Week 2-Module.docx

Content Standards The learner will be able to understand and appreciate the elements and contexts of 21st century Philippine literature from the regions. Performance Standards The learner will be able to: Demonstrate understanding and appreciation of 21st Century Philippine literature from the regi...

Content Standards The learner will be able to understand and appreciate the elements and contexts of 21st century Philippine literature from the regions. Performance Standards The learner will be able to: Demonstrate understanding and appreciation of 21st Century Philippine literature from the regions through: a written close analysis and critical interpretation of a literary text in terms of form and theme, with a description of its context derived from research; and an adaptation of a text into other creative forms using multimedia. Most Essential Learning Competencies Compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres and the ones from the earlier genres/periods citing their elements, structures and traditions. Discuss how different contexts enhance the text’s meaning and enrich the reader’s understanding. Produce a creative representation of a literary text by applying multimedia and ICT skills. Lesson 2: Major Genres of the 21st Century Philippine National Literature Lesson Presentation It is a literary type normally written in lines which are grouped into stanzas. It contains measures, rhyming or sound pattern and tone. Elements of Poetry: 1. Sense- it is revealed through words, elements and symbols a. Diction. This refers to the denotative and connotative meanings of the lines in poetry. b. Images and Sense Impressions. These refer to the choice of words used to create sensory images which appeal to the reader’s sense. 2. Sound – it refers to the creative use of words by the poets to imitate sounds a. Rhythm. This is the order alteration of strong and weak elements in the flow of sound and silence. b. Meter. This refers to the duration, stress, or number of syllables per line. c. Rhyme Scheme. This is the formal arrangement of rhymes in a stanza of the whole poem. 3. Structure – it refers to the arrangement of words and lines to fit together and the organization of the parts from the whole a. Word Order. This is the natural arrangement of words in each verse. b. Punctuation. This is the use of punctuation marks, to clearly indicate emotions. c. Shape. This refers to the poet’s choice of contextual and visual design, omission of spaces, capitalization and lower case. d. Tone. It refers to the poet’s or speaker’s attitude toward the subject, toward the reader, or toward himself. e. Voice. It refers to the speaking persona in poetry where specific characters are not indicated as the speaker. Classes of Poetry: 1. Lyric Poetry – a kind of poetry which expresses emotions, mood and reflection of the musical language of the poet. It’s simple and easy to understand a. Ode. This is a majestic type of lyric poetry with expression of enthusiasm and dignity to someone loved. b. Elegy. The lyric poem with the subject matter of death. It represents a tone of a deep feeling of personal grief for someone who passed away. c. Song. This is a short lyric poem which is intended primarily to be sung and has the particu;ar melodious quality required by the singing voice. 2. Narrative Poetry – this is a long descriptive poem that narrates a story in a sequential order about life and events that may be real or imaginary a. Epic. This is a long narrative poem that tells stories about life, quests and adventures of a supernatural hero. b. Ballad. This is a form of narrative poetry that is considered to be the simplest and shortest form. Its verses suggest significant events meant to be sung. Fiction This refers to any imaginative fact and idea of life. Themes and conflicts raised in some stories are similar in real life context. These make the reader’s view and put themselves into the shoes of the characters. Types of Fiction: 1. Chick lit – a type of fiction which addresses issues of modern womanhood, often humorously and light- heartedly. The genre became popular in the late 1990s. It sometimes includes romantic elements but is not generally considered a direct subcategory of the romance novel, because the heroine’s relationship with her family and friends is often just as important as her romantic relationships. 2. Flash Fiction – it is a style of fictional literature of extreme brevity. There is no widely accepted definition of the length of the category. Some self-described markets for flash fiction impose caps as low as three hundred words, while others consider stories as long as a thousand words to be flash fiction. 3. Speculative Fiction – is an umbrella term encompassing the more fantastical fiction genres, specifically science fiction, fantasy, horror, weird fiction, supernatural fiction, superhero fiction, utopian and dystopian fiction, apocalyptic and post apocalyptic fiction and alternate history in literature as well as related static, motion and visual arts. 4. Novel – this is a lengthy narrative story separated into a series of chapters. It possesses complexity of plot and has the capacity to introduce numerous characters in different parts of the story. It also contains more elaborate settings. 5. Short Story – this is a short narrative story which focuses on a single plot and characterized by its different elements. The Elements of a Short Story: 1. Setting – this refers to the time, place and condition in which the story takes place 2. Characters – these are the persons, animals or things moving around the plot of the story 2 Major Types of Characters: a. Protagonist – this refers to the main character in the story. He/she is the hero/heroine of the story b. Antagonist – He/she is the villain who opposes the main character in the story. 3. Plot – this refers to the series of actions and events that happened in the story 5 Parts of the Plot: a. Exposition – this is the part that sets the mood of the story wherein characters, setting and background are being introduced b. Rising Action – it is the part of the plot that marks the onset of the major conflict in the story c. Climax – This is the part that builds the highest tension and considered to be the story’s highest point of interest d. Falling Action - this marks the revelation and realization of the characters leading to the resolution of the story’s main conflict e. Denouement – it is the final resolution and outcome of the story. 4. Conflict – this refers to the struggle of complication involving the characters of the story Types of Conflict: a. Man vs. Man b. Man vs. Himself c. Man vs. Nature d. Man vs. Society e. Man vs. Technology 5. Point of View – this pertains to the voice used by the writer as a narrator of the story and how it was seen or told Three Points of View: a. Omniscient – the author allows the inner thoughts and feeling of the main characters to be presented in the text b. First Person Point of View - the author is the one observing and speaking in the story. He can be one of the characters or the one portraying his own identity c. Third Person or Limited Point of View – the author chooses a character as a narrator who will be the central observer and detect action inside the story. 6. Mood – this refers to the atmosphere and tone of the story 7. Theme – This pertains to the central idea which conveys truths and values according to the author’s purpose and perspective on the human’s experience 8. Symbols – These are the images and objects used in the story to stand for something other than Themselves. Creative Nonfiction It is expository in nature that deals with facts and reality which aims to explain a theory, idea and a point of view. Examples: 1. Autobiography – is a story of a person’s life written by himself from his own point of view according to his personal style. In its pure form, it is written from a person’s memory of his past. 2. Biography – This is a story of the life of a real person written by someone else. 3. Essay – is a piece of writing which is often written from an author’s personal point of view. Literary Devices in Literature – are also known as literary techniques pertaining to the conventions and structures employed in different literary writings. 1. Aphorism – this is a concise statement that contains subjective truth or observation. For example, “A bad penny always turns up” is an aphorism for the fact that bad people or things are bound to turn up in life. We just have to deal with them when they do. 2. Chekhov’s gun – this refers to the insertion of an apparently irrelevant object early in a selection to which the purpose is revealed later. In a way it’s like foreshadowing. Best example is in the work of Anton Chekhov himself in Act 1 of his play “The Seagull, the main character carries a rifle out onto the stage. By the end of the play, he has used the rifle to commit suicide. 3. Cliffhanger – this literary device creates an open ending in the story by leaving the conflict unresolved. The purpose of cliffhanger is to encourage the reader to keep turning pages or viewer to anticipate and never fail to watch the next episode. Examples would be some Kdramas we have watched like The King: Eternal Monarch and The World of Married Couple where every episode ending makes you wish you have access to the next episode. 4. Epiphany – it creates a sudden revelation or insight --- usually with a symbolic role in the narrative. For example: In the middle of a typical argument with his wife, a man realizes he has been the one causing every single argument, and that in order to keep his marriage, he must stop being such an aggressive person. 5. Figures of Speech – these are creative group of words used beyond its literal meaning to enhance sense of impression and intensify ideas. Kinds: a. Alliteration – the repetition of the consonant sound. Ex. Ralph’s reindeer rose rapidly and ran round the room. b. Allusion – it refers to any scientific, historical, mythological and biblical event or figure. Ex. “I am not Lazarus nor Prince Hamlet.” c. Assonance – it is the repetition of the similar vowel sound in between the neighboring words. Ex. I found the arrow, still unbroken. d. Apostrophe – it addresses inanimate objects as real objects. Ex. Flowers make me beautiful tonight. e. Euphemism – it is the substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit. Ex. My friend passed away. f. Hyperbole – these are statements used to exaggerate terms and ideas. Ex. I can love you for a thousand years. g. Metaphor – this is a direct comparison of two unlike things without using words such as like, resemble and similar to, Ex. Your fist is a hammer. h. Metonymy – it refers to a word or phrase substituted for another to which is identifiable and associated with the idea referred to. Ex. The pen is mightier than the sword. i. Onomatopoeia – is the use of words to imitate sounds. Ex. Woosh!, Bang!, Ding-dong! j. Oxymoron – the use of the contradictory words that appear on both sides of the sentence. Ex.The student teacher knows her subject matter very well. k. Paradox – this refers to a phrase or statement used to convey emotional sense. Ex. You have to die in order to live. l. Personification – these are expressions that give human qualities to objects, animals and ideas. Ex. The scissors are running on your hair. m. Simile – this is a comparison of two unlike things with the use of words such as: like, as like as, resemble and similar to. Ex. You are like a star that shines brightly in the velvet sky. n. Synecdoche – it is a part used to represent as a whole. Ex. He drove his new wheels. o. Flashback – it is a general term for altering sequences of events in the story, taking characters back to the beginning of the tale for instance. p. Flashforward – otherwise known as prolepsis, it is an interjected scene that temporarily jumps the narrative forward in time. q. Foreshadowing – it pertains to hinting at events to occur later. r. Juxtaposition – it involves using two themes, characters, phrases, words or situations together for comparison, contrast or rhetoric. s. Rhetorical Question – it is posing a question without expecting an answer or reply. It is intended to create persuasive effects to its readers. Drama It is an art of imitating human characters and actions. Early drama was usually written in poetic form, while the modern and contemporary drama is usually written in prose. Genres of Drama: 1. Tragedy – is a type of drama in which the main character is struggling against dynamic forces. It shows the downfall or destruction of the hero or noble who is caught up in a sequence of events such as death and difficult circumstances which inevitably results in disaster. Ex. Romeo and Juliet by: Shakespeare 2. Comedy – is a type of drama intended to capture the interest and entertain the audience through interjecting wit, humor and delicate ideas. Ex. Dante Alighiere’s “ Inferno” (Divine Comedy) 3. Tragicomedy –is a type of drama which does not adhere strictly to the structure of tragedy. It blends both aspects of tragedy and comedy. The story suggests a happy ending despite the unfortunate events which happened in the plot. Examples: The Merchant of Venice by: Shakespeare and Anton Chekhov’s “The Cherry Orchard” 4. Farce – is a type of drama with exaggerated characters and swift movements. Its plot consists of humorous events and ridiculous situations. Ex. The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde 5. Melodrama – is a type of drama which shows events that follow each other rapidly, but seems to be governed by chance. It possesses a sensational dramatic piece which appeals strongly to the senses. Ex. Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte Elements of Drama: 1. Plot – it refers to a series and arrangement of events in a drama. It consists of 5 parts: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and denouement. 2. Characters – they are the actors who create the entire shape of actions in the drama through creating opportunities and conflicts in the story. 3. Setting – it is the time, place and condition where the story takes place. It also refers to the physical arrangement of the stage to vivify stage directions. 4. Dialogue – it pertains to the lines delivered by the actors and used to advance the action and narrate the story. a. Aside – this is a short speech delivered by the actor to the audience in which the other characters do not hear b. Soliloquy – this is a short speech delivered by the actor by uttering his inner thoughts to the audience in order to reveal personal feelings c. Gestures – it refers to the physical movements of the character on stage d. Music – it is used to add color and dramatic effect in the play e. Theme – it is the central idea or message that explains what the play is all about To Do’s Activity Choose one theme from the following. Create a one stanza poem consisting of five lines using the different figures of speech listed below as guide. a. Friendship b. Family c. Love d. Culture e. Dream 1st line – Apostrophe __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________2nd line – Hyperbole __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________3rd line – Personification __________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4th line – Simile __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________5th line - Onomatopoeia __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Write on the blank the figures of speech used in the following. ___________________ 1. Your fist is a hammer. ___________________ 2. She is a freelance writer. ___________________ 3. I can walk a thousand miles just to be with you tonight. ___________________ 4. Bang! Bang! Into the room. ___________________ 5. My best friend passed away. ___________________ 6. The moon smiled back at me. ___________________ 7. I have died every day waiting for you. ___________________ 8. She sells sea shells on the sea shore. ___________________ 9. You are the sunshine of my life. ___________________ 10. You are as beautiful as a rainbow. References and Supplementary Materials ✓ Introduction to Philippine Literature https://21stcenturylitph.wordpress.com/introduction-to-philippine-literature/