Week 1 Understanding Assignment: WCUIE PATH 370 Pathophysiology PDF

2/19/25, 7:13 PM Week 1 Check Your Understanding Assignment: WCUIE PATH 370 Pathophysiology 202501SPI OL-C Week 1 Check Your Understanding Assignment Due Jan 26 at 11:59pm Points 5 Questions 20 Time Limit None Allow...

2/19/25, 7:13 PM Week 1 Check Your Understanding Assignment: WCUIE PATH 370 Pathophysiology 202501SPI OL-C Week 1 Check Your Understanding Assignment Due Jan 26 at 11:59pm Points 5 Questions 20 Time Limit None Allowed Attempts Unlimited Instructions The Check Your Understanding Assignments are based off the textbook readings, are not timed, and you may access them at any time. You may take the Check Your Understanding assignments more than once, and your highest grade will be recorded. Take the Quiz Again Attempt History Attempt Time Score KEPT Attempt 5 3 minutes 5 out of 5 LATEST Attempt 5 3 minutes 5 out of 5 Attempt 4 1 minute 5 out of 5 Attempt 3 2 minutes 4.75 out of 5 Attempt 2 3 minutes 4.75 out of 5 Attempt 1 4 minutes 4.5 out of 5 Score for this attempt: 5 out of 5 Submitted Feb 19 at 7:11pm This attempt took 3 minutes.  Question 1 0.25 / 0.25 pts Which statement is true regarding cancer? (Select all that apply.) Correct! The greater the undifferentiated cell count, the more aggressive the cancer. Correct! Malignant tumors have the potential to kill the host. Benign tumors grow rapidly than malignant ones. Anaplasia means more differentiated cells. Metastasis means less differentiated cells. The greater the degree of anaplasia, the more aggressive the malignant tumor. Malignant tumors, if left untreated, have the potential to kill. Benign tumors often grow slowly than malignant ones. Anaplasia is a lack of cell differentiation. Metastasis means the invasion of cancer to distant sites.  Question 2 0.25 / 0.25 pts A client develops weakness in both lower extremities following a prolonged period of bed rest. This condition is most likely caused by Correct! Atrophy Dysplasia Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Disuse atrophy develops after prolonged periods of inactivity as a result of shrinkage of skeletal muscle cells. Dysplasia results in the abnormal development or growth of tissues, organs, or cells. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented functional capacity. Cells hypertrophy in response to increased physiologic or pathophysiologic demands. Hyperplasia increase the cell s functional capacity by increasing the number of cells. Hyperplasia usually results from increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation.  Question 3 0.25 / 0.25 pts https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/58655/quizzes/217553 1/6 2/19/25, 7:13 PM Week 1 Check Your Understanding Assignment: WCUIE PATH 370 Pathophysiology 202501SPI OL-C Which is a characteristic of cancer cells? Predictable, uniform cell division Evidence of cellular cohesiveness Uniform size and shape Correct! Poor differentiation Cancer cells lose their differentiated features and contribute poorly or not at all to the function of their tissue. Cancer cells divide in an unpredictable manner. Cellular cohesiveness is lacking among cancer cells. Cancer cells do not reproduce uniformly in either size or shape.  Question 4 0.25 / 0.25 pts Which term is used to describe the histologic characterization of tumor cells? Staging Correct! Grading Cachexia Angiogenesis Grading refers to the histologic characterization of tumor cells and is basically a determination of the degree of anaplasia. Staging describes the location and pattern of spread of a tumor within the host. Cachexia is a sign of cancer and refers to overall weight loss. Angiogenesis is the process of forming new blood vessels.  Question 5 0.25 / 0.25 pts Which condition explains the genetic basis for cancer development? Decreased immune function Exposure to ionizing radiation Infection by oncogenic bacteria Correct! Loss of or defect in tumor suppressor genes Tumor suppressor genes inhibit cancer proliferation pathways. Decreased immune function and exposure to ionizing radiation may be factors but not the basis of cancer development. Infection by oncogenic bacteria is not a factor, since bacterial infection is not relevant.  Question 6 0.25 / 0.25 pts What stage is defined by “fight or flight”? Correct! Alarm Resistance Exhaustion Adaptation Alarm is called “fight or flight” because it gives the body a boost of energy to either run or confront. To survive, the body must move beyond the alarm stage to a stage of resistance (also called adaptation) supportive of the allostatic return to a state of homeostasis. Exhaustion occurs when the body is no longer able to bring about a return to homeostasis following prolonged exposure to noxious agents. To survive, the body must move beyond the alarm stage to a stage of resistance (also called adaptation) supportive of the allostatic return to a state of homeostasis.  Question 7 0.25 / 0.25 pts Which gene has been identified as specifically contributing to some types of breast cancer? Rb p53 VHL Correct! BRCA1 https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/58655/quizzes/217553 2/6 2/19/25, 7:13 PM Week 1 Check Your Understanding Assignment: WCUIE PATH 370 Pathophysiology 202501SPI OL-C BRCA1 gene defects have been linked to an increase of breast cancer in women. The Rb gene has been linked with retinoblastoma. P53 has been linked as a suppressor gene that is defective in more than half of human cancers. VHL has been linked to renal cancer.  Question 8 0.25 / 0.25 pts Which is true regarding catecholamines? They are from the parasympathetic nervous system. Correct! They include epinephrine and norepinephrine. They cross the blood-brain barrier. They cause a decrease in heart rate. Catecholamines include epinephrine and norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is secreted from the sympathetic nerves, and epinephrine is secreted from the adrenal medulla. Epinephrine and norepinephrine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. Epinephrine and norepinephrine cause increased heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to skeletal muscles.  Question 9 0.25 / 0.25 pts Restoration of effective function is the goal of which level of prevention? Primary Correct! Tertiary Clinical Secondary Tertiary prevention (appropriate in the stage of advanced disease or disability) includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Clinical is a stage referred to in early disease prevention (secondary). Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease.  Question 10 0.25 / 0.25 pts Cellular hypoxia results in Increased pH Enhanced ATP activity Loss of intracellular calcium Correct! Failure of the sodium-potassium pump Hypoxia is a loss of oxygen to the cell that causes ATP activity to cease. ATP provides the power required to drive the sodium-potassium pump. pH decreases in hypoxia (respiratory acidosis). Hypoxia is a loss of oxygen to the cell that causes ATP activity to cease. Deposits of calcium salts occur in conditions of altered calcium intake, excretion, or metabolism.  Question 11 0.25 / 0.25 pts Abnormal new cellular growth is referred to as Apoptosis Correct! Neoplasia Proto-oncogene Suppressor genes Neoplasia means abnormal new growth. Apoptosis is the ability of the normal cell to respond to signals instructing the cell to commit suicide. Proto- oncogenes code for components of cellular growth activating pathways. Tumor suppressor genes inhibit cell proliferation.  Question 12 0.25 / 0.25 pts https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/58655/quizzes/217553 3/6 2/19/25, 7:13 PM Week 1 Check Your Understanding Assignment: WCUIE PATH 370 Pathophysiology 202501SPI OL-C Which of these statements best describes the purpose of the TNM classification system? It tracks the progress of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment. Correct! It provides tumor data for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It enables the physician to determine the underlying cause of the malignancy. It provides information for ongoing research efforts to develop a cure for cancer. The TNM classification system is used to stage cancer. The TNM staging system is used to describe the tumor size, lymph nodes affected, and degree of metastasis. Grading and staging are done to predict tumor behavior and guide therapy. The TNM classification system is used to stage cancer and has little impact on tumor data collection by the CDCP. The availability of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET), as well as other highly sophisticated imaging techniques, has revolutionized cancer detection. The TNM classification system is used to stage cancer and is not directly related to cancer research.  Question 13 0.25 / 0.25 pts Which hormone is responsible for lactation and interferes with ovulation? Growth hormone Testosterone Estrogen Correct! Prolactin Prolactin is responsible for lactation and breast development while interfering with ovulation. Growth hormone affects protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Testosterone regulates male secondary sex characteristics and libido. Estrogen attenuates the HPA stress response. It also regulates female secondary sex characteristics.  Question 14 0.25 / 0.25 pts Which condition occurs in the presence of cellular damage? Cells shrink. ATP production increases. Osmotic pressure decreases. Correct! Sodium and water move into the cell. Cellular injury causes failure of the sodium-potassium pump, resulting in migration of sodium ions into the cell. The accumulation of intracellular sodium creates an osmotic gradient that pulls water into the cell, resulting in hydropic swelling. Cells actually swell, not shrink, as a result of cellular damage. Cellular damage results in the cell’s inability to perform normal metabolic functions owing to insufficient cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Osmotic pressure increases to accommodate for swelling  Question 15 0.25 / 0.25 pts Which is a true statement regarding metastasis? Increased cell-to-cell adhesion helps metastasis. Lack of proteases and collagenases aids in metastasis. Correct! Cells must first escape the basement membrane of tissue. Penetration of the basement membrane of the vessel occurs first. For tumor cells to gain access to the blood or lymphatic circulation, they must first escape the basement membrane of the tissue of origin, move through the extracellular space, and then penetrate the basement membrane of the vessel. Metatasis is thought to involve the loss of cell-to-cell adhesion. Proteases and collagenases digest basement membranes. The basement membrane of the vessel is penetrated only after the basement membrane of the organ has been breached.  Question 16 0.25 / 0.25 pts The study of specific characteristics and functions of a living organism and its parts is called Psychiatry https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/58655/quizzes/217553 4/6 2/19/25, 7:13 PM Week 1 Check Your Understanding Assignment: WCUIE PATH 370 Pathophysiology 202501SPI OL-C Correct! Physiology Homeostasis Pathophysiology Physiology is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. Psychiatry is a branch of medicine dealing with mental illness. Homeostasis is a dynamic steady state. Pathophysiology refers to the disorder or breakdown of the human body’s function.  Question 17 0.25 / 0.25 pts Which cellular response is maladaptive? Shrinkage of cell size Increase in cell size Increase in the number of cells Correct! Change in the shape or arrangement of cells Dysplasia (abnormal variations in shape and arrangement of cells) represents an unsuccessful attempt of the cells to adapt. Cells shrink in response to a migration of fluid to balance fluid loss elsewhere in the body. Cells hypertrophy (increase in size) in response to increased physiologic or pathophysiologic demands. Cells that are capable of mitotic division generally increase their functional capacity by increasing the number of cells (hyperplasia) as well as by hypertrophy. Hyperplasia usually results from increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation. Persistent cell injury also may lead to hyperplasia.  Question 18 0.25 / 0.25 pts In what way do proto-oncogenes become activated oncogenes? A proto-oncogene within the cell stimulates hyperplasia. Correct! Certain retroviruses enter host cells, altering their DNA structure. Excessive ATP activity causes the proto-oncogene to become abnormally active. Chromosome replication errors cause fewer copies of the proto-oncogene to be included in the genome. Malignant cells containing the cancer-causing retroviruses have incorporated a small number of viral genes into their cellular DNA. Hyperplasia does not activate proto-oncogenes to oncogenes. ATP activity does not activate proto-oncogenes to oncogenes. Chromosome replication errors does not activate proto-oncogenes to oncogenes.  Question 19 0.25 / 0.25 pts An increase in which of these characteristics would be present in cells that demonstrate hypertrophy? Lipofuscin Size of vacuoles Correct! Size of cells Number of cells Hypertrophy is defined as an increase in cell mass (cellular enlargement). A lipofuscin is a yellow to brown, granular, iron-negative lipid pigment found particularly in muscle, heart, liver, and nerve cells; it is the product of cellular wear and tear, accumulating in lysosomes with age. A vacuole is a small cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell, bound by a single membrane and containing water (hydropic swelling), food, or metabolic waste. Cells that are capable of mitotic division generally increase their functional capacity by increasing the number of cells by hyperplasia  Question 20 0.25 / 0.25 pts In muscle hypertrophy, the hypertrophied cells increase in Correct! Size Number Calcium Accumulations https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/58655/quizzes/217553 5/6 2/19/25, 7:13 PM Week 1 Check Your Understanding Assignment: WCUIE PATH 370 Pathophysiology 202501SPI OL-C The cellular response to persistent, sublethal stress reflects the cell’s efforts to adapt. A common adaptive response is hypertrophy resulting in an increase in cell size. Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number. An increase in calcium would be pathological and likely result in tetany. An increase in accumulations would be pathological and likely result in cell injury Quiz Score: 5 out of 5 https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/58655/quizzes/217553 6/6