A&P - Introduction - Week 1 Notes PDF

A&P – Introduction - Week 1 1 Anatomy and Physiology a. Anatomy Greek, Ana = apart, tomy = to cut Study of structure and shape of body parts and their relation to one another 1. Gross Anatomy – Macro, large stru...

A&P – Introduction - Week 1 1 Anatomy and Physiology a. Anatomy Greek, Ana = apart, tomy = to cut Study of structure and shape of body parts and their relation to one another 1. Gross Anatomy – Macro, large structures visible with the naked eye ▪ Systemic Anatomy – each functional system ▪ Regional anatomy – all structures in a particular region eg. ENT specialist ▪ Surface anatomy ▪ Comparative anatomy – similarities and differences in species structure ▪ Embryology – Conception to birth 2. Microscopic Anatomy – Cell tissues and structures – Cell biology ▪ Cytology – Cell biology or study of cells Commented [KL1]: Refers to a cell ▪ Histology – Study of tissues b. Physiology Greek, Physio = nature, ology = function How body parts work 2 Biology Study of life a. Intro and History i. Ancient history Days before microscopes it was a mystery what your body was made of—Greek philosophers were the first people to research what the human body contained Greek philosophers – 4 elements – wind, fire, water, earth  ii. Robert Hooke 1665- helped developed the microscope Commented [KL2]: Multiple people worked on the microscope Most were lens makers Looked at cork (made thin slice) Saw cubes in rows like monks rooms in monasteries so he called them cells (monks stayed in “cells”) iii. Cell Theory - All living things are composed of 1 or more cells - All cells come from pre-existing cells - Cell is the smallest unit of life (Cells are the basic building blocks of life) iv. Cell Facts Your body has trillions of cells (estimates between 40 and 100 trillion) -old research, closer to 30-40 trillion Different cells have different functions (nerve, muscle etc) Your body is a living ecosystem Commented [KL3]: A bunch of systems that work together to keep something alive and working o Internal – Ecoli in your gut – produce valuable vitamins o External – Staphylococcus epidermis – round skin bacteria\ Athletes foot – Fungus 3 Functions of Life a. Responsiveness i. Detect and react to stimuli b. Regulation i. Organisms must be able to adjust internal bodily functions to respond to environmental changes ii. Homeostasis (Homoios = similar, statis = standing or still) Creates internal consistency (temperature) despite changing environment outside of body  Must receive stimulus (receptors) process the info and release the correct response (hormonal) and finally the effector brings about the change Dynamic Equilibrium – Body returns itself to normal by constant small changes (driving a car)(small tweaks) Many diseases are a result of failure of homeostasis Examples Temperature (get out of the lane, you die) a. Negative feedback mechanism to maintain homeostasis (consistency) (bring you back to normal) i. Inhibitory response - opposes change by creating a response to bring back desired level ii. eg, blood pressure, temperature, baroreceptor reflex (increase heart rate when blood pressure drops)  b. Positive feedback i. Stimulatory response – amplifies a change that is occurring ii. Takes you away from the norm iii. Blood clotting or labor contractions or vomiting c. Growth and Development i. During life organism increase in mass and cell specialization might occur ii. Mitosis—Cell division (nuclear division) d. Reproduction i. Sexual – egg and sperm create a unique zygote (Meiosis) – no one thing is the same -- ii. Asexual – creating of clones (identical) -- when a bacteria gets large enough it divides -- 4 Levels of Structure – Fig 1.2 - Subatomic particles i. Electrons, Neutrons, Protons - Atom i. Basic building block of matter - Molecules i. 2 or more atoms bound together (eg. H2O) - Macromolecules (big molecules) i. When many molecules join together in chains (DNA, Starch, etc) - Cells i. Basic unit of life - Tissue groupings i. Similar cells with a common function - Organs i. 2 or more tissue types involved, and a specific function done - Organ system i. Groups of organs accomplishing a purpose - Organism 5 Organ Systems a. Integumentary System -Skin! External covering of body Includes not only skin but nails, hair, glands etc Protects vs injury and invasion Waterproof Regulates temperature Temperature / pressure / pain receptors b. Skeletal System Bones, Cartilage, ligaments and joints Supports body against gravity Allows for movement Protects vitals Stores minerals- Ca Hematopoiesis (blood cell production) in the bone marrow Commented [KL4]: Hem or hemata = iron h-ee-m Commented [KL5]: To create or to make c. Muscular System Contractile under electricity and makes movement 3 types of muscle o Skeletal o Cardiac o Smooth d. Nervous System Fast acting control Works on electrical signals Brain and spinal cord control the system e. Endocrine System Commented [KL6]: inside Slow control Uses hormones that circulate in the blood Variety of glands including testis and ovaries secrete hormones Control things like growth, cycles but the list is extensive f. Cardiovascular System Cardio = heart, Vascular = blood Transports o Oxygen o Carbon Dioxide o Metabolic wastes --- Nitrogen wastes o Blood o Heat o Immune system Water reserve g. Lymphatic System Complements and helps the cardiovascular and immune system Has lymph vessels and nodes Commented [KL7]: Protects from spreading infection Returns fluid leaked from the blood to the heart Filters fluid and helps fight/detect infections h. Respiratory System Uptakes Oxygen and removes Carbon Dioxide Includes Nasal passages, Larynx (voice box) and lungs i. Digestive System You are a hollow tube Series of organs that break down food to be absorbed by your body Important in retaining water j. Urinary System Removes toxic waste from blood Eg urea Involves the kidneys and bladder Important in maintaining water and electrolytes k. Immune System Involves white blood cells that combat invasion Has both innate (attach anything that doesn’t belong) and adaptive Commented [KL8]: Innate system is things that we already know. Ie: babies suckling, deer walking (recognize/fight specific enemy and maintain a memory of them) Commented [KL9]: Adaptive system: learns new things and systems remembers. Ie: flu shots to learn the flu bodies *two systems l. Reproductive System Creates offspring Males make Sperm Females make Eggs  6 Directional Terms – use Table 1.1 to complete Orientation and Directional Terms Term Definition Illustration Example Superior toward head or 1. forehead is (cranial/cephalad) upper body superior to nose above 2.Chest is superior to the pelvis 3.Hips are superior to knee Inferior Closer to the feet 1. naval is Down/ Below inferior to breastbone 2.stomach is inferior to the heart 3.Mouth is inferior to eyes Anterior toward front of 1. breastbone is body anterior to spine in front of 2.stomach is anterior to spine 3.chin is anterior to neck Dorsal (posterior) Toward the back 1. heart is Behind of posterior to breastbone 2.spine is posterior to stomach 3.Heel is posterior to toes Medial toward or at 1. heart is medial midline of body to arm inner side of 2.Lungs are medial to shoulders 3.Nose is medial to ears Lateral Away from midline 1. arms are of body lateral to chest Outer side of body 2.Ears are lateral to mouth 3.Hips are lateral to pelvis Proximal Closer to the point of 1. elbow is attachment proximal to wrist Closer to origin of 2.knee is body part proximal to foot 3.heart is proximal to intestines Distal farther from 1. knee is distal origin of a body to thigh part farther from 2.Wrist is distal point of to elbow attachment of a limb to the trunk 3.foot is distal to hip Superficial (external) Closer to the outside 1. skin is superficial to skeleton 2.Ribs is superficial to heart 3.skull is superficial to brain Deep Closer to the inside 1. lungs are deep to the rib cage 2.brain is deep to the skull 3.muscles are deep from the skin Areas and Organs: - Use your text or google and ID the regions, major organs and compartments of the body Study and know all the body regions in table 1.2 and Fig 1.7, 1.8 and 1.10 for next class You should read the chapter but only the notes are testable on this lecture.