the different types of connective tissue. 13. Describe the composition and location of fibrocartilage. 14. Why is blood considered a connective tissue? Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 59 5.3 Muscle Tissue: Movement 1 Muscle tissue Contractile: cells shorten when stimulated Contraction causes movement Voluntary motion of body parts Contraction of heart Propulsion of material through digestive and urinary tracts Three types 1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 60 5.3 Muscle Tissue: Movement 2 Skeletal muscle tissue Striated or voluntary muscle tissue Moves skeleton Long cylindrical cells called skeletal muscle fibers Arranged in parallel bundles that run length of entire muscle Multinucleated Alternating light and dark bands, striations Does not contract unless stimulated by somatic nervous system Voluntary Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 61 Skeletal Muscle Tissue ©Ed Reschke/Getty Images Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 62 5.3 Muscle Tissue: Movement 3 Cardiac muscle tissue Confined to middle layer of heart wall, myocardium Responsible for heart contraction to pump blood Visible striations Cells short and often bifurcating (branching) One or two nuclei Cells connected by intercalated discs Strengthen connection between cells Promote rapid conduction of electrical activity Involuntary Cannot be controlled by voluntary nervous system Pacemaker cells initiate contraction Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 63 Cardiac Muscle Tissue ©Victor P. Eroschenko Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 64 5.3 Muscle Tissue: Movement 4 Smooth muscle tissue Visceral or involuntary muscle tissue Lacks striations; appears smooth Cells are spindle-shaped Cells short with one central oval nucleus Found in walls of intestines, stomach, airways, bladder, uterus, blood vessels Helps propel movement through these organs No voluntary control over the muscle Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 65 Smooth Muscle Tissue ©Victor P. Eroschenko Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 66 Section 5.3 What did you learn? 15. Compare and contrast the structure of skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 67 5.4 Nervous Tissue: Information Transfer and Integration 1 Nervous tissue Located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves Cells called neurons Receive, transmit, and process nerve impulses Larger number of glial cells Do not transmit nerve impulses Instead, are responsible for protection, nourishment, and support of neurons Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 68 5.4 Nervous Tissue: Information Transfer and Integration 2 Parts of a neuron: Cell body Houses nucleus and other organelles Nerve cell processes extend from cell body Shorter and more numerous processes are called dendrites Receive incoming signals and transmit information Axon is the single long process extending from the cell body Carries outgoing signals to other cells Neurons are longest cells in the body Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 69 Nervous Tissue ©Carolina Biological Supply Company/Phototake Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 70 Section 5.4 What did you learn? 16. What is the difference between a neuron and a glial cell? Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 71 5.5a Organs 1 Organs Two or more tissue types Work together to perform specific complex functions Different structures must work in concert For example, stomach, contains all four tissue types Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 72 5.5a Organs 2 Example: The stomach Lined by epithelium Secretes substances for chemical digestion of nutrients Areolar and dense CT in walls Blood vessels and nerves Provides shape and support Three layers of smooth muscle in walls Contract and relax to mix stomach contents Abundant nervous tissue Responsible for regulating muscle contraction and gland secretion Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 73  Roles of Tissues in an Organ Figure 5.11 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 74 5.5b Body Membranes 1 Body membranes Formed from epithelial layer bound to underlying CT Line body cavities Cover viscera Cover body’s external surface Four types: 1. Mucous 2. Serous 3. Cutaneous 4. Synovial Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 75  Body Membranes Figure 5.12 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 76 5.5b Body Membranes 2 Mucous membrane Also called a mucosa Lines compartments that open to external environment Includes: digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts Performs absorptive, protective, and secretory functions Formed from epithelium and underlying CT CT component called the lamina propria Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 77 5.5b Body Membranes 3 Serous membrane Lines body cavities that do not open to external environment Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) Produces thin, watery serous fluid Derived from blood plasma Reduces friction between opposing surfaces Forms parietal and visceral layers Serous cavity is in between Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 78 5.5b Body Membranes 4 Cutaneous membrane Also known as the skin Covers external surface of body Composed of Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Underlying CT Protects internal organs and prevents water loss Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 79 5.5b Body Membranes 5 Synovial membrane Lines some joints in body Composed of Areolar CT Covered by squamous epithelial cells lacking basement membrane Synovial fluid secreted by epithelial cells Reduces friction among moving bone parts Distributes nutrients to cartilage Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 80 Section 5.5 What did you learn? 17. Describe why the stomach is considered an organ. 18. What are the differences between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous membrane? Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 81 5.6a Tissue Development Stages of tissue development Oocyte fertilized by a sperm Forms diploid cell, zygote After multiple cell divisions, becomes blastocyst Cells forming embryo, embryoblast Three primary germ layers formed by 3rd week Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm Growing structure now an embryo Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 82  Primary Germ Layers and Their Derivatives Figure 5.13 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 83 Clinical View: Stem Cells ©Leonard Lessin/Science Source Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 84  End of Main Content Because learning changes everything. ® www.mheducation.com Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.