Week 2-3 CCIS1202 Computer Programming 1.pdf

CCIS1102/L – COMPUTER PROGRAMMING1 WEEK 2- FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING AND PROGRAMMING LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1. Define what a computer is and identify its main components. 2. Explain the basic operations that a computer can perform. 3. Examine the importance of programm...

CCIS1102/L – COMPUTER PROGRAMMING1 WEEK 2- FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING AND PROGRAMMING LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1. Define what a computer is and identify its main components. 2. Explain the basic operations that a computer can perform. 3. Examine the importance of programming in diverse contexts such as software development, problem-solving, automation, and innovation. 4. Recognize real-world scenarios where programming is employed to automate tasks, process data, and create software solutions. 5. Differentiate between high-level, low-level, and machine languages. 6. Define syntax, semantics, and grammar in the context of programming languages. 2 What is Computer? COMPUTER – A computer is an electronic data processing device, which accepts and stores data input, processes the data input, and generates the output in a required format. 3 FUNCTIONALITIES OF A COMPUTER If we look at it in a very broad sense, any digital computer carries out the following five functions − Step 1 − Takes data as input. Step 2 − Stores the data/instructions in its memory and uses them as required. Step 3 − Processes the data and converts it into useful information. Step 4 − Generates the output. Step 5 − Controls all the above four steps. 4 APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS Business - A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility which has made it an integrated part in all business organizations. Computer is used in business organizations for − Payroll calculations Budgeting Sales analysis Financial forecasting Managing employee database Maintenance of stocks, etc. APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS Banking - Today, banking is almost totally dependent on computers. Banks provide the following facilities − Online accounting facility, which includes checking current balance, making deposits and overdrafts, checking interest charges, shares, and trustee records. ATM machines which are completely automated are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks. APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS Insurance -Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of computers. Insurance companies, finance houses, and stock broking firms are widely using computers for their concerns. Insurance companies are maintaining a database of all clients with information showing − Starting date of the policies Next due installment of a policy Maturity date Interests due Survival benefits Bonus APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS Education -The computer helps in providing a lot of facilities in the education system. The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE (Computer Based Education). CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of learning. Computer education is rapidly increasing the graph of number of computer students. There are a number of methods in which educational institutions can use a computer to educate the students. It is used to prepare a database about performance of a student and analysis is carried out on this basis. APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS Marketing - In marketing, uses of the computer are following − Advertising − With computers, advertising professionals create art and graphics, write and revise copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of selling more products. Home Shopping − Home shopping has been made possible through the use of computerized catalogues that provide access to product information and permit direct entry of orders to be filled by the customers. APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS Healthcare - Computers have become an important part in hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. They are being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is also used in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG, ultrasounds and CT scans, etc. are also done by computerized machines. Following are some major fields of health care in which computers are used. Diagnostic System − Computers are used to collect data and identify the cause of illness. Lab-diagnostic System − All tests can be done and the reports are prepared by computer. Patient Monitoring System − These are used to check the patient's signs for abnormality such as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG, etc. Pharma Information System − Computer is used to check drug labels, expiry dates, harmful side effects, etc. Surgery − Nowadays, computers are also used in performing surgery. APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS Engineering Design -Computers are widely used for Engineering purpose. One of the major areas is CAD (Computer Aided Design) that provides creation and modification of images. Some of the fields are − Structural Engineering − Requires stress and strain analysis for design of ships, buildings, budgets, airplanes, etc. Industrial Engineering − Computers deal with design, implementation, and improvement of integrated systems of people, materials, and equipment. Architectural Engineering − Computers help in planning towns, designing buildings, determining a range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D drawings. APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS Military -Computers are largely used in defense. Modern tanks, missiles, weapons, etc. Military also employs computerized control systems. Some military areas where a computer has been used are − Missile Control Military Communication Military Operation and Planning Smart Weapons APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS Communication -Communication is a way to convey a message, an idea, a picture, or speech that is received and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant. Some main areas in this category are − E-mail Chatting Usenet FTP Telnet Video-conferencing APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS Government -Computers play an important role in government services. Some major fields in this category are − Budgets Sales tax department Income tax department Computation of male/female ratio Computerization of voters lists Weather forecasting TYPES OF COMPUTERS PC (Personal It is a single user computer system having moderately powerful 1 Computer) microprocessor It is also a single user computer system, similar to personal 2 Workstation computer however has a more powerful microprocessor. It is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting 3 Minicomputer hundreds of users simultaneously. It is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting 4 Main Frame hundreds of users simultaneously. Software technology is different from minicomputer. It is an extremely fast computer, which can execute hundreds 5 Supercomputer of millions of instructions per second. TYPES OF COMPUTERS PC (Personal Computer) Minicomputer Workstation Supercomputer Main Frame HARDWARE Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of a computer, i.e. the components that can be seen and touched. Examples of Hardware are the following − Input devices − keyboard, mouse, etc. Output devices − printer, monitor, etc. Secondary storage devices − Hard disk, CD, DVD, etc. Internal components − CPU, motherboard, RAM, etc. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of the following features − CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data processing operations. It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program). It controls the operation of all parts of the computer. CPU itself has following three components. Memory or Storage Unit Control Unit ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) INPUT DEVICES Following are some of the important input devices which are used in a computer − Keyboard Mouse Joy Stick Light pen Track Ball Scanner Graphic Tablet Microphone Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR) Optical Character Reader(OCR) Bar Code Reader Optical Mark Reader(OMR) OUTPUT DEVICES Following are some of the important output devices used in a computer. Monitors Graphic Plotter Printer Projector Speaker MEMORY It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a unique address, which varies from zero to memory size minus one. Memory is primarily of three types − Cache Memory - It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by the CPU. Primary Memory/Main Memory - Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the computer is currently working. It has a limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM. Secondary Memory - This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than the main memory. These are used for storing data/information permanently. MOTHERBOARD The motherboard serves as a single platform to connect all of the parts of a computer together. It connects the CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card, sound card, and other ports and expansion cards directly or via cables. It can be considered as the backbone of a computer. A motherboard comes with following features − Motherboard varies greatly in supporting various types of components. Motherboard supports a single type of CPU and few types of memories. Video cards, hard disks, sound cards have to be compatible with the motherboard to function properly. Motherboards, cases, and power supplies must be compatible to work properly together. Popular manufacturers of the motherboard. Intel ASUS Aopen MSI ABIT Biostar Gigabyte MEMORY UNITS Memory unit is the amount of data that can be stored in the storage unit. This storage capacity is expressed in terms of Bytes. S.No. Unit & Description Bit (Binary Digit) 1 A binary digit is logical 0 and 1 representing a passive or an active state of a component in an electric circuit. Nibble 2 A group of 4 bits is called nibble. Byte 3 A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit, which can represent a data item or a character. Word A computer word, like a byte, is a group of fixed number of bits processed as a unit, which varies from computer to computer but is fixed for each computer. 4 The length of a computer word is called word-size or word length. It may be as small as 8 bits or may be as long as 96 bits. A computer stores the information in the form of computer words. PORTS A port is a physical docking point using which an external device can be connected to the computer. It can also be programmatic docking point through which information flows from a program to the computer or over the Internet. Characteristics of Ports A port has the following characteristics − External devices are connected to a computer using cables and ports. Ports are slots on the motherboard into which a cable of external device is plugged in. Examples of external devices attached via ports are the mouse, keyboard, monitor, microphone, speakers, etc. SOFTWARE Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function. A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem. There are two types of software − System Software - comprises the programs that you use to manage your computer, including operating systems such as Windows, Linux, or UNIX for larger computers and Google Android and Apple iOS for smartphones Application Software - comprises all the programs you apply to a task — word-processing programs, spreadsheets, payroll and inventory programs, and even games. OPERATING SYSTEMS The Operating System is a program with the following features − An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the software and the computer hardware. It is an integrated set of specialized programs used to manage overall resources and operations of the computer. It is a specialized software that controls and monitors the execution of all other programs that reside in the computer, including application programs and other system software. A LAYERED VIEW OF THE COMPUTER PROGRAM AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Program – is a set of instruction that the computer follows. Programming Language (PL) - is a standardized communication technique for expressing instructions to a computer. Example: Visual Basic, C++, C#, Java, Assembly Language SYNTAX, SEMANTICS AND GRAMMAR Syntax- refers to the set of rules that define the correct structure of statements or expressions in a programming language. It governs how symbols, keywords, and other elements should be arranged to form valid and meaningful code. Semantics - Semantics deals with the meaning or interpretation of code. It focuses on whether the code, once executed, behaves as intended and produces the desired results. Grammar - refers to the rules that define the structure and composition of valid statements or expressions in a programming language. It encompasses both syntax and semantics, providing a comprehensive set of rules for how code should be written and how it should behave. USES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Programming languages are used for a wide range of applications across many industries, including: Software Development: Programming languages are primarily used for software development. Developers use programming languages to write code for applications, systems software, and other computer programs. Web Development: Programming languages like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are used for web development to create dynamic and interactive websites. Data Science and Analytics: Programming languages like Python and R are popular in data science and analytics to analyze and interpret data, and to build machine learning models. USES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Programming languages are used for a wide range of applications across many industries, including: Scientific Computing: Programming languages like Fortran and MATLAB are used for scientific computing to solve complex mathematical and scientific problems. Game Development: Programming languages like C++ and C# are used for game development to create video games and other interactive media. Mobile App Development: Programming languages like Java and Swift are used for mobile app development to create apps for iOS and Android platforms. USES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Programming languages are used for a wide range of applications across many industries, including: Artificial Intelligence and Robotics: Programming languages like Python and C++ are used in artificial intelligence and robotics to build intelligent systems that can learn, reason, and interact with the physical world. Embedded Systems: Programming languages like C and Assembly are used for embedded systems development to create software for small, low-power devices like microcontrollers and IoT devices. CATEGORIES OF PL Machine Language The representation of a computer program which is actually read and understood by the computer. A program in machine code consists of a sequence of machine instructions. Machine instructions are in binary code Instructions specify operations and memory cells involved in the operation CATEGORIES OF PL Assembly Language A symbolic representation of the machine language of a specific processor. Is converted to machine code by an assembler. Usually, each line of assembly code produces one machine instruction (One-to-one correspondence). Programming in assembly language is slow and error-prone but is more efficient in terms of hardware performance. Mnemonic representation of the instructions and data CATEGORIES OF PL High Level Programming Language It is designed to be easier for humans to read, write, and understand compared to low-level languages like assembly or machine language. High-level languages are closer to human languages and use more natural constructs, making them more intuitive and user-friendly for programmers. However, every single program written in a high-level language must be interpreted into machine language before being executed by the computer. High-level languages require the use of a compiler or an interpreter for their translation into the machine code. Ex: Python, JavaScript, Visual Basic, Delphi, Perl, PHP, ECMAScript, Ruby, C++,C#, Java SOURCE PROGRAM The form in which a computer program, written in some formal programming language, is written by the programmer. Can be compiled automatically into object code or machine code or executed by an interpreter. Pascal source programs have extension ‘.pas’ C++ source programs can have n extension of ‘.c’, ‘.h’, or ‘.cpp’ Java source programs have an extension of ‘.java’ COMPILER A program that converts another program from some source language (or high-level programming language) to machine language (object code). Some compilers output assembly language which is then converted to machine language by a separate assembler. Is distinguished from an assembler by the fact that each input statement, in general, correspond to more than one machine instruction. INTERPRETER An interpreter is a program that reads and executes code line by line, translating the code into machine-readable instructions as it goes. Interpreters are commonly used for scripting languages like Python and Ruby, where the code is executed directly without being compiled first. Interpreted code can be slower to run than compiled code, but it can be more flexible and easier to debug. CCIS1102/L – COMPUTER PROGRAMMING1 WEEK 2-3 - PROGRAM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1. Define what a computer is and identify its main components. 2. Explain the basic operations that a computer can perform. 3. Examine the importance of programming in diverse contexts such as software development, problem-solving, automation, and innovation. 4. Recognize real-world scenarios where programming is employed to automate tasks, process data, and create software solutions. 5. Differentiate between high-level, low-level, and machine languages. 6. Define syntax, semantics, and grammar in the context of programming languages. 7. Identify the stages of the program development life cycle. 8. Apply analysis and design techniques to plan programs. 9. Utilize pseudocode and flowcharts to design program logic. 40 Programming Development Cycle It is a model which is used to represent the stages and tasks that are included orderly in each step to write and put software. It is a set of steps or phases that are used to develop a program in any programming language. 1. Problem Definition 2. Problem Analysis 3. Algorithm Development 4. Coding & Documentation 5. Testing & Debugging 6. Maintenance 1. Problem Definition In this phase, we define the problem statement and we decide the boundaries of the problem. We need to understand the problem statement, what is our requirement, what should be the output of the problem solution. These are defined in this first phase of the program development life cycle. Example: A Human Resources department that needs a printed list of all employees, a Billing department that wants a list of clients who are 30 or more days overdue on their payments, and an Order department that needs a Web site to provide buyers with an online shopping cart in which to gather their orders. Because programmers are providing a service to these users, programmers must first understand what the users want. 2. Problem Analysis In phase 2, we determine the requirements like variables, functions, etc. to solve the problem. That means we gather the required resources to solve the problem defined in the problem definition phase. We also determine the bounds of the solution. Note: Develop a list of problem variables & their relationships Identify the problem input variables Identify the desired output variables Identify local or temporary variables Determine type & units for the variables Determine how should the output be displayed Determine relevant formulas needed to transform input into output Identify any additional requirements or constraints 3. Algorithm Development Also known as Design Phase. During this phase, we develop a step by step procedure to solve the problem using the specification given in the previous phase. This phase is very important for program development. That means we write the solution in step by step statements. Develop a list of steps (Algorithm) to solve the problem, using pseudocode, flowcharts, or IPO (Input/Process/Output chart) charts Test if the algorithm will solve the problem as intended by using sample input and checking the output. Top-Down design should be used. Algorithm An algorithm is the sequence of steps necessary to solve any programming problem. Qualities of a good algorithm Inputs and outputs should be defined precisely. Each steps in algorithm should be clear and unambiguous. Algorithm should be most effective among many different ways to solve a problem. An algorithm shouldn't have computer code. Instead, the algorithm should be written in such a way that, it can be used in similar programming languages. Algorithm Problem Statement: Write a solution on how to find the average grades of a class of 10 students 1. Identify the grades of the 10 students. 2. Add all the grades. 3. Divide the total of the grades by 10. 4. Round off the answer by two decimal places. 5. Show the result. Pseudocode an English-like representation of the logical steps it takes to solve a problem. Describes steps of an algorithm in the “Design” phase Not a programming language Example Initialize sum to 0 Repeat for N = 1 to 10 Read grade Calculate sum = sum + grade End Loop Calculate average = sum/10 Print average Pseudocode Problem: Counting characters in a string Input from terminal a word (character Process (refinement): string) Initialize Count to 0 Output to terminal how many REPEAT: characters it contains Read one character at a time Process (high-level): If a character is found, add 1 Read one character at a time to Count Add one to the count for each character UNTIL there are no more characters read Repeat the above 2 steps until there are no more characters 4. Coding and Documentation This phase uses a programming language to write or implement the actual programming instructions for the steps defined in the previous phase. In this phase, we construct the actual program. That means we write the program to solve the given problem using programming languages like C, C++, Java, etc., 5. Testing & Debugging During this phase, we check whether the code written in the previous step is solving the specified problem or not. That means we test the program whether it is solving the problem for various input data values or not. We also test whether it is providing the desired output or not. Syntax Syntax refers to the rules that define the structure and format of valid statements and expressions in a programming language. In other words, syntax specifies the correct way to write a program in a particular language, including the use of keywords, punctuation, and other elements. Grammar Grammar refers to a set of rules that define the structure of a programming language. It encompasses syntax as well as rules for composing expressions, statements, and program structures. A programming language's grammar specifies how its various elements can be combined to create valid programs. Semantics Semantics refers to the meaning of a program, or the way in which a program behaves when it is executed. It involves understanding how the various constructs in a program interact with each other, and how they operate on data to produce results. A program's semantics are determined by its syntax and grammar, as well as the underlying algorithms and data structures it uses to perform its tasks. Program Errors Syntax Errors​ Errors in grammar of the language​ Runtime error​ When there are no syntax errors, but the program can’t complete execution​ Divide by zero​ Invalid input data​ Logical errors​ The program completes execution, but delivers incorrect results​ Incorrect usage of parentheses​ Debugging Bug In the context of software development, it refers to an error, flaw or fault in a computer program that causes it to behave in unexpected or unintended ways. Bugs can be caused by a variety of factors such as programming errors, software design flaws, hardware malfunctions, and unexpected inputs. Debugging is the process of identifying, isolating, and fixing bugs in computer programs. 6. Maintenance During this phase, the program is actively used by the users. If any enhancements found in this phase, all the phases are to be repeated to make the enhancements. That means in this phase, the solution (program) is used by the end-user. If the user encounters any problem or wants any enhancement, then we need to repeat all the phases from the starting, so that the encountered problem is solved or enhancement is added. Flowchart A schematic representation of a sequence of operations, as in manufacturing process or computer program A graphical representation of the sequence of operations in an information system or program. Information system flowcharts show how data flows from source documents through the computer to final distribution to users. Program flowcharts show the sequence of instructions in a single program or subroutine. Different symbols are used to draw each type of flowchart. In the workplace, flowcharts are often used by programmers to organize and share their ideas. In fact, they are so useful that most professions use them to communicate how a process works including engineers, scientists, manufacturers, business managers, and health care workers. Guidelines for Developing Flowcharts Flowchart can have only one start and one stop symbol On-page connectors are referenced using numbers Off-page connectors are referenced using alphabets General flow of processes is top to bottom or left to right Arrows should not cross each other Flowcharting Symbols  Crossing Traffic Found Food in Fridge Supply Request Firmware Update Flowcharting Flowcharting Flowcharting Activity Draw a flowchart to convert the length in feet to centimeter. Algorithm: -Input the length in feet -Calculate the length in cm by multiplying length in feet with 30.48 -Print length in cm Activity Draw a flowchart that will read the two sides of a rectangle and calculate its area. Algorithm 1. Input the width (W) and Length (L) of a rectangle 2. Calculate the area (A) by multiplying L with W 3. Print the area (A) Pseudocode: Step 1 Input W,L Step 2 A = L x W Step 3 Print A Activity Draw a flowchart that of a program that will compute and print the net pay an employee. You need to ask for the input of the employee’s rate and hours worked and deductions. Compute the gross pay by multiplying the rate hours worked. You can get the net pay by subtracting the deductions from the gross pay. Algorithm 1. Input the hours worked , rate and deductions 2. Calculate the gross pay by multiplying hours worked with rate 3. Calculate the netpay = grosspay - deduction 4. Print the netpay. Pseudocode: Step 1 Input hrs, rate, deduction Step 2 gp = hrs * rate Step 3 netpay = gp – deduction Step 4 Print netpay  Flowcharts for decision making Computers are used extensively for performing various types of analysis. The decision symbol is used in flowcharts to indicate it. The general format of steps for flowcharting is as follows: Perform the test of the condition. If condition evaluates true branch to Yes steps. If condition evaluates false branch to No steps. Flowcharting Flowcharting Flowcharting Example Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that determine the student’s final grade and indicate whether it is passing or failing. The passing grade is 75. Algorithm 1. Input the prelim, midterm and final scores of the student 2. Calculate the average by summing all the scores and divide by 3 3. Check if the average is greater than 75 4. If the average is greater than or equal to 75, print “Passed”, otherwise print “Failed”. Pseudocode: Step 1 Input prelim, midterm and final grade Step 2 Compute average = (prelim+midterm+final)/3 Step 2 Is average >= 75 Print “Passed” else Print “Failed” Example Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that check whether the triangle is equilateral, isosceles or scalene. Equilateral triangle: All three sides are equal. Isosceles triangle: All two sides are equal. Scalene triangle: No sides are equal. Algorithm 1. Get the three sides of the triangle 2. If side1 is equal to side2 and side2 is equal to side3, the triangle is equilateral. 3. If side1 is equal to side2 or side2 is equal to side3 or side3 is equal side1, the triangle is isosceles. 4. Otherwise, the triangle is scalene. Activity Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that Determine if the number is odd or even Algorithm 1. Input a number 2. Check if a number is odd or even 3. Print the result Pseudocode: Step 1 Input num Step 2 Get the remainder by dividing num to 2 Step 3 If remainder = 0 print “The number is EVEN”, otherwise print “The number is ODD”  Flowcharts for loops Looping refers to the repeated use of one or more steps. i.e. the statement or block of statements within the loop are executed repeatedly. There are two types of loops. One is known as the fixed loop where the operations are repeated a fixed number of times. In this case, the values of the variables within the loop have no effect on the number of times the loop is to be executed. In the other type which is known as the variable loop, the operations are repeated until a specific condition is met. Here, the number of times the loop is repeated can vary. The loop process in general includes : Setting and initializing a counter Execution of operations Testing the completion of operations Incrementing the counter The test could either be to determine whether the loop has executed the specified number of times, or whether a specified condition has been met. Example Draw a flowchart that find Even number between 1 to 50 The steps are : 1. Start 2. Initialize number (I) to 1 1 3. Check if I is > 50, if true goto Step 8 1 4. Get the remainder by using modulo of I % 2 5. If remainder is equal to 0, Print I. 6. Increment the value of I by 1. 7. Goto Step 3 Tru 8. Stop e False Activity Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to find the average of all odd numbers from 1 to 100 THANK YOU!