Mental Health and Crisis Management Theory: Introduction to Mental Health and Stigma PPT

Mental Health and Crisis Management Theory Introduction to Mental Health and Stigma  Introduction Terms like depression, anxiety, psychosis, dementia, addiction, crisis, and stress are used in many ways What does this mean for people who are experiencing problems...

Mental Health and Crisis Management Theory Introduction to Mental Health and Stigma  Introduction Terms like depression, anxiety, psychosis, dementia, addiction, crisis, and stress are used in many ways What does this mean for people who are experiencing problems in their mental health and well-being? How are you to understand and work knowledgeably in this changing and rapidly evolving area of nursing? People living with mental illnesses and their families and caregivers experience a range of physical symptoms that result both from the illness itself—and as a consequence of treatment, the social determinants of health—and from the stigma and discrimination that contribute further to distress Understanding of the theories of mental health and illness is an important place to begin to establish psychiatric mental health nursing practice that can treat, support, and empower people  Mental health The World Health Organization (WHO, 2014a) maintains that a person cannot be considered healthy without taking into account mental and physical health The WHO defines mental health as “a state of well-being in which each individual is able to realize their own potential, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and fruitfully, and make a contribution to the community” (WHO, 2016a) Our quality of life and our ability to enjoy life are enhanced by positive mental health and a sense of well-being (Mental Health Commission of Canada, 2017)  Mental health Good mental health is associated with better physical health outcomes, improved educational attainment, increased economic participation, and rich social relationships (Canadian Institute for Health Information, 2009) Mental health is described as more than merely the absence of mental disorders or disabilities (WHO, 2016a) The Public Health Agency of Canada (2014) offers the following definition of mental health: “the capacity of each and all of us to feel, think, and act in ways that enhance our ability to enjoy life and deal with the challenges we face It is a positive sense of emotional and spiritual well-being that respects the importance of culture, equity, social justice, interconnections and personal dignity”  FIGURE 1- 1: Some attributes of mental health  In the past, the term mental illness was applied to behaviours considered “strange” or “different”— behaviours that occurred infrequently and deviated from an established norm Stigma in this thought….. Now we move towards…. Alterations in cognition, mood, or behaviour that are Mental coupled with significant distress and impaired functioning characterize mental illness (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2015a) illness Mental illness refers to all mental disorders with definable diagnoses Cognition may be impaired, as in Alzheimer's disease; mood may be affected, as in major depression; behaviour may change, as in schizophrenia; or a combination of the three types of symptoms may be apparent The Epp Report (1988)  Mental health as a continuum Mental health is really a range of behaviour, thoughts, and feelings It is a relative state instead of an absolute state No one is at the ultimate level of health in every area all the time The Mental Disorder Continuum assigns Individuals can have anywhere from one endpoint as maximal mental minimal to maximal mentally healthy disorder and the opposite endpoint as behaviour, whether they are diagnosed absence of mental disorder, allowing for with a mental disorder or not a range of impairment and distress. Just as all people are developing throughout their lives, all people have the potential toward greater mental health  Contributing factors Many factors can affect the severity and progression of a mental illness, as well as the mental health of a person who does not have a mental illness (Figure 1-3) The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), classifies around 350 mental disorders with evidence that suggests the symptoms and causes of a number of them are influenced by cultural and ethnic factors  Resilience A characteristic of mental health increasingly being promoted as essential to the recovery process is resilience Canadian researcher Michael Ungar (2015) understands resilience as a process and outcome of complex, cultural systems, rather than as an individual capacity to overcome adversity In this way, when exposed to adversity, one's resilience depends on the navigation and negotiation of resources that can support well-being Closely associated with the process of adapting, resilience helps people face tragedies, loss, trauma, and severe stress  Resilience Accessing and developing resilience assists people to recover from painful experiences and difficult events Characterized by optimism and a sense of mastery and competence Research demonstrates that early experiences in mastering difficult or stressful situations enhance the prefrontal cortex's ability to cope with such situations later (Siegel, 2015) A Battle on Two Fronts | CAMH Content Series Stigma  Mental illness is not a character defect There are many reasons why people develop mental illness Some are genetic or biological Some are a result of childhood trauma or overwhelming stress at school, work or home Some stem from environmental injustice or violence Sometimes, we simply don't know Regardless of the reasons, these are health problems just like cancer, arthritis or diabetes So why does society look at people with mental  What is stigma? Negative, unfavorable attitudes and the behaviour they produce It is a form of prejudice that spreads fear and misinformation, labels individuals and perpetuates stereotypes Stigma against people with mental illnesses is oppressive and alienating It prevents many from seeking help, denying them access to the support networks and treatment they need to recover Breaking the Stigma - A short film about mental health  The stigma of mental illness has a greater negative impact on an individual than the illness itself Social isolation and/or constricted Effects of social support network. stigma Poverty Depression and loss of hope for recovery Suicide  Did you know? Fear and misunderstanding often lead to prejudice against people with mental illness and addictions, even among service providers It's one of the main reasons why many people don't consider it a real health issue This prejudice and discrimination leads to feelings of hopelessness and shame in those struggling to cope with their situation, creating a serious barrier to diagnosis and treatment A Social Experiment on Mental Health Stigma | Beyond the Label  Seven things you can do to reduce stigma 1. Know the facts! Educate yourself about mental illness including substance use disorders 2. Be aware of your attitudes and behaviour. Examine your own judgmental thinking, reinforced by upbringing and society 3. Choose your words carefully. The way we speak can affect the attitudes of others 4. Educate others. Pass on facts and positive attitudes; challenge myths and  Seven things you can do to reduce stigma 5. Focus on the positive. Mental illness, including addictions, are only part of anyone's larger picture 6. Support people. Treat everyone with dignity and respect; offer support and encouragement 7. Include everyone. It's against the law to deny jobs or services to anyone with these health issues  In September 2010, Bell Let’s Talk began a new conversation about Canada’s mental health At that time, most people were not talking about mental illness Millions of Canadians, including leading personalities, engaged in an open discussion about mental illness, offering new ideas and hope for those who struggle, with numbers growing every year As a result, institutions and organizations large and small in every region received new funding for access, care and research from Bell Let’s Talk Bell's total donation to mental health programs now stands at $93,423,628.80 https://letstalk.bell.ca/en/our-initiatives/ Culture & Mental Health  Culture and mental health Canadian psychiatric mental health nursing practice takes place within the rich Indigenous and multicultural contexts of the country In these contexts, culturally safe practice is a goal and is anchored by approaches to relational inquiry; broad, systemwide cultural competency; and trauma-informed practice Culture Comprises the shared beliefs, values, and practices that guide a group's members in patterned ways of thinking and acting, and includes factors such as religion, geography, socioeconomic status, occupation, ability or disability, and sexual orientation Culture can also be viewed as a blueprint for guiding actions that affect care, health, and well-being  Culture definitions Cultural norms Define how group members make sense of the world and make decisions about how to relate and behave Cultural norms prescribe what is “normal” and “abnormal” and influence the development of mental health and illness concepts For example, in Western society, hearing voices and seeing visions is generally viewed as a sign of pathology and deviates from the cultural norms In some Indigenous cultures, however, vision quests, the seeking of visions, is honoured and valued and would not be viewed as pathological Ethnicity The sharing of common traits, customs, and race Ethnic groups have a common heritage, history, and world view  Cultural safety The power relations between health care professionals and clients and is an experience of particular importance in light of the Indigenous experience of colonization Broadly, colonization is the invasion, dispossession, and subjugation of peoples Awareness of cultural safety means that health care providers are aware of their privilege in this context of colonization; they recognize that they are in a powerful role as a health care provider and that their practice transfers that power to the client The history of colonization and abuses of power, experiences of discrimination, and structural barriers that can limit access to appropriate care for people from diverse backgrounds make cultural safety pivotal consideration in psychiatric mental health practice  Trauma-informed practice An approach that recognizes the impacts of previous traumatic events on current health and mental health situations The approach concentrates on relationship building; engagement and choice; awareness; and skills building across individual, interpersonal, and system levels of mental health service A key aspect of trauma-informed practice is understanding how trauma can be experienced differently by immigrants and refugees, people with developmental disabilities, women, men, children and youth, Aboriginal peoples, and other populations  Medicine wheel An ancient symbol that can be interpreted in many ways: the four directions, the four grandfathers, the four components of human nature (physical, mental, spiritual, and emotional) The medicine wheel also represents a holistic world view of health and illness based on deep personal connections to the natural world and the collective The four points of the compass, each with a guiding spirit, symbolize stages in the life journey  The importance of culture Nursing care is designed to promote: verbalization of feelings teach individually focused coping skills assist with behavioural and emotional self-control All consistent with Western cultural ideals Psychiatric mental health nurses come from diverse cultural backgrounds themselves and are likely to engage with people who have world views that differ from their own A diversity of world views will influence nursing assessments and interventions and being open to the rich diversity of world views and their impact on mental health and illness is fundamental to culturally competent nursing care Failing to consider or attempt to understand the world view of the patient and the family will lead to a loss of meaningful communication and an inability to establish trust, the cornerstone of psychiatric mental health nursing