Week 13.PDF

Lecture 13a Managing Students’ Learning  Introduction Teachers need to have skills to manage students with different background Management skills is obtained through: ✔ Lecture/teaching courses ✔ experience ✔ observation  Students’ background Students’ background...

Lecture 13a Managing Students’ Learning  Introduction Teachers need to have skills to manage students with different background Management skills is obtained through: ✔ Lecture/teaching courses ✔ experience ✔ observation  Students’ background Students’ background in the class will affect the TnL. Students’ background is referred based on: ✔ Students’ demography – gender, ethnic, language, etc ✔ attitude, interest and motivation ✔ learning style and strategy  MANAGEMENT OF LEARNING ACTIVITY There are 3 aspects that should be prioritized in learning activities: Pengurusan bilik darjah ✔ Students’ management ✔ T&L activities management  Classroom Management There are four conditions that need to be paid attention to in order to produce a conducive class: 1. Accessibility (kebolehcapaian): students and teachers are easy to use the tools and resources of teaching materials that are in the classroom. 2. Mobility: students and teachers move freely in the classroom. 3. Interaction: students and teachers easily interact with each other in class. 4. Various student learning methods: students work individually, in groups, or in pairs.  Students’ Management Every teacher must understand the character of each student, especially the student's ability to understand and learn the subject being taught. Bobbi DePorter & Mike Hernacki have characterized 3 student modality characters, namely: 1. Visual learner: the ability of a student to learn by using vision. 2. Auditory learners: the ability of students to learn through listening. 3. Kinetic students: the student's ability to use all parts of the body such as moving, working or touching and using body language  Management of Learning Activities Teachers need to prepare or plan various activities in class so that students can develop their potential. In relation to a person's learning ability, Sheal Peter (1989) stated that there are six characteristics of student ability: 10% read 20% Listen 30% See 50% See and Listen 70% Say 90% Say and Do  Learning Activity Strategies The strategy of teaching activities is the steps that need to be taken to ensure that the teaching and learning objectives can be achieved. There are four basic aspects that must be present, namely: 1. Identify and set standards that a student needs to achieve. 2. Choose the appropriate PdPc approach to achieve the set standards. 3. Choose and determine the steps in PdPc, the methods used and appropriate teaching techniques according to the student's level. 4. Setting the norm and level of student success so that it can be used as a guide, especially the type of mastery of a subject.  Dave Maier (1990) states, there are 4 cycle levels in the development of learning strategies, namely: 1. Preparation (Penyediaan) 2. Presentation (Penyampaian) 3. Practice (Praktikal) 4. Performance (Pelaksanaan)  Persiapan (Preparation) The level of preparation aims to attract students' interest, provide a positive impression in learning and ensure students are comfortable to learn. There are several recommendations to implement the level of preparation, namely: ❖ Give positive recommendations ❖ Provide useful information to students. ❖ State the purpose clearly ❖ Awakening the spirit of inquiry ❖ Ask each other questions in class ❖ Create a positive environment  Penyampaian (Presentation) The teacher as a facilitator: the teacher becomes a guide in the classroom Teachers as educators who can pique interest students in learning: teachers encourage students to think and enjoy learning. Teachers as trainers: evaluating the effectiveness of training and student development programs.  Praktikal (Practice) To implement this practical level, there are several features that must be present, namely: 1. Articulation (tanggapan) 2. Share ideas 3. Predicting 4. Collaborative 5. Pair activity 6. Problem solving 7. Real observation  Learning Outcome This level aims to ensure that learning activities continue to be implemented and successful. There are several suggestions for learning to be effective: 1. Team-based support groups 2. Become a mentor among students.  Facilities and Learning Materials Learning facilities are very important in producing excellent students. Among the learning facilities are PdPc tools and media. Learning using media can attract students' interest in learning.  Development of Learning Materials The development of learning materials is an effort to improve the quality of teacher competence. The learning material itself must be delivered according to the standard to be achieved. Dryden and Vos (2003), stated 4 levels of educational curriculum, namely: 1. Self-image and personal development 2. Life skills training 3. Learn how to learn and think 4. Academic, physical and artistic abilities.  Classroom Overview Classroom situation – Schools and classrooms are communities of students, brought together to explore the world and learn how to handle it productively. – When students at school scream with joy when their teachers are busy with meetings or teachers who are absent from school for various reasons, it can be determined that there is a system where mistakes occur in schools and classrooms.  Playing Play is viewed negatively, as a waste of time, unproductive, useless for children. Parents often tell children to sleep during the day to prevent them from playing. Playing covers educational values. In the preschool education system, the model used is 'play while learning'. With the method of playing a role (role playing), allows teachers to emphasize social norms and try to shape them in the students' daily lives.  Teacher and Student Activities in Class –Two-way learning, students will be more passive, so students will tend to sit quietly waiting for the teacher's instructions, this situation does not allow students' ability to develop optimally –learning with various activities allows teachers to be on par with students, teachers tend to direct students, and students are taught to be creative so that students' abilities will develop optimally, students will feel embarrassed if they cannot reveal ideas, therefore they are challenged to complete themselves by learning more optimal.  Classroom Rules Teachers need to make rules that basically teach students to learn discipline. Problems arise when there are restrictions for students who have different personalities from their peers.  Classroom Rules Recommendations: – Make the rules as minimal and clear as possible. – Give rewards or punishments that bring awareness – Most communicate with students – Collaborate with students – Attitude and think positive – Approach to Difficult Students  Interaction between Teacher and Student in Class To motivate students to learn, teachers need to be innovative in adapting new methods in learning. Student creativity can be developed through group discussions, seminars, panel discussions, field work, role playing and others. If the relationship between teacher and student is maintained well and synergistically, then the effort in fulfilling the purpose of education is not a difficult matter.  Interaction Method Smiles in the Class Smile plays an important role not only in the school area, but also in the daily life of the community. Schools need to make smiling as one of the activities in the teaching and learning process. A sincere smile can give confidence in students. The improvement in academic performance also increases when students start to like their teachers. Teachers and students are urged to be friends among students. If the teacher becomes someone who only gives tasks, this situation will damage the teaching and learning process between them. The students started to hate and hide all their problems from the teacher.  Lesson A teacher needs to motivate his students to read a lot of books where teachers also involve themselves in reading good books. But, in a different case, the teacher simply asks the students to read without being an example to them. The students do the reading according to the teacher's instructions, but they only do so in front of the teacher and after the teacher leaves, they start doing other work. Therefore, a teacher can do many things through strength in reading and be effective in being a role model. Students are born with unlimited potential, so the teacher's job is to help them develop themselves in everything they are interested in.  Managing Students in T&L 1. Effective learning 2. Manage the classroom 3. Create a conducive PdPc environment 4. Use of media/BBM/ALB/ICT 5. ICT and 21st century skills  1. Effective Learning ✔ It happens when the teacher can change the ability and perception of students from negative to positive, that is, difficult becomes easy in learning something. (Popham & Baker, 1992) ✔ There are 2 things needed to achieve an effective teaching and learning process, namely: a) there needs to be an activity to analyze students' learning abilities b) there needs to be an overview of what kind of test system is used ✔ Therefore, effective learning should have the conditions of compatibility between the student's learning needs and the test system.  2. Classroom Management ⮚ Effective learning requires good classroom management. ⮚ Wilford A. Weber (James M. Cooper, 1995:230) ~ Classroom management is a complex set of behaviors used by teachers to establish and maintain classroom conditions that will allow students to achieve their teaching objectives more efficiently—which will allow them to learn.  Wilford presents 8 approaches in classroom management namely: 1. Authoritarian approach: believes that there is a need for supervision and control over student behavior. 2. Intimidation Approach: This approach allows teachers to use intimidation techniques to control behavior and discipline students. 3. Permissive Approach: This approach gives freedom to students to do what they want to do while the teacher only monitors what the students do. 4. The "Cooking Recipe" approach: This approach allows the teacher to see and monitor the extent to which students follow the rules that have been set, which is what can and cannot be done. 5. Teaching Approach: This approach allows the teacher to plan the teaching content well and can avoid the occurrence of student behavior problems. 6. Behavior Change Approach: This approach emphasizes the teacher's role in fostering positive behavior in students. 7. Socio-emotional Climate Approach: In this method, the teacher plays the main role and determines the pattern and direction of the relationship with the students. teachers play a role in fostering and developing a positive socio-emotional climate through the formation of positive interpersonal relationships. 8. Group Process Approach: The teacher's role in this approach is to foster and maintain a productive group. Conclusion: Of the 8 approaches mentioned, the approach that optimizes classroom management is the behavior change approach, the socioemotional climate and the group process approach. Classroom management will be easy to do if teachers have high work motivation and teachers know that the situational leadership style will be very useful to teachers in doing their teaching tasks.  3. Creating a conducive T&L environment 1. A conducive and effective learning environment is a necessity to form a good learning process. 2. The student learning environment required is as follows: Create a conducive school environment. Create school rules that encourage the formation of learning discipline. The formation of conditions that make students the main center of education and development. Create a sense of comfort. This comfort will arise if all components of education provide services to students through friendliness, familiarity, and family. In addition, the cleanliness of the learning environment is also an important element to create a sense of comfort. ❖ Student responsibility for the tasks given by the teacher, whether independent tasks or structured tasks. ❖ Provision of learning infrastructure such as books, newspapers, etc. ❖ There are teachers who are role models as an educated group. ❖ There are professional teachers who perform well, that is, teachers who can give suggestions to students in the learning process. ❖ There are co-curricular and extra-curricular programs that are integrated with the curriculum program. ❖ The formation of the concept of setting performance criteria in learning that is done objectively. ❖ The formation of students' parents as a society that is easy to learn. ❖ Formed a situation where the student's parents are their child's study companions and not just telling their child to study. ❖ There is a study schedule for students at home. ❖ The formation of a situation where parents act as monitors of their children's performance and learning activities. ❖ The availability of a special place for students to study. ❖ The availability of books and other information resources for family use.  4. Use of Teaching Media 1. Communication in T&L ⮚ The communication process that may occur during the PdPc process is: i. Komunikasi Satu hala (One Way) ii. Komunikasi dua hala (Two Way) iii. Komunikasi Pelbagai Hala (Multi Way)  2. Media in learning process ✔ An intermediate medium that can function to convey messages, stimulate students' thoughts, feelings and wishes is needed to facilitate the achievement of educational goals in schools. ✔ Teaching aids or teaching aids are materials used by teachers to help further explain the content of the lessons delivered to students and prevent the occurrence of verbalism in students.  3. Use of Learning Media ⮚ The complex teaching and learning process involves several components consisting of teachers, learning objectives, teaching content, media, teaching systems, learning resources, interaction management, assessment and students. ⮚ The use of image media in the teaching and learning process will provide optimal results when used accurately, which is appropriate to the content of the lesson. ⮚ Some media selection criteria are as follows: a) The media chosen often helps to achieve the teaching objectives b) The media chosen is often adapted to the ability and thinking power of the students. c) The media used can be used according to its function. d) The selected media is indeed available. means that tools/materials are available, that is when it is time to prepare or to use them. e) The media used must be liked by teachers and students. f) The preparation and use of materials must be adapted to the provisions provided. g) The physical condition of the classroom environment is also a factor supporting the use of teaching media in the classroom. 4. The criteria for using teaching aids depend heavily on: a) Purpose of learning b) Teaching materials c) Teaching and learning strategies d) Classroom situation ✔ After the learning activity using media, the teacher needs to do a test to measure the ability of the students to absorb the material used by the teacher in learning.  5. ICT dan pembelajaran abad ke-21 Teachers need to master 21st century learning Other Ways to Manage Student Learning In a student diversity class: Gender Race/ethnicity Family background (education, occupation, income) Culture Emotions Cognitive Motivation/interest Attitude  Conclusion 1.Teachers have to know how to manage the diversity of students in the classroom 2.Student diversity can affect teacher teaching and student learning 3.Novice teachers need to have the skills to manage this 4.21st century learning can affect teachers' PdPc in the classroom 5.Novice teachers need to diligently seek knowledge/ lifelong learning 6.Be an excellent teacher