Networking Fundamentals PDF

NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS UNDERSTANDING NETWORKS NETWORK ARCHITECTURES A computer network is two or more Network architecture refers to the design of a computers connected via hardware and network software A node is any device connected to...

NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS UNDERSTANDING NETWORKS NETWORK ARCHITECTURES A computer network is two or more Network architecture refers to the design of a computers connected via hardware and network software A node is any device connected to a network - Computer - Peripheral (i.e., a printer) - Network device (i.e., a router) Benefits of networks > Sharing a high-speed Internet connection > Sharing printers and peripheral devices > Sharing files > Common communications Disadvantage of networks > Setup time Defined by Distance between nodes Disadvantage of large networks - Purchase of equipment - Need to be administered and maintain Personal area network (PAN) - One person - Connects smartphones, notebooks, and tablets using Bluetooth and WiFi Local area network (LAN) Benefits usually outweigh disadvantages - Nodes located in small geographic area How data moves through networks? - Computer lab or fast-food restaurants Home area network (HAN) Data transfer rate (bandwidth) - Connects all digital devices in a home Maximum rate of data transfer possible Metropolitan area network (MAN) Throughput - Large network Maximum rate achieved - Covers large area such as an entire city Measured in megabits per second (Mbps) or Wide area network (WAN) gigabits per second (Gbps) - Spans large physical distance - The Internet is the largest WAN - Also a networked collection of LANs Defined by Level of Transmission Media Communications channel between nodes Tasks can be performed from one Wireless networks computer and affect other computers Radio waves on the network Wired networks Client/server network Cables Configuration and maintenance must be performed on each individual computer attached to network Physical connection between Peer-to-peer network sending and receiving device Twisted pair cable - Telephone lines - Ethernet cables Ethernet Protocols Coaxial cable consists of single - Ethernet network copper wire surrounded by layers Ethernet protocol for communication of plastic Developed by the Institute of Electrical and Fiber-optic cable is made up of Electronics Engineers (IEEE) plastic or glass fibres that 802.3: Wired transmit data extremely fast 802.11: Wireless The current version: 802.11ac. UTP cable Previous versions: 802.11n, 802.11g, 802.11b, and Types of UTP cable 802.11a. Cat 5E Cat 6 802.11n will still work with 802.11ac networks Cat 6a Slower data transfer rates Some frequency interference Backward compatibility: Ability of current devices Wireless network to use earlier standards - Decreased throughput in wireless networks Gigabit Ethernet Standard Magnetic and electrical sources Most commonly used wired Ethernet standard Other wireless networks for home networks Buildings and metal Up to 1 gigabit per second (Gbps) data transfer Distance rate Signal coding 10 and 40 gigabit Ethernet (GbE) is available, Network can be both wireless and wired but mostly used for business Portable devices: wireless 100 GbE is used for major transmission lines of Stationary devices: usually wired the Internet known as Internet backbone Wired connections are faster Basic Network Hardware NETWORK COMPONENTS Network adapter All networks must include Network interface card (NIC) Means of connecting nodes to network (cables or Broadband Modem wireless technology) Cable or DSL Special devices that allow nodes to communicate Translates the broadband with each other signal Software that allows network to run - Packets: Bundles of data sent through a network For computers to communicate packets must flow between network nodes - Routers and switches facilitate and control the flow of data Router: Transfers packets of data between two or more networks Switch: Receives data packets and sends them to intended nodes on the same network  Network Software Operating software for How to purchase Internet time? P2P networking Internet connectivity plan known as data plan Client/server network How big a data plan needed? How often you: Communicate through download apps, stream music or play online game? centralized server watch streaming video? Specialized network download files attached to e-mails or from operating system (NOS) company websites? software use apps that are communicating with the Internet? Router : transfers packets of data between two or more networks Switch: receive data packets and send them to their intended nodes on the same network (not between different networks). CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET Network can be both wireless and wired Portable devices: wireless Stationary devices: usually wired Wired connections are faster Basic Network Hardware SECURING WIRELESS NETWORKS Network adapter Secure computers connected to Internet Network interface card (NIC) Firewall Broadband Modem Wireless networks have special vulnerabilities Cable or DSL Wired networks are more secure Translates the broadband signal Wireless networks can extend beyond the walls of a residence Broadband Connections Hacker: Someone who breaks into computer Broadband systems - High-speed Internet Piggybacking: Connecting to a wireless network - Data transmission rate of Ito 500 Mops or greater without permission Standard broadband techno lo gies - Cable Precautions to secure a wireless network - Digital subscriber line (DSL) > Use encryption and security protocols - Fiber optic service > Change network name (SSID) Satellite broadband > Disable SSID broadcast Mobile broadband > Change the default password > Create a passphrase Wired Broadband Connections > Implement media access controls Cable Internet > Limit signal range DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) > Apply firmware upgrades Fiber optic service Wireless Internet Access Wireless Internet at home Router with wireless capabilities Built in WiFi on devices Laptops, smartphones, game systems, and personal media players Wi-fi away from home using Wi-Fi hotspot Mobile broadband