WEEK-2-AND-3 PDF

CMMHN@OI BMOF@LD_B_ (XMBZM^@X]^M ^MA]E@XDKL @LH K_BKXDO N@E@LOM) ckr Amlmr`e Ndkekay > Ar`hm 00 Pu`rtmr 8 / Qmmi = 0  CK^MQK^H Xfm `ndedty tk b`dlt`dl okrm tmbpmr`turm `s wmee `s vkeubm `lh okbpksdtdkl kc nkhy ceudhs wdtfdl l`rrk...

CMMHN@OI BMOF@LD_B_ (XMBZM^@X]^M ^MA]E@XDKL @LH K_BKXDO N@E@LOM) ckr Amlmr`e Ndkekay > Ar`hm 00 Pu`rtmr 8 / Qmmi = 0  CK^MQK^H Xfm `ndedty tk b`dlt`dl okrm tmbpmr`turm `s wmee `s vkeubm `lh okbpksdtdkl kc nkhy ceudhs wdtfdl l`rrkw r`lams ds ` b`gkr of`r`otmrdstdo kc b`bb`es. Tmt, tfm `ndedty tk b`dlt`dl ` st`nem okrm tmbpmr`turm kctml rmedms kl pfysdkekado`e rmspklsms tf`t pmrturn tfm st`ndedty kc nekkh ceudhs. @ okbbkl tfmrbkrmaue`tkry bmof`ldsb tf`t `ccmots nkhy ceudh fkbmkst`sds ds mv`pkr`tdvm okkedla, ny swm`tdla `lh/kr p`ltdla, tk hdssdp`tm fm`t crkb tfm nkhy wfml okrm tmbpmr`turm ds memv`tmh. Xfds smec-em`rldla idt (_EI) `dbs tk mxpe`dl fkw tmbpmr`turm `ccmots fkbmkst`sds dl `l kra`ldsb—s nkhy9 nkhy9 wfy kur nkhy akms n`oi tk lkrb`e wfmlmvmr wm `rm sfkoimh, wm `rm tdrmh, kr `ly sdtu`tdkls wm mlokultmr9 `lh wfy kur nkhy o`l rmaue`tm tmbpmr`turm dl rmspklsm tk sdal`es crkb tfm lmrvkus systmb. >  EM__KL XMBZM^@X]^M XMBZM^@X]^M ^MA]E@XDKL 0 KNGMOXDSM_7 @t tfm mlh kc tfm emsskl, tfm em`rlmrs sf`ee nm `nem tk7 I7 hmcdlm tfmrbkrmaue`tdkl _7 hdccmrmltd`tm tfmrbkrmaue`tdkl kc mlhktfmrbdo `lh motktfmrbdo `ldb`es @7 rmokaldzm tfm dbpkrt`lom kc tmbpmr`turm rmaue`tdkl EM@^LDLA OKBZMXMLOT7 Mxpe`dl fkw skbm kra`ldsbs b`dlt`dl stm`hy dltmrl`e oklhdtdkls (m.a. tmbpmr`turm rmaue`tdkl, ksbktdo n`e`lom) tf`t pkssmss v`rdkus struoturms `lh prkomssms. (_XMB[NDK00/0>-DSd-g-> _XMB[NDK00/0>-DSd-g->)) D. QF@X F@ZZMLMH Z^M-XM_X7 D. Dlstruotdkl7 Xfmrm `rm tml wkrhs ckulh dl tfm puzzem nmekw tf`t b`y `ppm`r str`daft `orkss, n`oi-wkrh str`daft `orkss, up `lh hkwl, `lh hd`akl`eey. Edst hkwl `ee tfm wkrhs dl ykur lktmnkki. QK^H Z]WWEM F K B M K _ X @ _ D _ ^ O O @ M ^ ] X @ ^ M Z B M X K Q M L A X F G D I M A N L @ _ L H B X T B O E ] @ X N O M H K A F X D G E E ^ ^ M O M Z X K ^ O _ @ @ @ ] M C B _ X F ] K D X L O S G A L F K K M L Z D O X Q X M M Z M ^ @ ^ ] K M D V A ^ I T ] D M ^ B L K K T B N E I K _ B K _ D _ L L K D X @ E D H K _ @ S _ F D S M ^ D L A H @ _ C @ N O I S O Q V T W V A F ?  DD. @rr`lam tfm gubnemh wkrhs nmekw. Qrdtm ykur `lswmrs dl ykur lktmnkki. 0. XMMFD^BXK^AE@KL] >. BM@__D_XKFK ?. XFMBMOK^X 8. HFML_XK^BM =. HD@_@SKLKEXD 3. ZKB]E@FXF@ ZKB]E@FXF@_T_T 1. Z^MTKLA_ 6. DLOZTM^XFTKDX 4. N^]DPD]EDBM 0:. ^MHDLMOKL LA@EH_ DD. QF@X D LMMH XK ILKQ HD_O]__DKL7 XFDLI @NK]X DX @ fmrh fmrh kc wdehmnmmsts wdehmnmmsts pekhs `orkss @crdo`—s _mrmlamtd Ze`dl. Xfm e`lh ds p`rofmh, sk tfmy `rm kl tfm bkvm tkw`rh armmlmr p`sturms. Xfmy bkvm bmof`ldo`eey, tfmdr stmps usdla `s edttem mlmray `s pkssdnem. Qdtf lk ckkh dl tfmdr auts, tfmdr nkhdms bkndedzm mlmray stkrmh dl ct hmpksdts ckr hdstrdnutdkl tk nkhy tdssums. Nmtwmml hrdlidla fkems, tfmdr nkhdms oklsmrvm w`tmr ny prkhuodla `s edttem urdlm `s pkssdnem. @ee tfmdr nkhy systmbs wkri tkamtfmr dl ` gkdlt mcckrt tk survdvm tfds hdccdouet p`ss`am. DLXM^^ME@XDKL_FDZ KC NKHT _T_XMB_7 Qfy ds tfm dltmrhmpmlhmlom kc nkhy systmbs mssmltd`e; Fkbmkst`sds, kr okltrkeemh dltmrl`e oklhdtdkls, ds mssmltd`e mssmltd`e tk `l kra`ldsb—s survdv`e. Qdehmnmmst nr`dl omees, edim tfksm kc fub`ls, bust nm impt `t ` st`nem tmbpmr`turm `lh suppedmh wdtf ` stm`hy strm`b kc aeuoksm ckr mlmray ‟ mvml wfml `ldb`e ds ulhmr strmss. Xfm nr`dl omees bust nm n`tfmh dl ceudh wdtf ` oklst`lt oklomltr`tdkl kc w`tmr `lh nm oem`lsmh kc bmt`nkedo w`stm prkhuots. Xfmsm oklhdtdkls bust lkt hr`b`tdo`eey of`lam hurdla hrkuafts, cekkhs, c`bdlms, fm`t kr okeh. C`deurm kc fkbmkst`sds, mvml ckr ` cmw bdlutms, wkueh em`h tk pmrb`lmlt nr`dl dlgury kr hm`tf. 8  @ee nkhy systmbs wkri tkamtfmr tk b`dlt`dl fkbmkst`sds. Xfm ckeekwdla hdsoussdkl wdee fmep yku em`rl `nkut ktfmr nkhy systmbs, tfksm tf`t cdaft hdsm`sm, prkhuom, `lh rmem`sm ofmbdo`e okltrkes, `lh b`l`am nkhy tmbpmr`turm ‟ `ee tk fmep mlsurm fkbmkst`sds. `. Cdaftdla Hdsm`sm Bkst `ldb`es f`vm `l dbbulm systmb tf`t o`l hdstdlaudsf nmtwmml ―smec‒ `lh ―ktfmr‒. Klom tfm dbbulm systmb hdsokvmrs ―ktfmrs‒ dl tfm nkhy, dt `tt`ois tfm dlv`hmrs `lh wkris tk rmstkrm fkbmkst`sds. Tkur nkhy mxpmrdmloms tfds prkomss rmaue`rey, `ly tdbm yku o`tof ` okeh kr cdaft kcc ktfmr idlhs kc dlcmotdkls. Hurdla tfm prkomss, yku b`y hmvmekp ` cmvmr `lh cmme ktfmr mccmots kc tfm n`ttem akdla kl wdtfdl ykur nkhy. n. Ofmbdo`e Okltrkes Smrtmnr`tms, suof `s tfm bdar`tdla wdehmnmmst, `ekla wdtf `rtfrkpkhs `lh b`ly ktfmr dlvmrtmnr`tms rmaue`tm b`ly nkhy prkomssms usdla ` systmb kc ofmbdo`e okltrkes. Mlhkordlm ae`lhs `rm p`rt kc tf`t systmb. Mlhkordlm ae`lhs rmaue`tm nkhy `otdvdtdms ny rmem`sdla fkrbklms dltk tfm nekkh. _kbm fkrbklms okltrke tfm w`y tfm nkhy stkrms mlmray kr bkndedzms dt ‟ `s dl tfm o`sm kc wdehmnmmsts. o. Nkhy Xmbpmr`turm Okltrke Fkw hk `ldb`es okltrke tfmdr nkhy tmbpmr`turm; Okltrke kc nkhy tmbpmr`turm ds dbpkrt`lt ckr b`dlt`dldla fkbmkst`sds, p`rtdoue`rey dl `rm`s wfmrm tmbpmr`turm v`rdms wdhmey wdtf tdbm kc h`y `lh wdtf sm`skl. Qfy ds tmbpmr`turm okltrke sk dbpkrt`lt; Nmo`usm b`ly nkhy culotdkls `rm dlceumlomh ny tmbpmr`turm. Ckr mx`bpem, busoems o`llkt kpmr`tm dc tfmy `rm tkk okeh kr tkk fkt. Okeh busoems okltr`ot sekwey, b`idla `l `ldb`e sekw tk rm`ot. Dc busoems amt tkk fkt, kl tfm ktfmr f`lh, tfmy b`y tdrm m`sdey. @l `ldb`e b`y nm hmsordnmh n`smh kl tfm struoturms `lh nmf`vdkrs tf`t ml`nem dt tk okltrke dts nkhy tmbpmr`turm. `. motktfmrbs - `ldb`es tf`t hk lkt f`vm dltmrl`e okltrke kc tfmdr nkhy. - tfm nkhy tmbpmr`turm ds amlmr`eey edim tfm tmbpmr`turm kc tfm mlvdrklbmlt, `etfkuaf tfm dlhdvdhu`e kra`ldsbs b`y hk tfdlas tf`t immp tfmdr nkhdms sedaftey nmekw kr `nkvm tfm mlvdrklbmlt`e tmbpmr`turm. Xfds o`l dloeuhm nurrkwdla ulhmrarkulh kl ` fkt h`y kr rmstdla dl tfm suledaft kl ` okeh h`y. - f`vm nkhdmsrme`tdvmey ekw bmt`nkedo hk lkt amlmr`tm r`tms wfml rmstdla, sk tfmdr buof fm`t. =  - bkst rmptdems, dlvmrtmnr`tms, cdsfms, `lh `bpfdnd`ls `rm motktfmrbs tf`t rmaue`tm nkhy tmbpmr`turm prdb`rdey ny `nskrndla fm`t crkb, kr eksdla fm`t tk, tfmdr mlvdrklbmlt. n. mlhktfmrbs ‟ `ldb`es tf`t b`dlt`dl ` oklst`lt nkhy tmbpmr`turm dl tfm c`om kc mlvdrklbmlt`e of`lams. - tfmy o`l b`dlt`dl ` emvme kc `otdvdty nmo`usm tfmy amlmr`tm dltmrl`e fm`t tf`t immps tfmdr omeeue`r prkomssms kpmr`tdla kptdb`eey mvml wfml tfm mlvdrklbmlt ds okeh. - Ndrhs `lh b`bb`es f`vm fdaf bmt`nkedo r`tms tf`t amlmr`tm fm`t, mvml wfml tfmy `rm rmstdla. Xfmrbkrmaue`tdkl - Dt ds okkrhdl`tmh ny tfm lmrvkus systmb. Xfm prkomssms kc tmbpmr`turm okltrke `rm omltmrmh dl tfm fypktf`e`bus kc tfm `hv`lomh `ldb`e nr`dl. Xfm fypktf`e`bus b`dlt`dls tfm smt pkdlt ckr nkhy tmbpmr`turm tfrkuaf rmcemxms tf`t o`usm v`skhde`tdkl kr v`skoklstrdotdkl `lh sfdvmrdla kr swm`tdla. - Hurdla `l dlcmotdkl, dlcmotdkl, okbpkulhs o`eemh pyrkaml `rm prkhuomh `lh odroue`tm tk tfm fypktf`e`bus rmsmttdla tfm tfmrbkst`t tk ` fdafmr v`eum. Xfds `eekws tfm nkhy—s tmbpmr`turm tk dlorm`sm tk ` lmw fkbmkst`tdo fkbmkst `tdo mqudednrdub pkdlt dl wf`t ds okbbkley o`eemh ` cmvmr. Xfm dlorm`sm dl nkhy fm`t b`ims tfm nkhy emss kptdb`e ckr n`otmrd`e arkwtf `lh dlorm`sms tfm `otdvdtdms kc omees sk tfmy `rm nmttmr `nem tk cdaft tfm dlcmotdkl. _kurom7 fttps7//www.if`l`o fttps7//www.if`l`o`hmby.kra/sodml `hmby.kra/sodmlom/fdaf-sofkke- om/fdaf-sofkke-ndkekay/fs-fub ndkekay/fs-fub`l-nkhy-systmbs/f `l-nkhy-systmbs/fs-nkhy-`lh s-nkhy-`lh fkbmkst`sds/`/ fkbmkst`sds/`/fkbmkst`sds fkbmkst`sds 3  @otdvdty7 Edst hkwl `t em`st > dbpkrt`lom kc tmbpmr`turm rmaue`tdkl. DDD. QF@X D F@SM EM@^LMH Imy pkdlts7 Fkbmkst`sds ds tfm oklhdtdkl dl wfdof ` systmb suof `s tfm fub`l nkhy ds b`dlt`dlmh dl ` bkrm-kr-emss stm`hy st`tm. Dt ds tfm gkn kc omees, tdssums, kra`ls, `lh kra`l systmbs tfrkuafkut tfm nkhy tk b`dlt`dl b`ly hdccmrmlt v`rd`nems wdtfdl l`rrkw r`lams tf`t `rm okbp`tdnem wdtf edcm. Xfm ak`e kc fkbmkst`sds ds tfm b`dltml`lom kc mqudednrdub `rkulh ` spmodcdo v`eum kc skbm `spmot kc tfm nkhy kr dts omees o`eemh ` smt pkdlt. @ of`lam dl tfm dltmrl`e kr mxtmrl mxtmrl`e `e mlvdrklbmlt mlvdrklbmlt ds o`eemh ` stdbueus `lh ds hmtmotmh ny ` rmompt rmomptkr kr9 tfm rmspklsm rmspklsm kc tfm systmb ds tk `hgust `hgust tfm `otdvdtdms `otdvdtdms kc tfm systmb, sk tfm v`eum bkvms n`oi tkw`rh tfm smt pkdlt. Ckr dlst`lom, dc tfm nkhy nmokbms tkk w`rb, `hgustbmlts `rm b`hm tk okke tfm `ldb`e. Qfml ` of`lam koours dl `l `ldb`e—s mlvdrklbmlt, `l `hgustbmlt bust bust nm b`hm sk tf`t tfm dltmrl`e mlvdrklbmlt kc tfm nkhy `lh omees rmb`dls st`nem. MS@E]@XDKL/ZK_X-XM_X7 D. Dhmltdcdo`tdkl. ^m`h `lh `lswmr m`of dtmb o`rmcueey. Qrdtm ykur `lswmrs dl ykur lktmnkki. (> pkdlts m`of) 0. Dt rmcmrs tk tfm `ldb`es tf`t hk lkt f`vm dltmrl`e okltrke kc tfmdr nkhy. >. Dt ds tfm oklhdtdkl dl wfdof ` systmb suof `s tfm fub`l nkhy ds b`dlt`dlmh dl ` bkrm-kr-emss stm`hy st`tm. ?. Dt rmaue`tms nkhy `otdvdtdms ny rmem`sdla fkrbklms dltk tfm nekkh. 8. Dt rmcmrs tk tfm `ldb`es tf`t b`dlt`dl ` oklst`lt nkhy tmbpmr`turm dl tfm c`om kc mlvdrklbmlt`e of`lams. =. Dt ds ` of`lam dl tfm dltmrl`e kr mxtmrl`e mlvdrklbmlt `lh ds hmtmotmh ny ` rmomptkr. 1  ^MCM^MLOM_ Bdeemr & Emvdlm NDKEKAT NDKEKAT77 J >:0: ny Zm`rskl Mhuo`tdkl, Dlo. >?->= Cdrst Eki T`la ^k`h, Gurkla, _dla`pkrm 3>41??. Imllmtf ^. Bdeemr, Zf. H. `lh Gksmpf _. Emvdlm, Zf. H. Dltmrlmt _kuroms7 fttps7//www.nrdt`lldo`.okb/sodmlom/fkbmkst`sds fttps7//okursms.eubmlem`rldla.okb/nkulhemss- ndkekay/of`ptmr/ksbkrmaue`tdkl-`lh-ksbktdo-n`e`lom/ fttps7//www.if`l`o`hmby.kra/sodmlom/fdaf-sofkke-ndkekay/fs- fub`l-nkhy-systmbs/fs-nkhy-struoturm-`lh- fkbmkst`sds/`/fkbmkst`sds fttp7//www.sodmek.nr/sodmek.pfp;sordpt2sod[`rttmxt&pdh2_0=03- ?=46>:01:::4::16? fttps7//ndk.ednrmtmxts.kra/Nkkisfmevms/Fub`l[Ndkekay/Nkki%?@[Fu b`l[Ndkekay[(Q`idb[`lh[Armw`e)/0:%?@[Dltrkhuotdkl[tk[tfm[Fu b`l[Nkhy/0:.1%?@[Fkbmkst`sds[`lh[Cmmhn`oi 6 _TLKZ_D_ Xfm tmlhmloy tk b`dlt`dl ` st`nem, rme`tdvmey oklst`lt dltmrl`e mlvdrklbmlt ds o`eemh fkbmkst`sds fkbmkst`sds.. Xfm b`ly nkhyc`otkrs b`dlt`dls dl fkbmkst`sds `hhdtdkl ckrtk tmbpmr`turm. Dc yku amt tkk f`rh kr tkk okeh, smlskrs dl tfm nr`dl tmee tfm tmbpmr`turm rmaue`tdkl pmrdpfmry `lh tfm nr`dl tmee tfm tmbpmr`turm rmaue`tdkl omltmr kc ykur nr`dl ‟ dl ` rmadkl o`eemh fypktf`e`bus ‟ tf`t ykur tmbpmr`turm f`s str`ymh crkb dts smt pkdlt. Ckr dlst`lom, dc yku—vm nmml mxmrodsdla f`rh, ykur nkhy tmbpmr`turm o`l rdsm `nkvm dts smt pkdlt, `lh yku—ee lmmh tk `otdv`tm bmof`ldsbs tf`t okke yku hkwl. Nekkh cekw tk ykur sidl dlorm`sms tk spmmh up fm`t ekss dltk ykur surrkulhdlas, `lh yku bdaft `esk st`rt swm`tdla sk tfm mv`pkr`tdkl kc swm`t @NK]X XFM @]XFK^ _@LHT EDW@ N. ^KH^DA]MW ar`hu`tmh `t Lmarks Krdmlt`e _t`tm ]ldvmrsdty, Audfuela`l O`bpus wdtf ` hmarmm kc N`ofmekr kc _moklh`ry Mhuo`tdkl b`gkr dl Amlmr`e _odmlom. _fm ds ` edomlsmh prkcmssdkl`e tm`ofmr. _fm tkki fmr B`stmr kc @rts dl Mhuo`tdkl `t tfm s`bm uldvmrsdty (O@^) `lh pursumh B@MH b`gkr dl Amlmr`e Amlmr` e _odmlom `t OZ_] _`l O`reks. _fm ds ourrmltey tm`ofdla `t E` Ednmrt`h Xmofldo`e - Sko`tdkl`e _ofkke, _F_ Hmp`rtbmlt, Lkrtf Zkne`odkl, E` Ednmrt`h, Lmarks Krdmlt`e, Zfdedppdlms. 4  EM__KL K_BK^MA]E@XDKL > KNGMOXDSM_7 @t tfm mlh kc tfm emsskl, tfm em`rlmrs sf`ee nm `nem tk7 I7 hmsordnm tfm prkomss `lh purpksm kc ksbkrmaue`tdkl _7 okbp`rm `lh okltr`st lma`tdvm `lh pksdtdvm cmmhn`oi ekkps @7 `pprmod`tm tfm dbpkrt`lom kc fkbmkst`sds EM@^LDLA OKBZXMLOT7 Mxpe`dl fkw skbm kra`ldsbs b`dlt`dl stm`hy dltmrl`e oklhdtdkls (m.a. tmbpmr`turm rmaue`tdkl, ksbktdo n`e`lom) tf`t pkssmss v`rdkus struoturms `lh prkomssms. (_XMB[NDK00/0>-DSd-g-> _XMB[NDK00/0>-DSd-g->)) D. QF@X F@ZZMLMH Z^M-XM_X7 Buetdpem ofkdom7 Ofkksm tfm emttmr tf`t okrrmspklhs tk tfm okrrmot `lswmr. Qrdtm ykur `lswmr kl ykur `otdvdty lktmnkki. 0. _t`nem dltmrl`e oklhdtdkls `rm o`eemh [[[[[[[[[[. `. fkbmkst`sds fkbmkst`sds o. mlhktfmrbdo n. motktfmrbdo motktfmrbdo h. rm`otdvdty >. Xfm b`dl skurom kc fm`t ckr `l motktfmrb ds `. dts fdaf r`tm kc bmt`nkedsb bmt`nkedsb o. dts kwl nkhy n. tfm mlvdrklbmlt h. dts ckkh ?. Mlhktfmrbs `. okltrke nkhy tmbpmr`turm tfrkuaf nmf`vdkr. n. okltrke nkhy tmbpmr`turm tmbpmr`turm crkb wdtfdl. o. knt`dl fm`t crkb kutsdhm tfmdr nkhdms. h. f`vm rme`tdvmey ekw r`tms kc bmt`nkedsb. 8. Dt bkldtkrs tfm v`eums kc tfm v`rd`nem `lh smlhs h`t` kl dt tk tfm okltrke omltmr. `. mccmotkr n. stdbueus o. smlskr h. okltrke omltmr =. Cmmhn`oi smrvms tk dltmlsdcy ` rmspklsm ultde `l mlhpkdlt ds rm`ofmh. `. n. nekkh oekttdla fm`tdla up o. Zksdtdvm h. Lma`t Lma`tdvm Cmmhn`oi dvm Ekkp cmmhn`oi ekkp 0:  3. Dt ds ` okbpkulh tf`t hdsskod`tms dltk dkls wfml hdsskevmh dl w`tmr. `. memotrkeytm n. skhdub o. ofekrdlm h. lklmemotrkeyt lklmemotrkeytm m 1. Xfm prkomss kc b`dlt`dldla s`et `lh w`tmr dl tfm nkhy ds o`eemh[[[[[[. `. motktfmrbdo motktfmrbdo o. mlhktfmrbdo n. tfmrbkrmaue`tdkl h. ksbktdo n`e`lom 6. Dt ds nmdla nm dla prkvdhmh ny tfm v`rd`nem tf`t ds nmdla rmaue`tmh rmaue`tmh.. `. smlskr n. stdbueus o. mccmotkr h. okltrke omltmr 4. Dt smrvms tk rmhuom `l mxomssdvm rmspklsm `lh immp ` v`rd`nem wdtfdl tfm lkrb`e r`lam. `. Zksdtdvm Cmmhn`oi Ekkp o. nekkh oekttdla n. Lma`tdvm Lma`tdvm cmmhn`oi ekkp h. fm`tdla up 0:. Dt `eekws bkrm nekkh crkb tfm w`rb nkhy okrm tk cekw oeksm tk tfm surc`om kc tfm nkhy, sk fm`t o`l nm r`hd`tmh dltk tfm mlvdrklbmlt. `. okkedla hkwl o. v`skhde`t v`skhde`tdkl dkl n. cmmhn`oi oyoem h. fm`tdla up DD. QF@X D LMMH XK ILKQ HD_O]__DKL7 Qf`t ds Cmmhn`oi Bmof`ldsb; Dl ndkekay, ` cmmhn`oi bmof`ldsb ds ` pfysdkekado`e ekkp tf`t nrdlas tfm nkhy mdtfmr tkw`rh kr `w`y crkb tfm lkrb`e, stm`hy st`tm. st`tm. Xfm cmmhn`oi bmof`ldsb, `esk rmcmrrmh tk `s ` cmmhn`oi ekkp, mdtfmr `bpedcdms ` omrt`dl ndkekado`e p`tfw`y kr dlfdndts dt. Xfmsm p`tfw`ys bkst okbbkley rmturl tfm nkhy tk fkbmkst`sds. @ fkbmkst`tdo st`tm rmcmrs tk tfm st`nem st`tm kc tfm dllmr mlvdrklbmlt kc kra`ldsbs. fttps7//ndkekayhdotdkl`ry.lmt/cmmhn`oi-bmof`ldsb/ FKBMK_X@_D_ ds tfm tmlhmloy kc ndkekado`e systmbs tk b`dlt`dl rme`tdvmey oklst`lt oklhdtdkls dl tfm dltmrl`e mlvdrklbmlt wfdem okltdlukusey dltmr`otdla wdtf tfm `hgustdla tk of`lams krdadl`tdla wdtfdl kr kutsdhm tfm systmb. 00  Oklsdhmr tf`t wfml tfm kutsdhm tmbpmr`turm hrkps, tfm nkhy hkms lkt gust ‒ wdtf (nmokbm tfm s`bm `s) tfm mlvdrklbmlt. Buetdpem systmbs wkri ―mqudednr`tm‒ ―mqudednr`tm tkamtfmr tk fmep b`dlt`dl tfm nkhy—s tmbpmr`turm7 wm sfdvmr, hmvmekp ―akksm nubps‒, `lh nekkh cekw tk tfm sidl, wfdof o`usms fm`t ekss tk tfm mlvdrklbmlt, hmorm`sms. K_BK^MA]E@XDKL Ds tfm prkomss kc b`dlt`dldla s`et `lh w`tmr n`e`lom (ksbktdo `orkss bmbnr`lms wdtfdl tfm nkhy. Xfm ceudhs dlsdhm `lh surrkulhdla n`e`lom)`orkss n`e`lom) omees `rm okbpksmh kc w`tmr, memotrkeytms, `lh lkl-memotrkeytms. @l memotrkeytm ds ` okbpkulh tf`t hdsskod`tms dltk dkls wfml hdsskevmh dl w`tmr. @ lklmemotrkeytm, dl okltr`st, hkms lkt hdsskod`tm dltk dkls dl w`tmr. Fkbmkst`sds ds lkrb`eey b`dlt`dlmh dl tfm fub`l nkhy ny `l mxtrmbmey okbpemx n`e`lodla `ot. ^ma`rhemss kc tfm v`rd`nem nmdla impt wdtfdl dts lkrb`e r`lam, b`dlt`dldla fkbmkst`sds rmqudrms `t em`st ckur dltmr`otdla okbpklmlts7 okbpklmlts7 stdbueus, smlskr, smlskr, okltrke omltmr, `lh mccmotkr. 0. Xfm stdbueus ds prkvdhm prkvdhmhh ny tfm v`rd`nem tf`t tf `t ds nmdla n mdla rmaue`tmh. rmaue`t mh. Amlmr`eey, tfm stdbueus dlhdo`tms tf`t tfm v`eum kc tfm v`rd`nem f`s bkvmh `w`y crkb tfm smt pkdlt kr f`s emct tfm lkrb`e r`lam. >. Xfm smlskr bkldtkrs tfm v`eums kc tfm v`rd`nem `lh smlhs h`t` kl dt tk tfm okltrke omltmr. ?. Xfm okltrke omltmr b`tofms tfm h`t` wdtf lkrb`e v`eums. Dc tfm v`eum ds lkt `t tfm smt pkdlt kr ds kutsdhm tfm lkrb`e r`lam, tfm okltrke omltmr smlhs ` sdal`e tk tfm mccmotkr. 8. Xfm mccmotkr ds `l kra`l, ae`lh, busoem, kr ktfmr struoturm tf`t `ots kl tfm sdal`e crkb tfm okltrke omltmr tk bkvm tfm v`rd`nem n`oi tkw`rh tfm smt pkdlt. fttps7//www.if`l`o`hmb fttps7//www.if`l`o`hmby.kra/sodmlom/fdaf-sofkke-n y.kra/sodmlom/fdaf-sofkke-ndkekay/fs-nkhy -systmbs-/fs-nkhy-struoturm-`lh- dkekay/fs-nkhy-systmbs-/fs-nkhy-struoturm-`lh- fkbmkst`sds/`/fkbmkst`sds 0>  fttps7//okursms.eubmlem`rldl fttps7//okursms.eubmlem`rldla.okb/`p0/of a.okb/`p0/of`ptmr/fkbmkst` `ptmr/fkbmkst`sds-`lh-cmmhn`oi-ekk sds-`lh-cmmhn`oi-ekkps/ ps/ fttps7//okursms.eubmlem`rldla.okb fttps7//okursms.eubmlem`rldla.okb/`p0/of`p /`p0/of`ptmr/fkbmkst`sds-`lh-cmm tmr/fkbmkst`sds-`lh-cmmhn`oi-ekkps/ hn`oi-ekkps/ XTZM_ KC CMMHN@OI BMOF@LD_B @. LMA@XDSM CMMHN@OI Dl ` lma`tdvm cmmhn`oi ekkp, ekkp, cmmhn`oi smrvms tk rmhuom `l mxomssdvm rmspklsm `lh immp ` v`rd`nem wdtfdl tfm lkrb`e r`lam. Mx`bpems kc prkomssms okltrkeemh ny lma`tdvm cmmhn`oi dloeuhm nkhy tmbpmr`turm rmaue`tdkl `lh okltrke kc nekkh aeuoksm. Nkhy Xmbpmr`turm Nkhy tmbpmr`turm rmaue`tdkl dlvkevms lma`tdvm cmmhn`oi wfmtfmr dt ekwmrs tfm tmbpmr`turm kr r`dsms dt. 0?  Okkedla Hkwl Xfm fub`l nkhy—s tmbpmr`turm rmaue`tkry omltmr ds tfm fypktf`e`bus dl tfm nr`dl. Qfml tfm fypktf`e`bus rmomdvms h`t` crkb smlskrs dl tfm sidl `lh nr`dl tf`t nkhy tmbpmr`turm ds fdafmr tf`l tfm smt pkdlt, dt smts dltk bktdkl tfm ckeekwdla rmspklsm rmspklsms7 s7 Nekkh vmssmes dl tfm sidl hde`tm (v`skhde`tdkl) tk `eekw bkrm nekkh crkb tfm w`rb nkhy okrm tk cekw oeksm tk tfm surc`om kc tfm nkhy, sk fm`t o`l nm r`hd`tmh dltk tfm mlvdrklbmlt. @s nekkh cekw tk tfm sidl dlorm`sms, swm`t ae`lhs dl tfm sidl `rm `otdv`tmh tk dlorm`sm tfmdr kutput kc swm`t (hd`pfkrmsds). Qfml tfm swm`t mv`pkr`tms crkb tfm sidl surc`om dltk tfm surrkulhdla `dr, dt t`ims tfm fm`t wdtf dt. Nrm`tfdla nmokbms hmmpmr, `lh tfm pmrskl b`y nrm`tfm tfrkuaf tfm bkutf dlstm`h kc tfm l`s`e p`ss`ams. Xfds dlorm`sms fm`t ekss crkb tfm eulas. fttps7//ndk.ednrmtmxts.kra/Nkkisfmevms/Fub`l[Ndkekay/Nkki%?@ fttps7//ndk.ednrmtmxts.kra/Nkkisfmevms/Fub`l[Ndkekay/Nkki%?@[Fub`l[Ndkekay[ [Fub`l[Ndkekay[%>6Q`idb %>6Q`idb[`lh[Armw`e%>4 [`lh[Armw`e%>4// 0:%?@[Dltrkhuotdkl[tk[tfm[Fub`l[Nkhy/0:.1%?@[Fkbmkst`sds[`lh[Cmmhn`oi Fm`tdla ]p Qfml tfm nr`dl—s tmbpmr`turm rmaue`tkry omltmr rmomdvms h`t` tf`t nkhy tmbpmr`turm ds ekwmr tf`l tfm smt pkdlt, dt smts dltk bktdkl tfm ckeekwdla rmspklsms7 Nekkh vmssmes dl tfm sidl okltr`ot (v`skoklstrdotdkl) tk prmvmlt nekkh crkb cekwdla oeksm tk tfm surc`om kc tfm nkhy. Xfds rmhuoms fm`t ekss crkb tfm surc`om. @s tfm tmbpmr`turm c`ees ekwmr, r`lhkb sdal`es tk simemt`e busoems `rm trdaamrmh, o`usdla tfmb tk okltr`ot. Xfds o`usms sfdvmrdla, wfdof amlmr`tms ` sb`ee `bkult kc fm`t. 08  Xfm tfyrkdh ae`lh b`y nm stdbue`tmh ny tfm nr`dl (vd` tfm pdtudt`ry ae`lh) tk smormtm bkrm tfyrkdh fkrbklm. Xfds fkrbklm dlorm`sms bmt`nkedo `otdvdty `lh fm`t prkhuotdkl dl omees tfrkuafkut tfm nkhy. Xfm `hrml`e ae`lhs b`y `esk nm stdbue`tmh tk smormtm tfm fkrbklm `hrml`edlm. Xfds fkrbklm o`usms tfm nrm`ihkwl kc aeyokaml (tfm o`rnkfyhr`tm usmh ckr mlmray stkr`am dl `ldb`es) tk aeuoksm, wfdof o`l nm usmh `s `l mlmray skurom. Xfds o`t`nkedo ofmbdo`e prkomss ds mxktfmrbdo, mxktfmrb do, kr fm`t prkhuodla. N. ZK_DXDSM CMMHN@OI Dl ` pksdtdvm cmmhn`oi ekkp, ekkp, cmmhn`oi smrvms tk dltmlsdcy ` rmspklsm ultde `l mlhpkdlt ds rm`ofmh. Mx`bpems kc prkomssms okltrkeemh ny pksdtdvm cmmhn`oi dl tfm fub`l nkhy dloeuhm nekkh oekttdla `lh ofdehndrtf. Nekkh Oekttdla Qfml ` wkulh o`usms nemmhdla, tfm nkhy rmspklhs wdtf ` pksdtdvm cmmhn`oi ekkp tk oekt tfm nekkh `lh stkp nekkh ekss. _unst`loms rmem`smh ny tfm dlgurmh nekkh vmssme w`ee nmadl tfm prkomss kc nekkh oekttdla. Ze`tmemts dl tfm nekkh st`rt tk oedla tk tfm dlgurmh sdtm `lh rmem`sm ofmbdo`es tf`t `ttr`ot `hhdtdkl`e pe`tmemts. @s tfm pe`tmemts okltdlum tk `b`ss, bkrm kc tfm ofmbdo`es `rm rmem`smh `lh bkrm pe`tmemts `rm `ttr`otmh tk tfm sdtm kc tfm oekt. Xfm pksdtdvm cmmhn`oi `oomemr`tms tfm prkomss kc oekttdla ultde tfm oekt ds e`ram mlkuaf tk stkp tfm nemmhdla. fttps7//kpml.krmaklst`tm.mhuo`tdkl/``lhp/of`ptmr/0-?-fkbmkst`sds/ Lkrb`e ofdehndrtf ds hrdvml ny ` pksdtdvm cmmhn`oi ekkp. Zksdtdvm cmmhn`oi o`usms `l dlorm`sdla hmvd`tdkl crkb tfm lkrb`e st`tm tk ` cdxmh mlhpkdlt r`tfmr tf`l ` rmturl tk ` lkrb`e smt pkdlt `s dl fkbmkst`sds. 0= Imy pkdlts7 Fkbmkst`sds ds tfm oklhdtdkl dl wfdof ` systmb suof `s tfm fub`l nkhy ds b`dlt`dlmh dl ` bkrm-kr-emss bkrm-kr-e mss stm`hy st`tm. Dt ds tfm gkn kc omees, tdssums, kra`ls, `lh kra`l systmbs tfrkuafkut tfm nkhy tk b`dlt`dl b`ly hdccmrmlt v`rd`nems wdtfdl l`rrkw r`lams tf`t `rm okbp`tdnem wdtf edcm. Xfm ak`e kc fkbmkst`sds ds tfm b`dltml`lom kc mqudednrdub `rkulh ` spmodcdo v`eum kc skbm `spmot kc tfm nkhy kr dts omees o`eemh ` smt pkdlt. @ of`lam dl tfm dltmrl`e kr mxtmrl`e mlvdrklbmlt ds o`eemh ` stdbueus `lh ds hmtmotmh ny ` rmomptkr rmomptkr99 tfm rmspklsm kc tfm systmb ds tk `hgust tfm `otdvdtdms kc tfm systmb sk tfm v`eum bkvms n`oi tkw`rh tfm smt pkdlt. Ckr dlst`lom, dc tfm nkhy nmokbms tkk w`rb, `hgustbmlts `rm b`hm tk okke tfm `ldb`e. Qfml ` of`lam koours dl `l `ldb`e—s mlvdrklbmlt, `l `hgustbmlt bust nm b`hm sk tf`t tfm dltmrl`e mlvdrklbmlt kc tfm nkhy `lh omees rmb`dls st`nem. @otdvdty @otdvdty >7 Hdrmotdkl7 Edst hkwl tfm dbpkrt`lom kc fkbmkst`sds DDD. QF@X D F@SM EM@^LMH MS@E]@XDKL/ZK_X-XM_X7 D. Dhmltdcdo`tdkl. ^m`h `lh `lswmr m`of dtmb o`rmcueey. Qrdtm Qrdt m ykur `lswmrs dl ykur lktmnkki. 0. ^mcmrs tk tfm `ldb`es tf`t hk lkt f`vm dltmrl`e okltrke kc tfmdr nkhy. >. Dt ds tfm oklhdtdkl dl wfdof wfdof ` systmb suof `s tfm fub`l nkhy ds b`dlt`dlmh dl ` bkrm-kr-emss stm`hy st`tm. ?. Xfm lmt bkvmbmlt kc skevmlt bkemouems crkb ` rmadkl kc fdaf skevmlt pktmltd`e tk ` rmadkl kc ekwmr skevmlt pktmltd`e tfrkuaf ` p`rtd`eey pmrbm`nem bmbnr`lm. 8. @ldb`es tf`t b`dlt`dl ` oklst`lt nkhy tmbpmr`turm dl tfm c`om kc mlvdrklbmlt`e of`lams. =. Dt ds @ of`lam dl tfm dltmrl`e kr mxtmrl`e mlvdrklbmlt `lh ds hmtmotmh ny ` rmomptkr. 3. @ typm kc cmmhn`oi tf`t smrvms tk dltmlsdcy ` rmspklsm ultde `l mlhpkdlt ds rm`ofmh. 03 DD. Xrum kr c`esm. Qrdtm trum dc tfm st`tmbmlt ds okrrmot `lh wrdtm c`esm dc dt ds wrkla. 0. Cmmhn`oi oyoem rmcmrs tk `ly sdtu`tdkl dl wfdof ` v`rd`nem ds rmaue`tmh, `lh tfm emvme kc tfm v`rd`nem dbp`ots tfm hdrmotdkl dl wfdof tfm v`rd`nem of`lams. >. Xfmrbkrmomptkrs hk lkt hmtmot of`lams dl tfm nkhy tmbpmr`turm. ?. Qfml ` stdbueus, kr of`lam dl tfm mlvdrklbmlt, ds prmsmlt, cmmhn`oi ekkps rmspklh tk immp systmbs culotdkldla lm`r `l dhm`e emvme. 8. Lkrb`e ofdehndrtf ds hrdvml ny ` pksdtdvm cmmhn`oi ekkp. =. Dt ds tfm mccmotkr wdee hmtmot hurdla fdaf tmbpmr`turm `lh rme`ymh tk smlskr. 01  ^MCM^MLOM_ fttps7//www.nrdt`lldo`.okb/sodmlom/fkbmkst`sds fttps7//okursms.eubmlem`rldla.okb/nkulhemss-ndkekay/of`ptmr/ksbkrmaue`tdkl-`lh- ksbktdo-n`e`lom/ fttps7//www.if`l`o`hmby.kra/sodmlom/fdaf-sofkke-ndkekay/fs-fub`l-nkhy- systmbs/fs-nkhy-struoturm-`lh-fkbmkst`sds/`/fkbmkst`sds fttp7//www.sodmek.nr/sodmek.pfp;sordpt2sod[`rttmxt&pdh2_0=03-?=46>:01:::4::16? fttps7//ndk.ednrmtmxts.kra/Nkk fttps7//ndk.ednrmtmxts.kra/Nkkisfmevms/Fub isfmevms/Fub`l[Ndkekay/N `l[Ndkekay/Nkki%?@[Fub`l[N kki%?@[Fub`l[Ndkekay dkekay [(Q`idb[`lh[Armw`e)/ [(Q`idb[`lh [Armw`e)/0:%?@[Dltrk 0:%?@[Dltrkhuotdkl[tk[t huotdkl[tk[tfm[Fub`l[Nkh fm[Fub`l[Nkhy/0:.1%?@[F y/0:.1%?@[Fkk bmkst`sds[`lh[Cmmhn`oi 06  HMZ@^XBMLX KC MH]O@XDKL _OFKKE_ HDSD_DKL KC LMA^K_ K^DMLX@E _MLML Z^D_ODEEK Z. Z@]EDL, OM_K S _ofkkes Hdvdsdkl _upmrdltmlhmlt C@T O. E]@^MW, XB, Mh.H., Zf.H. KDO - @ssdst`lt _ofkkes Hdvdsdkl _upmrdltmlhmlt @otdla ODH Ofdmc LDEDX@ E. ^@A@T, Mh.H. KDO - @ssdst`lt _ofkkes Hdvdsdkl _upmrdltmlhmlt ^K_ME@ ^. @NDM^@ Mhuo`tdkl Zrkar`b _upmrvdskr ‟ (E^B_) @^LKEH ^. G]LAOK Z_H_ ‟ Hdvdsdkl _odmlom Okkrhdl`tkr B@^DOME _. ^@_DH Ednr`rd`l DD (E^BH_) MEB@^ ZHK DDE.(E^BH_) O@N^M^@ _@LHT EDW@ N. ^KH^DA]MW Q^DXM^ DS@LLM ^@T @. ADHK^ E@TK]X @^XD_X [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ @EZF@ P@ XM@B EDMWME @. @AK^ B@. KCMED@ D. N]_O@XK @LH^M @^DME N. O@HDSDH@ XFKB@_ GKADM ]. XKEMHK NMX@ P@ XM@B EDMWME @. @AK^ GK@L T. N]N]ED EDMEDL @. HM E@ WM^L@ ZMXM^ Z@]E @. Z@X^KL XFKB@_ GKADM ]. XKEMHK HD_OE@DBM^ Xfm dlckrb`tdkl, `otdvdtdms `lh `ssmssbmlts usmh dl tfds b`tmrd`e `rm hmsdalmh tk prkvdhm `oomssdnem em`rldla bkh`edty tk tfm tm`ofmrs `lh em`rlmrs kc tfm Hdvdsdkl kc Lmarks Krdmlt`e. Xfm okltmlts kc tfds bkhuem `rm o`rmcueey rmsm`rofmh, ofksml, `lh mv`eu`tmh tk okbpey wdtf tfm smt em`rldla okbpmtmlodms. Xfm wrdtmrs `lh mv`eu`tkr wmrm oem`rey dlstruotmh tk advm ormhdts tk dlckrb`tdkl `lh deeustr`tdkls usmh tk sunst`ltd`tm tfds b`tmrd`e. @ee okltmlt ds sungmot tk okpyrdaft `lh b`y lkt nm rmprkhuomh dl `ly ckrb wdtfkut mxprmssmh wrdttml oklsmlt crkb tfm hdvdsdkl. 04. _TLKZ_D_ m urt. 8 m urt. ? mse `c. > Fkbmkst`sds ds ` hyl`bdo mqudednrdub tf`t m ur X. 0 mse `C r k mur X.DD ds b`dlt`dlmh dl ` nkhy tdssums `lh kra`ls. Dt ds hyl`bdo nmo`usm dt ds oklst`ltey `hgustdla tk pkke io`nhmmc mvd td s kp. 3 sue u b dt s. = tfm of`lams tf`t tfm systmbs mlokultmr. Dt ds `l sb r mft khlm. 8 7 sd s k bs k. ? mqudednrdub nmo`usm nkhy culotdkls `rm impt sd s `t s km bk F. > sb r mft kt o m. 0 wdtfdl ` lkrb`e r`lam, wdtf skbm ceuotu`tdkls lk d t `o d cd t l mhD.D lk d t `ue `vM `rkulh ` smt pkdlt. Xfm idhlmys `rm tfm b`dl s ld x kt/ s mt s ` wc ke `v k bm ^- ksbkrmaue`tkry kra`ls dl b`bb`ed`l systmbs9 mr ut `r m p bmt y h k n ld `t ld ` B - 7 ytd vd t o @ tfmy culotdkl tk cdetmr nekkh `lh b`dlt`dl tfm bsd l` fo m bi o ` n hmmc. 3 hdsskevmh dkl oklomltr`tdkls kc tfm ceudhs. l kd t `e u amr k bs k. = br m ft k h lm. 8 s br m ft kt o m. ? sd s `t s km bk f. > Fkbmkst`sds ds amlmr`eey b`dlt`dlmh ny ` l kd t `e u amr k bs k. 0 s hr k Qhme n buG.DD lma`tdvm cmmhn`oi ekkp tf`t dloeuhms ` r kt o mcc m. :0 stdbueus, smlskr, okltrke omltmr, `lh mccmotkr. sue u b dt s. 4 e krt lko. 6 t `mf. 1 r kslms. 3 io`nhmmc. = sd s k bs k. 8 mr ut `r mp bmt. ? mo l`e `n. > sd s `t s km bk F. 0 me zz u Z hr k Q.D. t s m X- mr Z TM I ^M Q_ L@ @NK]X XFM @]XFK^ s _@LHT EDW@ N. ^KH^DA]MW ar`hu`tmh `t Lmarks Krdmlt`e _t`tm ]ldvmrsdty, Audfuela`l O`bpus wdtf ` hmarmm kc N`ofmekr kc _moklh`ry Mhuo`tdkl b`gkr dl Amlmr`e _odmlom. _fm ds ` edomlsmh prkcmssdkl`e tm`ofmr. _fm tkki fmr B`stmr kc @rts dl Mhuo`tdkl `t tfm s`bm uldvmrsdty (O@^) `lh pursumh B@MH b`gkr dl Amlmr`e _odmlom `t O OZ_] Z_] _`l O`reks. _fm ds ourrmltey tm`ofdla `t E` Ednmrt`h Xmofldo`e - Sko`tdkl`e _ofkke, _F_ Hmp`rtbmlt, Lkrtf Zkne`odkl, E` Ednmrt`h, Lmarks Krdmlt`e, Zfdedppdlms. >: