Week 2 Script.docx

Script for tomorrow: TOPICS: History of Nursing Philippine Nursing History Evolution of Nursing Theory History and Philosophy of Nursing Science 1. History of Nursing 2. Philippine Nursing History Historical Evolution of Nursing History of Nursing in the Philippines 1. Period of Intuitive N...

Script for tomorrow: TOPICS: History of Nursing Philippine Nursing History Evolution of Nursing Theory History and Philosophy of Nursing Science 1. History of Nursing 2. Philippine Nursing History Historical Evolution of Nursing History of Nursing in the Philippines 1. Period of Intuitive Nursing/Medieval Period •“untaught” and instinctive. No training and based on experience and observation. •function that belonged to women •No caregiving training is evident. It was based on experience and observation. •Shaman or witch doctor •Trephining Early Beliefs & Practices •Mysticism and superstitions •“word doctors” •Herbolarios Early Care of the Sick •“herbicheros” •“mangkukulam” or “manggagaway”. •“pamao” •“nunos”. •“mabuting hilot” 2. Period of Apprentice Nursing/Middle Ages -Christianism vs Protestants •Pastor Theodore Fliedner and his wife, Frederika established the Kaiserswerth Institute for the training of Deaconesses (the 1st formal training school for nurses) in Germany. •This was where Florence Nightingale received her 3-month course of study in nursing. Early Hospitals during the Spanish Regime Religious orders exerted efforts to care for the sick by building hospitals in different parts of the Philippines: Hospital Real de Manila San Juan de Dios Hospital San Lazaro Hospital Hospital de Aguas Santas Hospital de Indios Prominent personages involved during the Philippine Revolution Josephine Bracken – wife of Jose Rizal installed a field hospital in an estate in Tejeros that provided nursing care to the wounded night and day. Rose Sevilla de Alvaro – converted their house into quarters for Filipino soldiers during the Phil-American War in 1899. Hilaria de Aguinaldo –wife of Emlio Aginaldo organized the Filipino Red Cross. Melchora Aquino – (Tandang Sora) nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers, gave them shelter and food. Captain Salomen – a revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija provided nursing care to the wounded when not in combat. Agueda Kahabagan – revolutionary leader in Laguna also provided nursing services to her troops. Trinidad Tecson (Ina ng Biak na Bato) – stayed in the hospital at Biac na Bato to care for the wounded soldiers. 3. Period of Educated Nursing/Nightingale Era 19th-20th century •Crimean, civil war •Florence Nightingale was asked by Sir Sidney Herbert of the British War Department to recruit female nurses to provide care for the sick and injured in the Crimean War. •In 1860, The Nightingale Training School of Nurses opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London. •theory-based knowledge and clinical skill building, formal nursing education and nursing service begun Establishment of School of Nursing • 1877: UST College of Nursing – 1st College of Nursing in the Phils 1900: St. Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing, Intramuros Manila –1st hospital which trained nurses. 1906: Iloilo Mission Hospital Training School of Nursing – 1909 – Distinction of graduating the 1st trained nurses in the Phils. With no standard requirements for admission of applicants except their “willingness to work” April 1946 – a board exam was held outside of Manila. It was held in the Iloilo Mission Hospital thru the request of Ms. Loreto Tupas, principal of the school. 1907 - St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing –; opened after four years as a dispensary clinic. 1907 - Mary Johnston Hospital School of Nursing 1909 - 3 female graduated as “qualified medical-surgical nurses” 1910 - Philippines General Hospital school of Nursing 1919 - The 1st Nurses Law (Act#2808) was enacted regulating the practice of the nursing profession in the Philippines Islands. It also provided the holding of exam for the practice of nursing on the 2nd Monday of June and December of each year. 1920 - 1st board examination for nurses was conducted by the Board of Examiners, 93 candidates took the exam, 68 passed with the highest rating of 93.5%-Anna Dahlgren. Theoretical exam was held at the UP Amphitheater of the College of Medicine and Surgery. Practical exam at the PGH Library. 1921 - Filipino Nurses Association was established (now PNA) as the National Organization of Filipino Nurses. PNA: 1st President – Rosario Delgado Founder – Anastacia Giron-Tupas College of Nursing June 1947 - MCU College of Nursing – (1st College who offered BSN – 4 year program) June 1948 - UP College of Nursing June 1955 - FEU Institute of Nursing Oct 1958 - UE College of Nursing 1953 - Republic Act 877, known as the “Nursing Practice Law” was approved, limits that practice of among nurses 21 years old and above. 4. Period of Contemporary Nursing/20th Century – 21st Century •Licensure, specialization •Research •Technological advancements The Philippine Nursing Act of 2002 was enacted under the Republic Act No. 9173 which entails changes on existing policies under Republic Act No. 7164. These changes underscore on the requirements for faculty and Dean of the Colleges of Nursing, as well as the conduct for Nursing Licensure Exam. 3. Evolution of Nursing Theory 1859 - The history of theory development in nursing began with the writings of Florence Nightingale, “Notes on Nursing” and continues to the present. 1970’s start of the development of nursing theories. Discipline versus Profession Discipline - specific to academia - refers to a branch of education, a department of learning or a domain of knowledge Significance of Nursing Theory for the Discipline The theoretical works have taken nursing to higher levels of education and practice as nurses moved from functional focus with emphasis on what nurses do, to a patient focus, emphasizing what nurses know for thought, decision-making, and action. Profession - refers to a specialized field of practice founded on the theoretical structure of science or knowledge of discipline and accompanying practice abilities Significance of Nursing Theory for the Profession The use of theory amplifies knowledge development and enhances the quality of nursing practice. Nursing as Profession Characteristics of a profession: Nursing as an Academic Discipline Characteristics of disciplines: Defined and specialized knowledge base Control and authority over training and education Credentialing system and registration to ensure competence Altruistic service to society A code of ethics Formal training within institutions of higher education Lengthy socialization to the profession Autonomy (control of professional activities) clear and focused knowledge foundation command and authority over education and training Credentialing and registration are used to guarantee competency. benevolent assistance to society a code of conduct formal education in higher education institutions extensive socialization to the field control over one's professional activity A distinct perspective and syntax Determination of what phenomena are of interest Determination of the context in which the phenomena are viewed Determination of what questions to ask Determination of what methods of study are used Determination of what evidence is proof A unique viewpoint and syntax (words or grammar) Identifying the phenomena that are of interest choice of the context for which the phenomena are to be seen Choosing which inquiries to ask Choosing the study methodologies to be employed deciding what evidence constitutes proof 4. History and Philosophy of Nursing Science “Why should nurses be interested in the history and philosophy of science? The history and philosophy of science are important as a foundation for exploring whether scientific results are actually true. As nurses, our practice should be based on truth and we need the ability to interpret the results of science. Nursing science provides us with the knowledge to describe, explain and predict outcomes. The legitimacy of any profession is built on its ability to generate and apply theory.” Philosophy of science in nursing helps to establish the meaning of science through an understanding and examination of nursing concepts, theories, laws, and aims as they relate to nursing practice. It seeks to understand truth; to describe nursing; to examine prediction and causality; to critically relate theories, models, and scientific systems; and to explore determinism and free will. Each is a sort of epistemology, which is a theory of knowledge for knowing how to uncover the answer to a question. EPISTEMOLOGY - is the study of the theory of knowledge. RATIONALISM AND EMPIRICISM - are two opposing philosophical perspectives employed in science. RATIONALISM rational: reasoned, explained EMPIRICISM empirical: observed, experimental Reason as the source of all knowledge Mind contains innate ideas Emphasizes the importance of priori reasoning as the appropriate method in advancing knowledge Theory then research strategy Develop a systematic explanation (theory) of a given phenomenon then subject this to experiments Senses are the source of all knowledge Mind is a tabula rasa Scientific truth was discovered through generalizing observed facts in the natural world Collection of facts precedes attempts to formulate generalizations Research then theory strategy Early Twentieth-Century Views Focused on the analysis of theory structure Focused on empirical research Minimal interest in the history of science, the nature of scientific discovery, or the similarities between the philosophical view of science and the scientific methods Positivism emerged as the dominant view of modern science Positivism which supports that empirical research and logical analysis were two approaches that would produce scientific knowledge. Theories must be tested through observation and experimentation Empirical facts exist independently of theories and offer the basis for objectivity in science. Emergent Views of Science and Theory in the late 20th Century Foucault believes that empirical knowledge was arranged in different patterns at a given time and in a given culture and that humans were emerging as objects of study. Brown argued for an intellectual revolution in philosophy that emphasized the history of science replacing formal logic as the major analytical tool in the philosophy of science. Brown proposed that theories play a significant role in determining what the scientist observes and how it is interpreted. Interdependence of Theory and Research Theory and research are regarded as interdependent components of the scientific process Scientific questioning involves testing a given theory, developing new applications of a theory, or extending a theory. These can be achieved through research