Week-4 حاسب.pdf

C S 0 0 1 Computer Software 1 Computer Software Software also known as a program consists of a set of related instructions that tell the C S 0 0 1 machine what tasks to perform and how to perform them, structured for a common purpose. It plays an important role in the computer system by creating a c...

C S 0 0 1 Computer Software 1 Computer Software Software also known as a program consists of a set of related instructions that tell the C S 0 0 1 machine what tasks to perform and how to perform them, structured for a common purpose. It plays an important role in the computer system by creating a connection between computer hardware and computer users. 2 Computer Software Computer Software Computer software refers to a collection of data or instructions that instruct a computer on how to work. It stands in contrast to physical hardware, on which the system runs. Software includes the programs, libraries, and related nonC S 0 0 1 executable data (such as documentation, digital media, etc.). Software can be categorized into two main types: 1. System Software. 2. Application Software. 3 Computer Software System Software This software designed to provide a platform for other software. System software consists of the operating system (OS) and utility programs. C S 0 0 1 Operating system: The OS is the most important piece of system software. It is responsible for managing the computer's hardware and resources. Utility programs: Utility programs are smaller software programs that perform specific tasks, such as managing files, optimizing system performance. 4 Computer Software Operating Systems (OS) An Operating System (OS) is the most essential software that manages computer hardware and provides services for computer programs. The operating system serves as an intermediary between users and the computer C S 0 0 1 hardware. Functions of an OS: Process Management: The OS handles the creation, scheduling, and termination of processes. A process is a program in execution, and activities such as keeping track of processor. Memory Management: It manages the physical and virtual memory in the system. This includes management of RAM and cache memory. 5 Computer Software Operating Systems (OS) File System Management: The OS manages files on different storage devices (like hard drives, SSDs), overseeing the reading/writing and creation/deletion of these files. It also maintains basic file attributes like C S 0 0 1 naming, permissions, hierarchy of directories, etc. An operating system (OS) often uses a hierarchical folder (or directory) structure to organize files. This hierarchy starts with a root directory, and subsequent directories (or sub-directories) branch out from there. This arrangement allows for a systematic and organized way to store and retrieve files. 6 Computer Software Operating Systems (OS) File System Management Both Linux and Windows use hierarchical folder structures, but the conventions, naming, and organization differ between the two. Below, we'll C S 0 0 1 compare the hierarchical folder structures of Linux and Windows: In Linux, the file system starts at the root directory, denoted as / / root boot home user1 7 Computer Software Operating Systems (OS) File System Management In Windows, drives are represented by letters, and the filesystem begins at a root directory for each drive (e.g., C:\) C S 0 0 1 C:\ Program Files Microsoft Office Windows Temp Web System32 8 Computer Software Operating Systems (OS) Functions of an OS: Device Management: The OS manages device communication via their respective drivers. C S 0 0 1 Devices can include hard drives, printers, displays, etc. Security and Access Control: The OS ensures unauthorized users do not access the system and protects against malware and other security threats. 9 Computer Software Operating Systems (OS) Functions of an OS: User Interface: Operating systems typically provide two main types of user interfaces: 1. C S 0 0 1 Graphical User Interface (GUI): This is the most common interface in personal computers, tablets, and smartphones. It uses windows, icons, buttons, and menus that users can manipulate using a mouse, touch screen, or other input devices. 10 Computer Software Operating Systems (OS) Functions of an OS: User Interface 2. Command-Line Interface (CLI): This is a text-based interface where users input commands to operate the computer. C S 0 0 1 It is more powerful and flexible than GUIs for certain tasks and is preferred by many system administrators and advanced users. 11 Computer Software Operating Systems (OS) Types of Operating Systems: Multitasking/Time-sharing OS: Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them, but the switches are so frequent that the user feels as if they are all executing at the same time. C S 0 0 1 Real-time OS: Responds to input immediately. Used in systems where there are tight constraints on response time like in an airbag system in cars or flight control. Distributed OS: Manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. Embedded OS: OS used in embedded computer systems like washing machines, ATMs, etc. 12 Computer Software Operating Systems (OS) Examples of Operating Systems: Desktop OSs: Windows, macOS, Linux distributions (like Ubuntu, Fedora), UNIX. C S 0 0 1 Mobile OSs: Android, iOS, Windows Phone, BlackBerry OS. Server OSs: Windows Server, Linux distributions optimized for server use, UNIX. Embedded Systems: Real-time operating systems like RTLinux, VxWorks, and Windows IoT. 13 Computer Software Operating Systems (OS) Components of an OS: Kernel: Core component of an OS, manages operations of the computer and hardware, Utilities Shell C S 0 0 1 mainly memory and CPU time. Shell: Interface between user and kernel, Kernal Hardware receives commands from users and executes kernel's functions. Utilities: Help in system maintenance and performance enhancement. 14 Computer Software Utility Software Utility software focuses on supporting the computer infrastructure, making it different from application software, which provides tools for tasks users directly engage in. Utility software interacts primarily with the computer hardware or the operating system. C S 0 0 1 Importance of Utility Software: Optimized Performance: Utility software ensures that the computer runs at its optimum speed and performance by fixing any issues or cleaning unnecessary files. 15 Computer Software Utility Software Importance of Utility Software: Enhanced Security: Tools like antimalware and antivirus software protect computers from threats that could C S 0 0 1 compromise data and privacy. Prevention of Data Loss: Backup utilities ensure that data isn't lost in case of hardware failure or accidental deletions. Better organization: Utility software can help you to manage your files and folders, keep your system organized, and find what you need quickly and easily. 16 Computer Software Utility Software Common Types of Utility Software: Disk Defragmenters: Over time, files on a hard drive get fragmented. A disk defragmenter rearranges fragmented data, making the hard drive work C S 0 0 1 more efficiently. Examples include Windows' built-in Disk Defragmenter. 17 Computer Software Utility Software Common Types of Utility Software: System Utilities: These provide tools to manage and maintain a computer's C S 0 0 1 performance. This can include system clean-up tools, system performance boosters, potential and tools problems. to diagnose Examples: Windows' built-in system tools like System Restore. 18 Computer Software Utility Software Common Types of Utility Software: Virus Scanners & Antimalware Tools: Essential for detecting and removing malicious software from a computer. They continuously monitor C S 0 0 1 computers for signs of viruses, malware, ransomware, and other harmful software. Examples include McAfee, Norton, Malwarebytes, and Windows Defender. 19 Computer Software Utility Software Common Types of Utility Software: Backup & Recovery Utilities: These tools create copies of data and system files. In case of system crashes or data C S 0 0 1 corruption, users can restore their system or recover lost data. Example: Windows' built-in Backup and Restore. File Compression Utilities: Useful for reducing the size of files or folders, making them easier to transfer over networks or save storage space. Examples include WinZip, WinRAR, and 7-Zip. 20 Computer Software Utility Software Common Types of Utility Software: Network Utilities: Tools that help analyze and monitor networks, diagnose network problems, C S 0 0 1 and measure network performance. Examples include Wireshark and netstat. Disk Cleaners: Help in identifying and removing unnecessary files, temporary files, or cache, freeing up disk space. Examples include Disk Cleanup (built into Windows). 21