Week 1 Nursing: Nature, Theories, Legal & Ethical Aspects PDF

Here's the content of the document as a structured markdown format: # The Nature of Nursing Prepared by: Hannah Belle Catharine M. Malinis, RN # NURSING ## Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice Nursing could be said to have its roots in "the home." Christian value: “love thy neighbor as...

Here's the content of the document as a structured markdown format: # The Nature of Nursing Prepared by: Hannah Belle Catharine M. Malinis, RN # NURSING ## Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice Nursing could be said to have its roots in "the home." Christian value: “love thy neighbor as thyself” Christ's parable of the Good Samaritan KNIGHTS OF SAINT LAZARUS: To care of people with leprosy, syphilis, and chronic skin conditions. ALEXIAN BROTHERS: Organized care for victims of the Black Plague in the 14th century in Germany. CRIMEAN WAR (1854–1856) Sairy Gamp Guardian Angel or Angel of Mercy CONTINUING EDUCATION: Refers to formalized experiences designed to enhance the knowledge or skills of practicing professionals. ## NURSING IS 1. Caring 2. Art 3. Science 4. Client centered 5. Holistic 6. Adaptive 7. Concerned with health promotion, health maintenance, and health restoration 8. Helping profession ## RECIPIENTS OF NURSING Consumer\ Patient\ Client ## Scope of Nursing 1. Promoting health and wellness 2. Preventing illness 3. Restoring health 4. Caring for the dying ## Standards of Practice Describe the responsibilities for which nurses are accountable. ## Standards of Professional Performance Describe behaviors expected in the professional nursing role. ## ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NURSE 1. Caregiver 2. Communicator 3. Teacher 4. Client Advocate 5. Counselor 6. Change Agent 7. Leader 8. Manager 9. Case Manager 10. Research 11. Consumer ## Expanded Career Roles for Nurses 1. NURSE PRACTITIONER 2. CLINICAL NURSE SPECIALIST 3. NURSE ANESTHETIST 4. NURSE MIDWIFE 5. NURSE RESEARCHER 6. NURSE ADMINISTRATOR 7. NURSE EDUCATOR 8. NURSE ENTREPRENEUR 9. FORENSIC NURSE | | | | :------------------ | :--------------------- | | Professionalism | CRITERIA OF A PROFESSION | | Professionalization | | ## Benner's Stages of Nursing Expertise * **EXPERT**: Has intuitive grasp of the situation and zeros in on the accurate region of the problem. * **PROFICIENT**: Perceives situations as wholes, rather than in terms of aspects. * **COMPETENT**: Begins to understand actions in terms of long-range goals. * **BEGINNER**: Can note recurrent meaningful situational components, but not prioritize between them. * **NOVICE**: Has no professional experience. ## Evidence-Based Practice and Research in Nursing Evidence-based practice (EBP): A clinical decision making based on the simultaneous use of best evidence, clinical expertise, and clients' values. | | | | :---------------- | :------------ | | Nursing Research | QUANTITATIVE | | | QUALITATIVE | | | | | :----------- | :----------------- | | QUANTITATIVE | Logical positivism | | QUALITATIVE | Naturalism/Constructivism | | | | | :------- | :----------- | | Variables | INDEPENDENT | | | DEPENDENT | WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN: Population and Sample WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN: Reliability and Validity INFORMED CONSENT ## Nursing Theories and Conceptual Frameworks Theory: A system of ideas that is presumed to explain a given phenomenon. Metaparadigm for nursing: | Clients | Environment | |Health | Nursing| ## NURSING THEORIES * Florence Nightingale * "Lady with the Lamp." * Environmental Theory * Hildegard Peplau * Nurse-Client Relationship * Virginia Henderson * 14 Basic Needs * Martha Rogers * Science of Unitary Human Beings * Dorothea Orem * Self-Care Deficit Theory * Imogene King * Goal Attainment Theory * Betty Neuman * Systems Model * Sister Callista Roy * Adaptation Model * Madeleine Leininger * Transcultural Nursing * Jean Watson * Human Caring Theory * Rosemarie Rizzo Parse * Humanbecoming Theory ## Legal Aspects of Nursing | | | | :---------- | :----------------- | | Public Law | Laws | | | Criminal Law | | Private Law | | |(Civil Law) | | | | Contract law | | | Tort law | | | | | :------ | :---------- | | Felony | Crime | | | Misdemeanor | **Felony**: A crime of a serious nature, such as murder, punishable by a term in prison. Manslaughter - 2nd degree murder **Misdemeanor**: An offense of a less serious nature and is usually punishable by a fine or short-term jail sentence, or both. 1. Civil actions: Kinds of Legal Actions\ Deal with the relationships among individuals in society. 2. Criminal actions\ Deal with disputes between an individual and society as a whole. \*Litigation - The action of a lawsuit * Plaintiff - A person who filed a document, called a complaint. * Defendants - Claims that his or her legal rights have been infringed on by one or more other persons or entities ## Civil Judicial Process 1. Complaint 2. Answer 3. Discovery 4. Trial 5. Decision/verdict Expert witness: Has special training, experience, or skill in a relevant area and is allowed by the court to offer an opinion on some issue within his or her area of expertise. Credentialing: The process of determining and maintaining competence in nursing practice. License: A legal permit that a government agency grants to individuals to engage in the practice of a profession and to use a particular title. Holding of that license to be a privilege, not a right. Certification: The voluntary practice of validating that an individual nurse has met minimum standards of nursing competence in specialty. Standards of care: To evaluate the quality of care provided by nurses and to protect the public. | | | | :------------- | :------- | | Expressed | Contract | | Implied | | * **Expressed**: The two parties discuss and agree, orally or in writing, to terms and conditions during the creation of the contract. * **Implied**: Has not been explicitly agreed to by the parties but that the law nevertheless considers to exist. ## Legal Roles of Nurses Provider of Service\ Employee or Contractor\ Citizen ## Provider of Service Liability: The quality or state of being legally responsible for one's obligations and actions and for making financial restitution for wrongful acts. ## Employee or Contractor Contractual relationships: Respondeat Superior- Let the master answer ## Citizen | Right | Responsibility | |The obligation associated with a right.|A privilege or fundamental power to which an individual is entitled unless it is revoked by law or given up voluntarily.| Collective Bargaining: The formalized decision-making process between representatives of management (employer) and representatives of labor (employee) to negotiate wages and conditions of employment. Types of Informed Consent: Express Consent\ Implied Consent Three major elements of Informed Consent 1. The consent must be given voluntarily. 2. The consent must be given by a client or individual with the capacity and competence to understand. 3. The client or individual must be given enough information to be the ultimate decision maker. **EXCEPTIONS** 1. Minor 2. Unconscious or injured in such a way that they are unable to give consent 3. People with mental illnesses who have been judged by professionals to be incompetent The nurse's signature confirms three things 1. The client gave consent voluntarily. 2. The signature is authentic. 3. The client appears competent to give consent\. Delegation: The process for a nurse to direct another person to perform nursing tasks and activities. Violent behavior: Include domestic violence, child abuse, abuse of older adults, and sexual abuse. Neglect: The absence of care necessary to maintain the health and safety of a vulnerable individual such as a child or older adult. Impaired Nurse: A nurse's inability to perform essential job functions because of chemical dependency on drugs or alcohol or mental illness. Sexual Harassment: Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. Advance health care directives: A variety of legal and lay documents that allow persons to specify aspects of care they wish to receive should they become unable to make or communicate their preferences. * Living Will: Provides specific instructions about what medical treatment the client chooses to omit or refuse.\ * Health Care Proxy * Durable power of attorney * A notarized or witnessed statement appointing someone else to manage health care treatment decisions Autopsy or Postmortem Examination: An examination of the body after death. DO-NOT-RESUSCITATE ORDERS (DNR): "No code" for clients who are in a stage of terminal, irreversible illness or expected death. Euthanasia Inquest: A legal inquiry into the cause or manner of a death. Coroner Medical Examiner Organ Donation Tort: a civil wrong committed against a person or a person's property. 1. Unintentional Tort 2. Intentional Tort Unintentional torts: Negligence\ Malpractice Six elements must be present for a case of nursing professional negligence to be proven: 1. Duty 2. Breach of duty 3. Foreseeability 4. Causation 5. Harm or injury 6. Damages Legal doctrines related to negligence: Respondeat Superior\ Res ipsa loquitur ("the thing speaks for itself "). Intentional Torts 1. Assault 2. Battery 3. False Imprisonment 4. Invasion of Privacy 5. Defamation * Libel * Slander Good Samaritan Acts: Protect health care providers who provide assistance at the scene of an emergency against claims of professional negligence. Documentation: Al legal document. Incident Report: A record of an accident or unusual occurrence. VALUES, ETHICS, AND ADVOCACY Values: Enduring beliefs or attitudes about the worth of a person, object, idea, or action. |Beliefs | Attitudes| |Personal Values| Professional Values| Essential Nursing Values 1. Altruism 2. Autonomy 3. Human dignity 4. Integrity 5. Social Justice |Ethics| Morality| Moral Frameworks 1. Consequence-based (teleological) theories * Utilitarianism 2. Principle-based (deontolical) theories 3. Relationship-based (caring) theories Moral Principles 1. Autonomy 2. Nonmaleficence 3. Beneficence 4. Justice 5. Fidelity 6. Veracity | Accountability | Responsibility | Code of Ethics: A formal statement of a group's ideals and values. Specific Ethical Issues Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Abortion\ Organ and Tissue Transplantation\ End of Life Issues LET'S HAVE A QUIZ!