Week 1, Patho-pharma Student Notes PDF

Illness-Injury-Disease Continuum Winter 2025 www.udst.edu.qa www.udst.edu.qa  Objectives CSLO9- Distinguish between health, illness, and disease CSLO10- Explain the linkage between pathophysiology and nurse role CSLO11- Define and des...

Illness-Injury-Disease Continuum Winter 2025 www.udst.edu.qa www.udst.edu.qa  Objectives CSLO9- Distinguish between health, illness, and disease CSLO10- Explain the linkage between pathophysiology and nurse role CSLO11- Define and describe acute and chronic illness CSLO12- Explore the relationships between these concepts.  Health Health is the extent to which an individual or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs and to change or cope with the environment. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources as well as physical capacities. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed 4 Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved.  Illness vs. Disease Illness: A subjective experience of ill health human experience of symptoms and suffering – Refers to how the disease is perceived, lived with, and responded to by individuals and their families Disease: An objective state of ill health. A condition that a practitioner views from a pathophysiological model. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed 5 Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed 6 Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. Health-Illness Continuum 7  Nurse Role To help the client to identify their place on the spectrum Assist to move toward a better state of health How? 8  Pathophysiology Pathology is the study of changes in – Cells – Tissues – Organs – due to disease Physiology is the study of body function. Pathophysiology is the study of the body’s response to disease. Defined as the physiology of altered health  Is it important? Why do we need to focus on Pathophysiology? Provides the background for prevention and therapeutic intervention 10  General Model for Pathophysiology When a cell confronted with stressors that endanger its normal structure and function 1. The cell or system react to restore normal function. It undergoes adaptive changes to survive and maintain the function. (reversable) 11 Cellular Adaptation: Hypertrophy 1. Change in Size Increase in cell mass with increased functional capacity Normal - muscle cell hypertrophy from repeated exercise Pathophysiological hypertrophy Conditions put stress on cells → cells hypertrophy Liver enlargement from body toxins Cardiac enlargement from hypertension  Example: Cellular Adaptation: Atrophy Disuse Reduction in functional demand Denervation Loss of nervous stimulation Ischemia Decreased blood supply Starvation Lack of nutrients for cells Absence/ineffective hormonal use Lack of GH Example: Cellular Adaptation: Hyperplasia 2. Change in number Increased physiologic demands More RBC due to high altitude Chronic irritation Skin: Lumps or corns  Cellular Adaptation Summary: ▪ Adaptive cellular responses causes by changes in functional demand or chronic injury – Increased functional demand: hypertrophy & hyperplasia – Decreased functional demand or chronic ischemia: atrophy  General Model for Pathophysiology When a cell confronted with stressors that endanger its normal structure and function 1. The cell or system react to restore normal function. It undergoes adaptive changes to survive and maintain the function. (reversable) 2. When the stress is overwhelming or adaptation is ineffective that cell injury and death may occur. (decrease cell function or death) 16  Cell injury and cell death Cell injury – Reversible: due to accumulates of Water Fat – Irreversible: due to ischemia or toxic injury Cell death – Cell death and necrosis 17  Reversible Cell Injury Impairs cell function but does not result in cell death Two patterns of reversible cell injury occur: 1. Cellular Swelling: – as the result of hypoxic cell injury – impairment of the Na+/K+ pump – Water accumulates in cell  Reversible Cell Injury 2. Fatty change: linked to intracellular accumulation of fat – Due to failure of metabolic removal – Usually associated with alcohol consumption, obesity and toxins  Irreversible Cell Injury Due to Necrosis Ischemia or toxic injury Cell dies & intracellular contents released into blood stream Presence of specific cellular enzymes used as indicator of presence and extent of cellular death Example: – Serum amylase: pancreatitis – Troponin: myocardial damage  Irreversible Cell Injury Necrosis – Refers to cell death in an organ or tissues that is still part of a living person – Often interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration  Acute Illness Typically characterized by a sudden onset, with signs and symptoms related to the disease process itself Signs: objective manifestations of a condition Symptoms: subjective reports of the client Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. 22  Chronic Illness Health problems that persist over extended periods of time Are usually (but not always) associated with participation and activity limitations (disability) Contributes to – Morbidity: The rates of disease in a population – Mortality: The rates of deaths in a population Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. 23 The Progress of a disease – Look at table 5-2 (pg. 64 in your Lewis textbook) – Complete the table Acute Chronic Onset Rapid /Sudden Prolong Duration Short term Long term (months-years) Impairment/limitation Self-limiting Permanent Disability Respond to treatment Yes Long-term medication and management Rehabilitation Prognosis Return to normal function Irreversible pathological changes 24  Reference Lewis, S.L., Bucher, L., Heitkemper, M. M., Harding, M.M., Barry, M. A., Lok, J., Tyerman, J., & Goldsworthy, S. (2019). Medical- surgical nursing in Canada: Assessment and management of clinical problems (4th Cdn. ed.). Elsevier Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., & Hall, A. (2019). Canadian fundamentals of nursing (6th Cdn ed.). (B.J. Astle & W. Duggleby Eds.). Elsevier **All pictures without citation are from google images labeled for noncommercial reuse 25