Week 11 lecture slides.pptx

CLINICAL TESTING PSY61204 Psychological Tests and Measurements Dr Michele Anne  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Psychopathology Psychopathology, also known as mental illness, or mental disorders Abnormal psychological patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviours associated with dis...

CLINICAL TESTING PSY61204 Psychological Tests and Measurements Dr Michele Anne  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Psychopathology Psychopathology, also known as mental illness, or mental disorders Abnormal psychological patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviours associated with distress and/or impairments of functioning Differs from social norms and reflects dysfunction in the person Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) is a classification system of mental disorders, and contains symptoms, types, and specifications of the disorders Based on a medical model of behavioral and emotional problems, which views such disturbances as illnesses From agreement between experts and research evidence Not static and undergoes revision over the years Currently DSM-5-TR is used as the guide for clinicians in making diagnosis Assessment of psychopathology To diagnose mental disorders, an assessment / diagnosis process is needed Psychiatric diagnosis (brief interview and observation) of mental disorders have been criticized as being unreliable Assessment tools have been developed based on the DSM criteria to provide a more reliable and valid method for clinicians to diagnose Types of assessment Self-report Other’s report Observation Objective test Projective test Examples of clinical test Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Semi-structured interview based on the DSM symptoms A structured variation of the psychiatric diagnostic process Currently Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 is used There are variations for personality disorders, research, clinical trial SCID-5 Clinician administered, semi-structured interview Covers 10 areas Scoring Whether each symptom of a disorder is present of not, and whether it is enough to warrant a diagnosis Advantages Structured and standardized way of asking about the symptoms Able to obtain more information about the intensity and triggers of each symptom Limitations Subjective judgment of clinician whether a person fully meets the diagnosis SCID-5-CV Areas SCID-5-CV questions Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Original aims was to provide a diagnostic tool that could be group administered would result in a diagnostic label Less reliable in providing diagnosis due to intercorrelation and overlap between scales Used to understand the underlying functioning, strength, and difficulties Has been revised to MMPI-2 Items were rewritten to update language and new items were added Norms obtained from sample of 2600 participants from normal population MMPI-2 Self-report, but clinician scored 567 true-false items (in short form version, first 370 need to be answered) Can be used from adolescents aged 13 and above, but more suitable for adults 60-90 minutes to complete 10 clinical scales and 5 validity scales MMPI-2 Validity Scales MMPI-2 Clinical Scales MMPI-2 Sample Profile MMPI-2 (cont.) Scoring Convert raw scores to t-scores T scores more than 65 are high and less than 40 are low Tabulate profile Validity of profile High and low scores of clinical profile Patterns and scale combinations MMPI-2 (cont.) Advantages Objective and standardized Validity scales Provides insight into etiology and prognosis Limitations Unable to diagnose True-false response stye leads to extreme answers Intercorrelation of scales indicates pattern of similar trends across scales Millon’s theory 4 patterns of reinforcement Detached - experience few satisfactions in life Dependent – evaluate satisfaction in terms of the reaction of others Independent - satisfaction is evaluated primarily by one’s own values with disregard for others Ambivalent - experience conflict between their values and those of others 2 patterns of coping Active – manipulate or arrange events to achieve their goals Passive - “cope” by being apathetic or resigned Forms 8 styles of personality which are deeply ingrained and the person is often unaware of the patterns and their Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) Provide information about clinical populations Designed to be a better version of MMPI Reflects clinical theories and DSM symptoms Norms from clinical samples (1591 participants) Has better construct validity, test-retest reliability, and criterion validity 8 personality scales are based on 8 personality styles from Millon’s theory Currently MCMI-IV is in use MCMI-IV Self-report, but clinician scored 175 true-false items 15 clinical scales, 10 clinical syndrome, and 5 validity scales Scoring Compare raw scores with base rate scores for each clinical scale Norms scores not used because clinical scores cannot be normally distributed Cut off of 85 and above for specific diagnosis MCMI-IV Scales MCMI Profile MCMI-IV (cont.) Advantage Objective and standardized Validity scales Able to provide clinical diagnosis Limitations Base rates are different across different clinical settings Overemphasis on psychopathology Divergence of personality theories and DSM Questions?