Week 3 09_09 & 4 09_16 Lecture Notes PDF
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These lecture notes cover the loss of China in 1949 and the subsequent political and military responses in the US, including the Red Scare and the Korean War. The lecture notes analyze the context, key players, and motivations behind these events.
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Lecture 09/09 - Loss of China and Red Scare Initial US assessment of China in 1979 - Frustratio...
Lecture 09/09 - Loss of China and Red Scare Initial US assessment of China in 1979 - Frustration China would be poor for decades regions more important other · , ↳ Declining US involvement in China 1949-50 The Red Scare(early 1950s) - some politicians exploited paranoia of Cold War claimed that Communist influtuated govt = - Narrative on China CCP victory was disaster · US trators stabbed GMD in back US should help Taiwan ↳ US leaders respond by doing more to contain communism in Chinat Asia ↳ growing support for Taiwan - The Korean War (1950-1953) Context · 1910-1945 : Korea was Japanese colong 1945 partition Soviets in north America in south - : - , - 1949 : US + Soviets withdraw -North + South Korea facing each other /dictatorships poor) + · June 1950 : North attack NK convinced Stalin to authorize invasion - · US response US led UN force to defend SK - 11M. troops (0 S M American. troops) led by MacArthur - Initial US strategy Incheon Landing · Reconquest of Sh Push into NK Skyrocketing mil/eco aid to regional anti-communist regimes - US deployed 7th fleet to protect Taiwan · US supported France vs China-backed insurgency in Indochina · US alliance with Japan China's approach to Korean War - Mao's initial hesistation to enter the war priority was to fight China's poverty · worried about China's insufficient war supplies - Why intervene ? US getting too close to China's border · Stalin promised to help China equipment training, limited air support , Consequences of China entry = Chinese toops overwhelmed US/UN troops China conquered most of Korean peninsula March 1951 stalemate · stalemate Spring1951 : new US strategy break · to Why MacArthur fired into China · MacArthur wanted to expand war · wanted to use nulhes wanted toinvolvea a se · ↳ Mac fired , replaced with Ridgway- made gains against China/NK US efforts to isolate China - · Did not recognize PRC · Imposed severe trade embargo (with allies) Ensured China would not access intl institutions ↳ Taiwan at UN security Council · End of Korean war - 1951-1955: deadlocked negotiations (POWs) - But Stalin's death helped line ↳ July1953 Armistice , divided slightly above original Korean War for China Consequence of of resistance - For China &NK : war example - But : caused IM deaths Hurt China's economic growth Hardened China's enmity with US/Japan/West Increased China's dependency on Soviets Consequences for US - Stalemate setback for military -Nearly 37600 deaths - $67B Cold War buildup : obsession about communist advances skyrocketing military budget (x4)( skyrocketing # of security commitments >Taiwan , Vietnam Su , - Eisenhower China, Taiwain , · Eisenhower's lack of interest in China (1953-1961) PRC not a priority - Taiwan : Chiang too corrupt desire to dangerous - , reconquer China was Chinalobby forced Eisenhower to do - more emerged from red scare journalists lobbyists Congress , , wanted more support for Taiwan Initial US policies · Backe Taiwan raids in China - - Assisted France in fight against China-backed Indochina - SEATO : anti-communist alliance in Asia - us belief in domino theory · 1st Taiwan Strait Crisis (1954-SS) Chiang provocations - 50000 nationalist troops on Taiwan's offshore islands ↳ slides · 2nd Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958) · 1958 : 100, 000 Taiwanese troops deployed on offshore islands ↳ China's barrage on islands · Outcome - US considered nuclear strikes to Taiwan - ↑ assistance - China developed nuclear weapons Lecture 09/11 - Sino-Soviet Split (1959-1960) Causes Mao's grievances - Found Khrushchev too soft (against Us) · Resented the Soviet Union's lack of support to China (against Taiwan) Disliked+ departed from economic planning Soviet-style · ↳ Great Leap Forward Claimed China's leadership over global communist movement Khruscher's grievances : Criticized China's recklessness (Taiwan + Great Leap · Resented China's ambition to lead global communist movement · Consequences · Soviets withdrew advisersa terminated aid - - Growing Sino-Soviet competition in Communist world a third world countries' border dispute Degradation of the two - But took us - decade to exploit these divisions a - US-China Relations under JFK + LBJ · US threat perception : - Soviet Union more powerful but China more radical · Kennedy's goals (1961-1963) - Counter China in Third World - Support Taiwan's raids into mainland China Support India during 1962 Sino-Indian War - Kennedy's problems China support to commie insurgents in South Vietnam - China's progress toward nuclear weapons - Johnson China (1963-1969) · & Enormous concern after China's 1st nuclear test (1964) Mao's incendiary rhetoric USwar t entanglement in Vietnam = 1964 : Tonkin Resolution(official beginningcommunists · us objective: support South Vietnam vs Major quagmire reputational blow for US + predicament largely aggravated by China · Dec 1968 : 536000 US troops · Why did China Support NV - shared commedone nar bre se Competition with Soviet Union · China support - · Economic + military · 1965-68: 320, 000 troops threatened to intervene if US into NV ↳ Johnson : deepening shadow of communist China - US-China opening Mao's interest in rapprochement with US (late 1960s · caused by Cultural Revolution (1966-76) Domestic instability - · Mar asked red guards to shake CCP up ↳ massive instability - China increasingly encircled + isolated US in South Vietnam Japan's economic resurgence Tensions with Soviet Union · Taiwan'shostility. Mao(Aug 1969) surrounded by enemies : India's hostility China's tensions with Soviet Union - 1964-69 over 4000 Sino-Soviet border skirmishes · : 1969 : Sino-Soviet War - Border conflict · Nixon's interest in rapprochement in China · - Encircle Soviet Union - Make China press NV to negotiate peace - Reduce US dependency on Japan - Ensure Nixon re-election in 1972 ambition: incentivize China to democratize t open -Long-term economy · US-China opening (1971-72) July 71 Kissinger's : secret trip - Nixon's visit May 72: - - Ford, Carter, US-China Normalization Process Ford Presidency (74-77) : obstacles to US-China normalization - In US: Ford's weakness · April 75 : fall of su hurt US prestige Economic difficulties · Pro-Taiwan lobby opposed · - In China: Mao's decline+ death (1976) Domestic Unrest (Deng Xiaoping US radicals) ↳ · Carter Presidency (1977-81) Carter's initial Skepticism believed Nixon was ass-kissing China - : - Difficult political context for US Post-Vietnam War trauma · · Economic slowdown Internal disagreement - Secstate Vance : privilege the Soviet Union · NSA Brzezinski Use China to contain the Soviets : · Carter pushed for US-China normalization - Official US-China normalization (Jan 1979) · During Deng Xiaoping's visit - US recognized PRC as sole govt of China - US ended formal ties with Taiwan - US ended US-Taiwan defense pact - US Congress passed Taiwan Relation Act (1979) -US would treat Taiwan as would informally sovereign country Any military action by PRC concern us - US would offer defense to enable Taiwan to maintain self-defense - capability US-China coop against Soviets (1971-81) - Acceleration + computers · US sold jet enginesintel with China · shared military electronic 1979 : US opened listening stations in China - spy on Soviets 1979 : following Soviet invasion of Afghan (Dec 1979) US sold non-lethal defense to China · - Mutual mistrust 1973: US military aimed to be ready against PRC/communist attack Lecture 09/16 (1981-1989) Reagan+ China - General stance friend of Taiwan Reagan - of - criticized US-China normalization 79 about China's strategic value -Most advisers were skeptical - Continued to engage China · China under Deng Xiaoping (1978 - Gradual opening to foreign trade/FDI/technologies/studes - US-China trade Volume (1971-88): 0 + $13B Long-term business prospects - "Hide your strength + bick your time" · China's power potential could scare others - block China's rise ↳ Don't do anything to inspire fear > - humility compromise negotiation , , US and China still mistrusted each other US reluctance to supply China with sensitive items - US hesistant to share military + dual-use tech it would 1982: US said gradually reducea terminate arms sales regional · to Taiwan as security conditions allowed - China's reorientation away from US feared Reagan's military buildup · ↳ Mid-1980s : China initiated rapprochement with Soviet Union - Bush + Tiananmen Massacre Origins of protest · Context (1980s) : China's opening to the world - -April 15 1989 : death of CCP head Hu Yaobang , (supportive of protests) ↳ Rallies in 80 major cities IM protestors war Tiananmen Square (Beijing June 4 1989 : Massacre/Incident - , Death to 11 · - 200 (China's government) - 400-800 (Kristof) 1000 (Amnesty Intl - ~ - /British Ambassador 10000 Donald Tiananmen Video · - Hu mourners - protestors = students called "land conspirators" - > Tiananmen hunger strike - - Students asked to disperse goddess democracy of - warning to leave2 military How did Bush react · How Beijing deals with its citizen is an internal affair - Why mild response US did not want China to turn to Soviet Union - - us need · To what extent were protests about democratization -Some protestors referred to Western democracies -Goddess of Democracy - US/West : China massacred democracy movement some denouncingcorruption democracy Kollegegrads ( %) · wanted more ora · How did China perceive protest - Internal divisions - Deng saw as threat to regime a US plot to destabilize China West wants to westernize + divide Jiang - : CCP report : foreign involvement - - US/UK/Taiwan provided financial support · Did protests threaten regime Tiananmen 1 mile away from - : CCP leaders - attempted humiliate regime to Observers feared China's disintegration - Clinton+ "Butchers of Beijing" (1993-2001) - Early stance · -Criticized Bush for coddling butchers of Beijing - 1993 : US set conditions to give China MFN trade status · free immigration preserve Tibet · release of political · no prison labor access to· prisons for HR org religious prisoners Clinton changed for business reasons US multinationals lobbying - 1994 : US extended China's MFN status wo - conditions · Tensions over Taiwan (1993-2001) - 1987 : Taiwan democracy · 3rd Taiwan Strait Crisis (1995-1996) · President Lee hinted at independence · China military exercises near Taiwan · US deployed aircraft carriers in Taiwan Strait Clinton : consequence for China if attack on Taiwan · · humiliated China Consequences Commitment to keep at least 100, 000 troops in Asia · 1997 : US-Japan alliance Military rapprochement with other Asian states · US restrictions on dual-use tech transfer to China · other dimensions us pressures on China on HR - 1988 : Clinton admonished on Chinese TV · Booming - economic ties 1999 : US authorized China to join WTO · $13B- $116B 1989-200 trade deficit Growing · Accusations of industrial espionage -Growing people ties · 1970-2000 : 430000 to 3M Chinese immigrants · 1990s : 54000 Chinese students annually in US universities Lecture 09/18 Bush Jr 9/11 China (2001 2009) - - , , · stance before 9/11 - PRC as strategic competitor "do whatever if takes" to help Taiwan · FP.3E incident aircraft collided with Chinese plane American reconnaissance China Kept American crew t studied aircraft's - tech · After 9/11 - China supported US invasion of Afghanistan - shared intelligence · fought togethe terrorist networks - In exchange US supported China's repression : of Muslim terrorists Growing economic ties to China · + 416 % -Skyrocketing US exports faster - Chinese export grew - China market not fully open Growing US concerns about military buildup China's (2001) China was possible military competitor Pentagon - : outdated USNSS (2002) China pushing advanced military capabilities - - : - China's growing military budget $4SB in 2007 (us US $481B) : Persistent tensions onTaiwan · - Multiple US arms sales packages to deter a Chinese attack · China's mistrust of US - Hu Jintao : West wants to subjugate+ divide China - Peaceful rise narrative: goal : reassure the world about China's intentions to prevent pushback -Growing attempts to de-legitimize American hegemony believed it was attempts tocontain a us · Hu Jintao : China opposes hegemonism · condemned US spread of economic/political model , war in Frag & Afghan, growing US Asian alliances ↳ Chinatraded with Frag - Cooperation with Anti-US states Russia : , Iran NK , - Obama & Pivot to Asia (2009-2017) · Context : America's relative decline 2008 Financial Crisis - Came from US financial system : China fared well · Costs of War on Terror - US-China attempts to cooperate Collaboration to defuse Great Financial Crisis - Obama (2011) : US welcomes China - Obama+Xi (2013) : called for new model of relations Enduring HR spats (Feb 2010 : Obama met with Dalai Lama) · : US concerns about China's economic rise · 2010 : China 2nd economy expected to overtake by largest 202. - , Ustrade - deficit (2013) $319B : - Obama pushback · Condemned China's violation of trade rules · Hardened response to China's industrial espionage +IP violations economies closer to US to isolate China Tried to draw Asiant European ↳ Trans-Pacific Partnership , Transatlantic Treaty Investment Partnership · Pivot to Asia videos military countering "not to threaten " - , convince China to "play by the rules"- especially - with South China Sea - any disturbance in region could upset us trade China US saw it as preventing China's rise + encircling - Obama's pirot Redeploy 60% of US naval assets to the Pacific - Bolster US alliances -Japan Aus -. Bolster US regional partnerships+ India Vietnam - , Air-Sea Battle doctrine : plan to dismantle China's defenses in case of was Implementation of the pirot & 2014 Ukraine Crisis Not as fast as expected (crises in ME Europe) - China saw it as aggressive US strategy - China's growing assertiveness in South & East China seas growing claims : 2010 - - 2014 : China built+ militarized artificial islands in South China Sea The China Reckoning Narrative - A narrative that dominates since 2017 · 1971 did not transform China US engagement since - Chinaexpatedeconomizopenness/intlinstitution support/military restaas State led economy - political repression - military expansion/modernization ↳ US should end its, engagement t adopt a much harder policy · Potential counter-arguments - China is much more benign today ↳ no war since 1979 no lethal mil , force abroad since 1988 Hardening US policy against China may be impossible - · Economic peer · Quasi-tech peer · 4X pop World's largest market - Harder policy could be counter productive · Economic interdependence risk of war · need to tackle global challenges together