Week 3 - Foundations Day 3 PDF

WEEK 3: FOUNDATIONS – DAY 3  Recall… Structure Agency Outline Part 1: Socialization Part 1.1: How Socialization Works Part 1.2: Agents of Socialization Part 2: Culture Part 2.1: What is Culture? Part 2.2: How is Culture Created? Part 2.3: Culture’s Two Fac...

WEEK 3: FOUNDATIONS – DAY 3  Recall… Structure Agency Outline Part 1: Socialization Part 1.1: How Socialization Works Part 1.2: Agents of Socialization Part 2: Culture Part 2.1: What is Culture? Part 2.2: How is Culture Created? Part 2.3: Culture’s Two Faces Part 2.4: Theoretical Perspectives on Culture iClicker Question Name one thing you could do in class right now that most people in the room would find highly unacceptable. Definition Socialization: The process by which people learn to function in social life Part 1.1: How Socialization Works How Socialization Works Socialization is a continual, evolutionary process that occurs in three steps: 1. In any social environment, a person acts on the basis of their existing personal characteristics and interests Social Environment: Composed of others to whom individuals must adapt to satisfy their own needs and interests How Socialization Works Socialization is a continual, evolutionary process that occurs in three steps: 2. The social environment responds to the person’s actions more or less cooperatively How Socialization Works Socialization is a continual, evolutionary process that occurs in three steps: 3. The response from the social environment shapes the individual’s conduct by either reinforcing existing patterns (cooperation) or encouraging adaptation (resistance) Adaptation: The process of changing our actions to maximize the degree to which an environment satisfies our needs and interests How Socialization Works In other words: We act Others react We react to others reacting  How Socialization Works Structure Agency How Socialization Works Part 1.2: Agents of Socialization  Agents of Socialization Structure Agency Agents of Socialization Key agents of socialization include: Families Schools Peer Groups Mass Media Agents of Socialization: Families Families are the main agent of primary socialization Primary Socialization: The process of acquiring the basic skills needed to function in society during childhood Agents of Socialization Key agents of socialization include: Families Secondary Socialization: Socialization Schools that takes place outside the family Peer Groups after early childhood Mass Media Agents of Socialization: Schools Schools instruct students in academic and vocational subjects Schools also instruct students in a hidden curriculum: Obedience to authority and conformity to cultural norms Agents of Socialization: Schools Example: The hidden curriculum & socialization Agents of Socialization: Peer Groups Peer groups: People who are about the same age and of similar status Status: A recognized social position an individual can occupy Agents of Socialization: Peer Groups The importance of peer groups to secondary socialization: Has grown over time Is particularly significant from middle childhood through adolescence Agents of Socialization: Mass Media Mass media: technologies that facilitate communicating information to a large audience The importance of mass media to secondary socialization has grown over time Particularly since the emergence of the Internet iClicker Question Which agent of socialization currently has the largest influence on your life? a) Family b) School c) Peers d) Media Outline Part 1: Socialization Part 1.1: How Socialization Works Part 1.2: Agents of Socialization Part 2: Culture Part 2.1: What is Culture? Part 2.2: How is Culture Created? Part 2.3: Culture’s Two Faces Part 2.4: Theoretical Perspectives on Culture Part 2.1: What is Culture?  What is Culture? Structure Agency What is Culture? Culture: Shared symbols and their definitions that people create to solve real-life problems Symbols: Concrete objects or abstract terms that represent something else What is Culture? Symbols: Concrete objects or abstract terms that represent something else Concrete: Existing in a material or physical form iClicker Question What is another example Symbols: Concrete of a concrete symbol? objects or abstract terms that represent something else Concrete: Existing in a material or physical form What is Culture? Symbols: Concrete objects or abstract terms that represent something else Abstract: Existing in thought or as an idea E.g.: Love E.g.: The spirit of Christmas E.g.: The ick E.g.: Skibidi Ohio rizz What is Culture? Culture varies across time What is Culture? Culture varies between societies What is Culture? Culture varies within societies Based on location What is Culture? Culture varies within societies Based on the socio-demographic groups that individuals belong to What is Culture? Culture varies within societies Based on struggles over power and control 2.2: How is culture created?  How is Culture Created? Structure Agency How is Culture Created? 3 human abilities contribute to the creation of culture: 1. Abstraction 2. Cooperation 3. Production Each ability gives rise to different elements of culture How is Culture Created?: Abstraction 3 human abilities contribute to the creation of culture: 1. Abstraction: The ability to create general concepts that meaningfully organize sensory experience How is Culture Created?: Abstraction 3 human abilities contribute to the creation of culture: 1. Abstraction: The ability to create general concepts that meaningfully organize sensory experience ◦ The concepts that emerge from abstraction are the most pervasive symbols in human cultures How is Culture Created?: Abstraction But wait… How is Culture Created?: Abstraction Abstract: Existing in thought or as an idea Abstract thinking: The ability to think about objects, principles, and ideas that are not physically present Abstraction: The ability to create general concepts that meaningfully organize sensory experience How is Culture Created?: Abstraction Recall: How is Culture Created?: Abstraction When the concepts that arise from abstraction are shared, it creates beliefs Beliefs: Cultural statements that define what community members consider real How is Culture Created?: Abstraction Time is an abstract thought Abstraction allows humans to create concepts like “day,” “week,” and “year” to describe time A community agreeing that the concept “week” equates to seven consecutive 24-hour periods constitutes a belief How is Culture Created? 3 human abilities contribute to the creation of culture: 2. Cooperation: The capacity to create a complex social life by establishing generally accepted ways of doing things and ideas about what is right and wrong How is Culture Created?: Cooperation Cooperation leads communities to establish: Norms: Generally accepted ways of doing things Values: Ideas about what is right and wrong, good and bad, desirable and undesirable, beautiful and ugly How is Culture Created? 3 human abilities contribute to the creation of culture: 3. Production: The human capacity to make or manufacture How is Culture Created?: Production Production leads to: Material culture: Tools, technology, and techniques that enable people to accomplish tasks Social Organization: The orderly arrangement of social interaction iClicker Question Sam faces forward when standing in an elevator. This behavior most represents a(n) _____: a) Abstraction b) Belief c) Norm d) Value Part 2.3: Culture’s Two Faces Culture’s Two Faces Culture: Provides us with increasing opportunities to exercise our freedom Constrains us by putting limits on what we can think and do Culture as Freedom Culture provides us with increasing opportunities to exercise our freedom in numerous ways, including: Cultural Diversity Globalization Postmodernism Culture as Freedom: Cultural Diversity Canada is increasingly diverse Canadians are exposed to a wide range of cultural options Culture as Freedom: Globalization Globalization: The process by which formerly separate economies, states, and cultures become tied together and people become increasingly aware of their growing interdependence Canadians are exposed to a wide range of cultural options Culture as Freedom: Globalization Culture as Freedom: Post-Modernity Postmodernism: A historical period characterized by an eclectic mix of cultural elements, the erosion of authority, and the decline of consensus around core values Culture as Freedom: Post-Modernity Postmodernism contrasts in key aspects from the previous historical period: Modernism Helps to strengthen the trend toward cultural diversification Culture as Freedom: Post-Modernity Culture’s Two Faces Culture: Provides us with increasing opportunities to exercise our freedom Constrains us by putting limits on what we can think and do Culture as Constraint Culture constrains us by putting limits on what we can think and do in numerous ways, including: Rationalization Consumerism Culture as Constraint: Rationalization Rationalization: The application of the most efficient means to achieve given goals and the unintended, negative consequences of doing so Culture as Constraint: Rationalization iClicker Question Are you an Apple person or an Android person? a) Apple b) Android c) Something else d) None of the above Culture as Constraint: Consumerism Consumerism: The tendency to define ourselves in terms of the goods we purchase The normal human desire to “fit in” can encourage us to absorb dominant values, norms, and practices Part 2.4: Theoretical Perspectives on Culture Theoretical Perspectives on Culture How sociologists understand and analyze culture depends on what perspective they take  Recall… Structure Functionalism Conflict Theory Feminist Theory Agency Symbolic Interactionism Feminist Theory Recall… Functionalism Conflict Theory Symbolic Interactionism Feminist Theory Stability Conflict Interaction Conflict Function Power Communication Power Equilibrium Dominance Meaning Dominance Solidarity Privilege Norms Privilege Values PLUS (+) Gender iClicker Question Rita is studying how laws encourage certain behaviors while discouraging others, contributing to the stable operation of the economy. What theoretical perspective is Rita most likely using? a) Functionalism b) Conflict Theory c) Symbolic Interactionism d) Feminist Theory iClicker Question Henry is studying how established clothing brands have more resources to hire celebrity spokespersons compared to up-and-coming clothing brands, since clothing brands advertised by celebrities often sell more merchandise in stores. What theoretical perspective is Henry most likely using? a) Functionalism b) Conflict Theory c) Symbolic Interactionism d) Feminist Theory iClicker Question Sam is studying how siblings who interact with each other frequently may begin to develop their own language. What theoretical perspective is Sam most likely using? a) Functionalism b) Conflict Theory c) Symbolic Interactionism d) Feminist Theory Videos Shown in Class https://youtu.be/ExkY_fGcD78 https://youtu.be/G7XmJUtcsak https://youtu.be/GTQuVW4ZH7M https://youtu.be/5SWHjWtykns https://youtu.be/hsyAINzPSd0 https://youtu.be/_vJYNRK0lOc https://youtu.be/8xprzqBFv1M (Beginning – 3:12, 7:40 – 9:17) https://youtu.be/zCkCRm9LsnI