Week 4 - Chapter 5 - Primate Notes PDF

Chapter 5: Meet the Living Primates =================================== Stephanie Etting, Ph.D. Learning Objectives ------------------- - Define different types of traits used to evaluate primate taxa. - Recognize primate diversity. - Distinguish between the major primate taxa. - Descr...

Chapter 5: Meet the Living Primates =================================== Stephanie Etting, Ph.D. Learning Objectives ------------------- - Define different types of traits used to evaluate primate taxa. - Recognize primate diversity. - Distinguish between the major primate taxa. - Describe traits of primate suborders, infraorders, and superfamilies What is a primate? ------------------ - Class: Mammalia - Order: Primate - Origin: 91 mya - Diverse - Anatomical, behavioral, life history characteristics Types of traits --------------- - Primitive: inherited from direct ancestor - Derived: recently changed - Generalized: multi-purpose - Specialized: single purpose Suite of traits --------------- - Convergent eyes - Postorbital bar - Many have trichromatic color vision - Short snouts - Opposable thumbs and big toes - Pentadactyly - Flattened nails - Tactile pads - Highly arboreal - Large brains - Extended life histories - Live in the tropics Dental traits ------------- - Heterodont - Dietary adaptations - Sexually dimorphic canines (sometimes) - Diastema - Dental formulas - 2:1:3:3 - 2:1:2:3 Dental traits and diet ---------------------- - Frugivores - Broad molars, rounded cusps - Intermediate digestive systems - Insectivores - Small molars, pointed cusps - Simple stomachs - Folivores - Broad molars, sharp cusps - Specialized digestive systems Locomotor adaptation -------------------- - Vertical clinging and leaping - Quadrupedalism - Brachiation - Bipedalism Primate diversity ----------------- Suborder Strepsirrhini +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Lemurs** | **Lorises, Pottos, | | | | Galagos** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Geographic range** | Madagascar | South and Southeast | | | | Asia | | | | | | | | Central Africa | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Activity patterns** | Diurnal, nocturnal, | Nocturnal | | | or cathemeral | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Dietary types** | Insectivore, | Insectivore, | | | frugivore, or | frugivore | | | folivore | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Social groupings** | Solitary, pairs, or | Solitary | | | small to large groups | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Locomotion** | Vertical clinger | Slow quadrupedal | | | leapers, quadrupedal | climbers, active | | | | quadrupedal runners | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Suborders +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Suborder | **Suborder | | | Strepsirrhini** | Haplorrhini** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Sensory | Rhinarium, longer | No rhinarium, short | | adaptations** | snout | snout | | | | | | | Eyes less convergent, | Eyes more convergent, | | | postorbital bar | postorbital plate | | | | | | | Tapetum lucidum | No tapetum lucidum, | | | | many are trichromatic | | | Mobile ears | | | | | Fovea | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Dietary | Mostly insectivores | Mostly frugivores and | | differences** | and frugivores, | folivores; few | | | | insectivores, | | | few folivores | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Activity patterns** | Mostly nocturnal, | Only two are | | | | nocturnal, rest are | | **Ecology** | few diurnal or | diurnal | | | cathemeral | | | | | Many arboreal taxa, | | | Almost entirely | also many terrestrial | | | arboreal | taxa | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Social groupings** | Mostly solitary, some | Only two are | | | pairs, | solitary, all others | | | | live in pairs, | | | small to large groups | | | | | small to very large | | | | groups | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Sexual dimorphism** | Minimal to none | Few taxa have | | | | little/none, many | | | | taxa show | | | | | | | | moderate to high | | | | dimorphism | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Suborder Haplorrhini: Three infraorders --------------------------------------- #### Tarsiiformes of Asia - Derived traits - Dry noses, eyes close together - Primitive traits - Vertical leapers, nocturnal, small - Unique traits - Large eyes, grooming claws, faunivorous - Genetics - *Haplorrhines* #### Platyrrhini of Central and South America - Flat nose - Rounded nostrils pointing to the sides - Highly arboreal - Less sexually dimorphic - 2:1:3:3 dental formula - Polymorphic color vision #### Catarrhini of Asia and Africa - Teardrop-shaped nose - Downward-pointing nostrils - Large bodies - Sexually dimorphic - Terrestrial - 2:1:2:3 dental formula - Trichromatic color vision #### Infraorder Catarrhini ##### Superfamily Cercopithecoidea - Ischial callosities Seat pads - Reproduce every 1--2 years - Geographically widespread - Two groups - Leaf monkeys - Cheek-pouch monkeys Superfamily *Hominoidea* *Hylobatidae* - "Lesser apes" - Small-bodied - Pair-bond - Low sexual dimorphism - Gibbons - \~13 pounds - Frugivorous - Siamangs - \~25 pounds - Folivorous - Throat sacs *Pongo* - Orangutans - Frugivorous - Diurnal - Solitary - Sexually dimorphic - Male bimaturism *Gorilla* - Folivorous - Knuckle-walking - Sexual dimorphism - Male "silverbacks*"* *Pan* - Frugivorous - Knuckle-walking - Fission-fusion - Moderate sexual dimorphism - *Chimpanzee* - *Pan troglodytes* - *Bonobo* - *Pan paniscus* *Homo* - Shared traits of hominoids - No tail - Brachiation-adaptations - Y-5 molars - Extended life history - Large brains - Shared DNA - \>96% with *Gorilla* - \>98% with *Pan*