W59-18 Welded Steel Construction PDF - CSA Group

w5o9-18 Welded steel construction Legal Notice for Standards Canadian Standards Association (operating as “CSA Group”) develops standards through a consensus standards development process approved by the Standards Council of Canada. This process brings together volunteers representing varied vie...

w5o9-18 Welded steel construction Legal Notice for Standards Canadian Standards Association (operating as “CSA Group”) develops standards through a consensus standards development process approved by the Standards Council of Canada. This process brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus and develop a standard. Although CSA Group administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in achieving consensus, ït does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the content of standards. Disclaimer and exclusion of liability This document is provided without any representations, warranties, or conditions of any kind, express or implied, including, without limitation, implied warranties or conditions concerning this document's fitness for a particular purpose or use, its merchantability, or its non-infringement of any third party's intellectual property rights. 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Visit CSA Group's policy on privacy at www.csagroup.org/legal to find out how we protect your personal information. W59-18 Welýded steel construction SA trademark oƒ the Canadian Standards Association, operating as “CSA Group” Published in May 2018 by CSA Group A not-for-profit private sector organization 178 Rexdale Boulevard, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9W 1R3 To purchase standards and related publications, visit our Online Store at shop.csa.ca or call toll-free 1-800-463-6727 or 416-747-4044. ISBN 978-1-4883-1355-4 © 2018 Cangdian Stondards Association All rights reserved. No part oƒ this publication may be reproduced in any form whatsoever without the prior permission oƒ the publisher. W59-18 Welded steel construction Contents Technical Committee on Welding of Bridges, Buildings, and Machinery Offshore Welding Task Group (AnnexU). Preface 11 13 1 Scope 2 Reference publicationsand definitions 21 Referencepublications 2.2 3 15 Definitions 16 16 23 Generalrequirements 24 31 3.1.1 Qualification requirements Contractor 24 3.1.2 3.1.3. Weldingprocesses 24 Welding procedures — Conditions of prequalification 3.1.4 32 32.1 Selection of type of groove and weldingprocedures Basemetal 25 General 25 32.2 CSAG40.21 3.2.3 3.2.4 _ASTMStandards 26 APlStandards 27 3.2.5 3.2.6... ABSStandards lACSStandards 3.2.7 3.3 3.4 LloydsStandards 27 Weldingterminology Symbols 27 4 24 25 27 27 27 Design ofwelded connections 27 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 Generalrequirements Documents 27 Lamellartearing 29 4.13 4.2 Requirementsforwelds Designvalues 31 4.3 Effective weldarea,length,throat,andfiliet size 4.31 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 Groovewelds FHlletwelds 27 22 31 Plugandslotwelds 35 Minimum groove depth for partial joint penetration groove welds and minimum length and size offilletwelds 35 Details of fillet, plug, and slotwelds 4.4.1 Filletwelddetails 4.5 4.6 4.7 Weldsinskewedjoints Flllers..38 Sealwelds 38 May 2018 31 34 4.4 4.4.2 25 25 36 Plugandslotwelddetails 36 3Ø 37 ©2018 Canadian Standards Association W59-18 Welded steel construction 5 Electrodes, workmanship, and technique 47 5.1 General 47 Electrodes 47 5.2 5.2.1 General 47 5.2.2 ElectrodesforSMAW. 49 5.2.3 Electrodes and fluxesfor SAW. 50 5.2.4 Electrodes and shielding gas for GMAW, GTAW, MCAW, and FCAW 5.25 Electrodes, fluxes, and gases for electroslag welding and electrogas welding (ESW and EGW) 52 Preparation of material 52 Surfaceconditions 52 Jointpreparation 53 Roughnessrequirements Notchlimitations 53 53 Inspection and repair of planar edge discontinuities Re-entrantcorners 54 Beam copes and weld access holes Weldaccessholedimensions Group 4 and 5 shapes Camber 55 55 55 55 Correction of camber Assembly 55 Fillet weldassembly 55 55 Fayingsurfaces 56 PJPgrooveweldassembly 56 Grooveweldassembly 56 Workmanship tolerances. 56 Alignment 57 Tackwelds 57 Temporarywelds Backing 57 57 Sealwelds 5đ Plugandslotwelds 56 Detailsofweldingprocedures General 53 58 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) 59 Submerged arc welding(SAW) 59 Gas metal arc welding (GMAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), metal-cored arc welding (MCAW), and flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) Electroslag welding (ESW) and electrogas welding (EGW) Control of distortion and shrinkage stresses Preheat, interpass temperature, and heat input control Preheat and interpass temperatures Reduction of preheat temperatures Dimensionaltolerances 64 Profileofwelds 65 Corrections 66 Peening 67 Stress-reliefheattreatment 63 63 67 (2018 Canadian Standards Association May 2018 W59-18 Welded steel construction 5.13 Cleaningofwelds 5.14 Arcstrikes 5.15 Heatshaping 6 Studwelding 69 69 69 82 61 6.2 Scope 82 Generalrequirements 63.5 Testspecimens 63.9 Acceptancecriteria 6.3.10 Replacementofendtests(threadedstuds) 63.11 Testdata 6.4 Techniqueandworkmanship 6.5 Procedural controls 6.6 Inspection requirements and repair procedures. 6.3 6.3.1 6.332. 63.3 63.4 6.3.6. 63.7. 63.8. 82 Stud application qualification requirements. Prequalifiedpositions 82 Non-prequalifiedstudapplications 83 Basematerialfor qualificationtests 83 Testvariablestoberecorded 83 82 Ø3 Bendtests (nonthreadedstuds) 83 Bendtests(threadedstuds) 83 Torquetests(threadedstuds) 83 83 63 84 84 86 87 7 Weldinginspection 90 71 General 90 7.1.1 Contractorsinspector 90 7.1.2. Third-partyinspection 90 71.3. Availabilityofdocuments 91 71⁄4 Notification 91 71.5 71.6. 7.2 Access %1 ldentification 91 Inspection of materials z3 Obligations of the contractor. 91 7.4 Nondestructiveexamination 92 91 8 Radiographic and ultrasonic examination ofwelds 81 Radiographicexaminationofwelds 93 8.1.1 General 93 8.1.2 Extentofexamination 94 25 8.13 8.1.4 Radiographicprocedure Acceptabilityofwelds 8.1.5 8.1.6. Examination, reporting, and disposition ofradiographs. Alternative radiation imagingsystems 98 93 94 8.2 Ultrasonic examination of groovewelds 8.2.1 General 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 Extentofexamination 100 Personnel qualification (FAtechnique) Ultrasonicequipment(FAtechnique) 101 101 8.2.5. Calibrationstandards(FAtechnique) 102 May 2018 98 100 100 © 2018 Canadian Standards Association W59-18 8.2.6 Welded steel construction Equipment calibration (FAtechnique). 102 8.2.7. 8.2.8. 8.2.9 8.2.10 CGalibration for examination (FAtechnique) 103 Testingprocedure(FAtechnique) 104 Preparation and disposition ofreports. 106 Calibration of the ultrasonic unit with the IIW-Type or other approved calibration blocks 8.2.11 Scanning patterns for ultrasonicexamination 8.2.12 Alternative ultrasonicsystems 107 108 108 9 Strengtheningandrepairofexistingstructures 91 General 124 9.2 Materials 124 9.3 Design 125 9.4 Workmanship 125 9.5 Fatigue lieenhancement 126 9.5.1 Methods 126 9.5.2 Stressrangeincrease 126 9.6 Quality 126 9.6.1 Visualinspection 126 9.6.2 Nondestructivetesting 126 124 10 Details and welding procedure requirementsfor prequalifiedjoints 127 10.1 General 127 10.1.1 Prequalified complete joint penetration groove welds 127 10.1.2 Prequalified partial jointpenetrationgroove welds. 127 10.1.3 Requirements for prequalification ofjoints 127 10.1.4 Jointandwelddesignations 128 10.1.5 Postweldheattreatment 129 10.1.6 Filier metals tested in theas-welded condition. 129 10.2 Shielded metal arc welding(SMAW) 130 10.21 Prequalified complete joint penetration groove welds made bySMAW.. 130 10.2.2 Prequalified partial joint penetration groove welds made bySMAW... 130 10.2.3 ProceduresforSMAW. 130 10.3 Submergedarc welding(SAW) 131 10.3.1 Prequalified complete joint penetration groove welds made bySAW.. 151 10.3.2 Prequalified partial joint penetration groove welds made bySAW.. 151 10.3.3 Parameter limitations for prequalified complete and partialjointpenetrationwelds 132 10.3.4 Prequalified fillet welds made bysubmergedarcwelding. 133 10.4 Flux-cored arc and metal-cored arc welding (FCAW, MCAW) 133 10.41 Prequalified complete joint penetration groove welds made by FCAW and MCAW.. 133 10.4.2 Prequalified partial joint penetration groove welds made by FCAWand MCAW.. 134 10.4.3 Procedures for FCAW and MCAW with single electrodes 134 10.5 Gas metal arc welding spray transfer (GMAW-SP) and pulsed transfer(GMAW-P) 134 10.5.1 Prequalified complete joint penetration groove welds made byGMAW.. 134 10.5.2 Prequalified partial joint penetration groove welds made byGMAW.. 135 10.5.3 Procedures for GMAW with single electrodes 135 10.6 Gas tungsten arc. welding(GTAW) 136 10.6.1 Prequalified complete joint penetration groove welds made byGTAW.. 136 10.6.2 Prequalified partial joint penetration groove welds made byGTAW.. 137 10.6.3 Procedures for GTAW with single electrodes 137 © 2018 Canadian Standards Association May 2018 WsS9-18 Welded steel construction 11 Statically-loaded structures — Design and construction 178 11.1 Scope 178 11.2 Basemetal 179 11.3 Design provisions 179 113.1 Symbols 179 11.3.2 Designvalues 130 11.35 Base metal and matching electrode classification 180 11.4 Structuraldetails 180 11.41 General 180 11.4.2 Combinationofwelds 130 Welds in combination with bolts 120 11.4.3 11.4.4 Strength under temporaryloads 181 11.4.5 Eccentricity of connections. 161 11.4.6 Flletwelddetails 181 11.4.7 Lapjoints 181 11.4.8 Transition of thicknessorwidth 182 11.4.9 Beamsandgirders 182 11.4.10 Splices in compression members.. 182 11.4.11 Splices intension members. 183 11.4.12 T-andcornerjoints 183 11.4.13 Connection of components of built-upmembers. 183 11.5 Workmanship 134 11.5.1 Termination ofgroovewelds 184 11.5.2 Grooveweldbacking 184 11.5.3 Dimensional tolerances 184 11.5.4 Qualityofwelds 184 12 Cyclically-loaded structures — Design and construction Scope. 200 Base metal 200 Design provisions 201 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.3.1 12.3.2 12.3.3 12.3.4 12.4 12.41 12.4.2 12.4.3 12.4.4 12.4.5 12.4.6 12.4.7 12.4.8 12.4.9 12.4.10 12.4.11 12.4.12 12.4.13 May 2018 Symbols 201 Designvalues 200 201 Base metal and matching electrode classification 202 Fatigue stress provisions Structuraldetails 204 General 204 Combination ofwelds 205 Welds in combination with bolts Strengthundertemporaryloads 205 205 Eccentricity of connections. 205 Filletwelddetails 206 lapjoints 206 Transition of thicknessorwidths 206 Beamsandgirders 206 Splices in compression members.. 207 Splices in tension members. T-and cornerjoints 207 . 202 207 Connections of components of built-up members.. 207 ®© 2018 Canadian Standards Association W59-18 Welded steel construction 12.4.14 12.5 Prohibited types ofjointsandwelds Workmanship 209 12.5.1 12.5.2 12.5.3 Termination ofgroovewelds Grooveweldbacking 209 Dimensionaltolerances 209 12.5.4 12.5.5 Qualityofwelds Temporarywelds 203 209 210 212 Annex A (informative) — Typical prequalified partial joint penetration groove welded joints with SMAW, FCAW, MCAW,andGMAW. 239 Annex B (informative) — Plugandslotwelds Annex I (informative) Annex J (informative) requirements 303 — Flatness of girder webs— Clause1l1. — Flatness of girder webs — Clause12 Annex Annex Annex Annex K L M N (informative) (informative) (informative) (informative) (informative) (informative) (informative) (informative) — — — — 241 Prevention ofcracks 243 Weldingsymbols. 245 Weldingdefinitions. 251 Geometric unsharpness and suggested report forms for examination of welds 297 Annex G (informative) — Example of weld qualityrequirements. 301 Annex H (normative). — Material requirements for studs and stud base qualification Annex Annex Annex Annex C D E F — — — — 311 315 Arcspotwelds 327 Hollow structural section(HSS)connections. Strengthofwelds 335 Gas metalarcwelding(GMAW) 339 329 Annex P (informative) — Guideline and commentary on alternative methods for determining preheat 347 Annex Q.(informative) — Lamellartearing. 375 Annex R (informative) — The fatigue life of structures and postweld methods of fatigue life Annex S Annex T AnnexU Annex V Annex W (informative) (informative) (normative) (informative) (informative) Annex X (normative). 6 — — — — — enhancement 361 Allowable Stress Design. 391 Description and intended use of electrodesforgas metalarcwelding Welding of fixed steel offshorestructures 401 Electrode classification cross-reference.513 SFRS Seismicwelding provisions 515 399 — Ultrasonic examinations of groove welds using time-corrected gain technique with conventional angle beam or manual phased array ultrasonic tesing 535 © 2018 Canadian Standards Association May 2018 W59-18 Welded steel construction Technical Committee on Welding oƒ Bridges, Buildings, and Machinery CWB Group, Milton, Ontario Chair T. Verhey Walters Incorporated, Hamilton, Ontario Category: Producer Interest Vice-Chair V. Andrisani Omniweld Integrated Solutions, Burlington, Ontario Associate M.D. Carriere Lincoln Electric Company of Canada Limited, Mississauga, Ontario Associate N. Carrington TSE Steel Ltd, J.C. Martin Category: General Interest Calgary, Alberta Category: Producer Interest K. Chessman Mé&G Steel Ltd, T. Culliton Fleetway Inc, Saint John, New Brunswick M.I. Gilmor Markham, Ontario Category: General Interest R.M. Grant Grantec Engineering Consultants Inc, J. Hobbs Hobbs Material Engineering Limited, P. Holloway Holloway NDT & Engineering Inc, W. Jaxa-Rozen Chambly, Quebec May 2018 Oakville, Ontario Category: Producer Interest Associate Hammonds Plains, Nova Scotia Category: User Interest Dartmouth, Nova Scotia Associate Georgetown, Ontario Category: User Interest © 2018 Canadian Standards Association Associdte W59-18 Welded steel construction S. Keay SNC-Lavalin, K. Kerluke KMK & Associates Inc., Erin, Ontario Category: User Interest P. King Rapid-Span Structures Ltd, Armstrong, British Columbia St. John's, Newfoundland Cơtegory: User Interest and Labrador Category: Producer Interest M. Lazarek Pario Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Concord, Ontario Category: User Interest L.Ludwig Enbridge Inc, Edmonton, Alberta Associate A. McCartney Omniweld Integrated Solutions, Associate G.J. McMillan EXP Services Inc., London, Ontario Category: User Interest T.C. Nguyen Conestoga College, J.W. Olson POW Technologies, Milton, Ontario Cambridge, Ontario Associate Ingersoll, Ontario Category: User Interest J.A. Packer N.A. Paolini University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Associute ProWeld Engineering, Toronto, Ontario Category: User Interest Z. Radonjic Pittsburgh Steel Group, Mississauga, Ontario Category: Producer Interest ©2018 Canadian Standards Association May 2018 Welded steel construction W59-18 M. Razazian Arasweld Inc, Richmond Hill, Ontario Category: User Interest R. Sanfacon SGS Canada Inc., S. Scola CN Rall, Homewood, Illinois, USA Category: User Interest V. Vaidya Techno Vogue, Beaconsfield, Quebec Category: User Interest T. Van Loon SELECT-SAI Inc, Québec, Quebec Category: General Interest Green Valley, Ontario Category: Generdl Interest S. Walbridge University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario Cutegory: General Interest E.J. Whalen Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC-ICCA), R.Wright Waiward Steel LP, Markham, Ontario Category: General Interest Edmonton, Alberta Cutegory: Producer Interest S. McDiarmid CSA Group, Toronto, Ontario Project mangager This edition is dedicated to the memory of J. Robert Roy, P. Eng. who during his 30 years of active involvement in on the W59 Technical Committee showed unrelenting passion, the highest competence, and deep engagement in the interests of the Canadian welding industry, gaining the respect of all committee members who were privileged to serve with him. In particular, his expertise in welding metallurgy and mathematical modelling significantly enhanced the provisions of the W59 Standard. Rob leaves a heritage of durable professional achievements and memories of his colourful and attaching personality. May 2018 © 2018 Canadian Standards Association W59-18 Welded steel construction 0/Jshore Welding Task Group (Annex U) R.M. Grant R.G. Bursey Grantec Engineering Consultants Inc., Hammonds Plains, Nova Scotia Bursey Engineering Inc, Conception Bay South, Newfoundland and Labrador I. Campbell lain F. Feng CCNB (The Community College of New Brunswick), R.M. Frederking National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario R. Harker M Campbell Consulting, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia Bathurst, New Brunswick RHES, Cleveland, United Kingdom 1. Hobbs Hobbs Materials Engineering Limited, D.R. Luciani CWB A. McCartney Omniweld Integrated Solutions, Milton, Ontario N.A. Paolini Dartmouth, Nova Scotia Group, Milton, Ontario ProWeld Engineering, Toronto, Ontario D.J. Robertson Modular Fabrication Inc, Miramichi, New Brunswick P. Rogers Suncor Energy Inc., S. McDiarmid CSA Group, Toronto, Ontario May 2018 Chair St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador © 2018 Canadian Standards Association Project manager 11 W59-18 Welded steel construction Preface This is the tenth edition of CSA W59, Welded steel construction. lt supersedes the previous editions published in 2013, 2003, 1989, 1984, 1982, 1977, 1970, 1946, and 1940. The following is a brief description of some of the most significant changes to the current edition of CSA W58: a) Clause 3 has been revised to add several steels to the prequalified list. b)Clause 5 has been updated to add clarification on the requirements related to hydrogen c)) d) designators. e) Clause 7 has been reworked to provide clarity on roles and responsibilities for welding inspection. Clause 8 includes corrections related to terminology, equipment, and flaw length sizing. Calibration requirements have been revised to reflect digital instrumentation. Allowances for the use of an alternative ultrasonic technique and radiographic imaging systems have been added. In Clause 10, all the figures have been reworked into a new format which arranges prequalified f9) Joint by joint type rather than by welding process. As this Standard contains no commentary, various non-mandatory annexes have been included to generate a better understanding of certain aspects of welded steel construction. The annexes of the previous edition of this Standard have generally been reviewed for clarity. In addition, li w Annex W has been added to provide additional requirements for welding consumables, welded fabrication techniques, weld repairs, demand critical welds and welding inspection for seismic-force resisting system (SFRS) of structures. ¡) Annex X has been added to define an alternative ultrasonic examination technique for manual conventional and manual phased array ultrasound. New acceptance criteria were developed for equivalent sensitivity to the fixed attenuation (Clause 8.2) technique. This Standard was prepared by the Technical Committee on Welding of Bridges, Buildings, and Machinery and the Offshore Welding Task Group, under the jurisdiction of the Strategic Steering Committee on Construction and Givil Infrastructure, and has been formally approved by the Technical Committee. Notes: 1) 2) 3) 4) Use oƒ the singular does not exclude the plural (and vice versa) when the sense allows. Although the intended primary application oƒ this Standard is stated in its Scope, it is important to note that it remains the responsibility of the users oƒ the Standard to judge its suitability for their particular purpose. This Standard was developed by consensus, which is defined by CSA Policy governing standardization — Code 0f good practice for standardization as “substantial agreement. Consensus implies much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity”. It is consistent with this definition that a member may be included in the Technical Committee list and yet not be in ƒull ugreement with all clauses oƒ this Standard. To submit a request for interpretation oƒ this Standard, please send the ƒollowing information to [email protected] and include “Request for interpretation” in the subject line: a) define the problem, making reference to the specific clause, and, where appropriate, include an illustrative sketch; b) provide an explandtion oƒ circumstances surrounding the actual ƒield condition; and cg))›where possible, phrase the request in such q way that a specific “yes” or “no” qnswer will address the issue. Committee interpretations are processed in accordance with the CSA Directives and guidelines governing standardization and are qvgilable on the Current Standards Activities page at standardsactivities.csq.ca. G May 2018 ©2018 Canadian Standards Association 13 W59-18 Welded steel construction This Standard is subject to review within five years ƒrom the date oƒ publication. Suggestions for its improvement will be referred to the appropriate committee. To submit a proposdl for change, pleqgse send the following information to [email protected] and include “Proposal ƒor change” in the subject line: a) Standard designdtion (number); b) relevant clause, table, and/or figure number; c)wording oƒ the proposed change; and d) rationale for the change. 14 © 2018 Canadian Standards Association May 2018 W59-18 Welded steel construction W59-18 Welyded steel construction 1 Scope 1.1 This Standard covers welding requirements for carbon and low-alloy welded steel construction, with the exception of those types listed in Clause 1.2. Requirements that are essentially common to all sụuch structures are covered in Clauses 3 to 10, while provisions applying specifically to statically-loaded structures and to cyclically-loaded structures are included in Clauses 11 and 12, respectively. 1.2 This Standard is not intended to apply to pressure vessels or to structures governed by special codes such as those of the American Petroleum Institute, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, or the American Water Works Association. 1.3 This a3) bì) c) d) Standard includes provisions for the following: shielded metal arc welding (SMAW); submerged arc welding (SAW); gas metal arc welding (GMAW); gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW); e) flux-cored arc welding (FCAW); ])metal-cored arc welding (MCAW); g) electroslag welding (ESW); h) electrogas welding (EGW); and ¡Ji stud welding (SW) processes. 1.4 The provisions of this Standard are not intended for use with steels having a specified minimum yield strength over 700 MPa (100 000 psi). 1.5 This Standard applies to the welding of base metals 3 mm (1/8 in) and thicker. In cases where base metals less than 3 mm (1/8 in) thick are to be welded to base metals 3 mm (1/8 in) and thicker, the requirements of AWS D1.3/AWS D1.3M and this Standard apply. In the case of any conflict between AWS D1.3/AWS D1.3M and this Standard, the requirements of this Standard govern. Note: In cases where base metals less than 3 mm (1/8 in) thick are to be welded to buse metals less than 3 mm (1/8 in), the requirements oƒ AWS D1.3/AWS D1.3M may be ơppropriate. May 2018 © 2018 Canadian Standards Association 15 W59-18 Welded steel construction 1.6 This Standard does not address safety problems associated with welding and welding practices. Note: CSA W117.2 addresses safety in welding, cutting, and allied processes, and should be ƒfollowed in addition to any applicable workplace health and safety legislation in eƒfect. It is the responsibility of the user oƒ this 5tandard to establish appropridte safety and health practices and to determine the applicability oƒ regulatory limitations prlor to use. 1.7 This Standard does not address the welding of stainless steels. For welding of stainless steel, the provisions of AWS D1.6/AWS D1.6M may be used for the design of welded connections, prequalification, fabrication, and inspection. Note: See CSA W47.1 ƒor guidance related to the qualification of welding personnel and welding procedures for stainless steel. 1.8 This Standard does not address underwater welding activities. 1.9 In this satisfy which within Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to in order to comply with the standard; “should” ïs used to express a recommendation or that is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible the limits of the standard. Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material. Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements. Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application. 1.10 The values given in SI units are the units of record for the purposes of this Standard. The values given in parentheses are for information and comparison only. 2 Reference publications and definitions 2.1 Reference publications This Standard refers to the following publications, and where such reference is made, it shall be to the edition listed below. CSA Group B95-1962 (withdrawn) Surface texture (roughness, waviness, and lay) G40.20/G40.21-13 General requirements ƒor rolled or welded structural quality steel/Structural quality steels 16 ©2018 Canadian Standards Association May 2018 W59-18 Welded steel construction s6-14 Cangdian Highway Bridge Design Code S16-14 Design oƒ steel structures Wa47.1-09 (R2014) Certification oƒ companies ƒor ƒusion welding oƒ steel W48-18 Filler metals and allied materials for metal arc welding W117.2-12 Safety in welding, cutting, and allied processes W178.1-14 Certification of welding inspection organizations W178.2-14 Certification of welding inspectors CAN/CSA-ISO 14341:11 (R2016) Welding consumables — Wire electrodes and weld deposits for gas shielded metal arc welding oƒ non qlloy and fine grain steels — Classification AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction) ANSI/AISC 341-10 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings ANSI/AISC 358-10 Prequdlified Connections ƒor Special and Intermediate Steel Mioment Frames for Seismic Applications API (American Petroleum Institute) API Specification 5L-13 Specification for Line Pipe, Forty-titth Edition ASTM International A6/A6M-16a Standard Specification for Generol Requirement for Rolled Structural Steel Bars, Pluates, Shadpes, and Sheet Piling A36/A36M-14 Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel A53/A53M-12 Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated Welded and Seamless A106/A106M-15 Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service May 2018 © 2018 Canadian Standards Association 17 Ws59-18 Welded steel construction A131/A131M-14 Standard Specification ƒor Structural Steel ƒor Ships A139/A139M-16 Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion {Arc)-Welded Steel Pipe (NPS4 and Over) A242/A242M-13 Stơndard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alioy Structural Steel A381-96 (2012) 5tandard Specification for Metal-Arc-Welded Steel Pipe ƒor Use with High-Pressure Transmission in Systems A441/A441M-88 (withdrawn) Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Manganese Vanadium Steel A496/A496M-07 Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for Concrete Reinjorcement A500/A500M-13 Standard Specification for Cold-Formed, Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing ín Rounds and Shapes A501-14 Standard Specification for Hot-Formed, Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing A514/A514M-14 5tandard Specification for High-Yield-Strength, Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for Welding A515/A515MI-10 (2015) 5tandard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, ƒor Intermediate- and HigherTemperqture Service A516/A516M-10 (2015) Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, ƒor Moderate- and Lower-Temperature Service A517/A517M-10 (2015) Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, High-Strength, Quenched and Tempered A524-96 (2012) Standard Specification ƒor Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe ƒor Atmospheric oƒ Lower Temperatures A529/A529M-14 5Standard Specification for High Strength Carbon Manganese Steel oƒ Structural Quality A537/A537M-13 Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Heat-Treated, Carbon-Maqganese-Silicon Steel 18 © 2018 Canadian Standards Association May 2018 W59-18 Welded steel construction A570/A570M-98 (withdrawn) Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Carbon, Hot-Rolled A572/A572M-15 Standard Specification ƒor High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Structural Steel A573/A573-13 Standard Specification ƒor Structural Carbon Steel Plates oƒ Improved Toughness A588/A588M-15 Standard Specification ƒor High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel up to 50 ksi (345 MPqa) Minimum Yield Point to 4 with Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance A595/A595M-14 Standard Specification ƒor Steel Tubes, Low-Carbon or High-Strength Low-Alloy, Tapered ƒor Structural Use A606/A606M-15 Standard Specification ƒor Steel, Sheet and Strip, High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled, with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance A607-98 (withdrawn) Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, High-Strength, Low-Alloy Columbium or Vanadium, or Both, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled A618/A618M-04 (2015) Standard Specification ƒor Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing A633/A633M-13 Standard Specification for Normalized High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel Plates A709/A709M-13 Standard Specification ƒor Structural Steel ƒor Bridges A710/A710M-02 (2013) Standard Specification for Precipitation-Strengthened Low-Carbon Nickel-Copper-Chromium- Molybdenum- Columbium Alloy Structural Steel Plates A808/A808M-00a (withdrawn) Standard Specification ƒor High-Strength, Low Alloy Carbon, Manganese, Columbium, Vandium Steel of Structural Quality with Improved Notch Toughness A847/A847-14 Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength, Low-Alloy Structural Tubing with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistant A852/A852-03 (withdrawn) Standard Specification ƒor Quenched and Tempered Low Alloy Structurul Steel Plate with 70 ksi [485 MPa] Minimum Yield Strength to 4 in [100 mm] thick May 2018 © 2018 Canadian Standards Association 19 W59-18 Welded steel construction A913/A913M-15 5Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Shapes oƒ Structural Quality, Produced by the Quenching and Self-Tempering Process (QST) A924/A924M-13 Standard Specification Jor General Requirements for Steel Sheet, Metallic-Coated by the Hot-Dịp Process A992/A992M-11 (2015) Standard Specification ƒor Structural Steel Shapes A1008/A1008MI-12a 5tandard Specification ƒor Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Aliloy, HighStrength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Hardened, and Bake Hardenugbility A1011/A1011M-15 Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, and Ultra-High Strength A1018/A1018M-16 Standard Specification ƒor Steel, Sheet and Strip, Heavy Thickness Coils, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Commercial, Drawing, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alioy with Improved Formability and Ultra-High Strength A1085/A1085M-15 Standard Specification ƒor Cold-Formed Welded Carbon Steel Hollow Structured Sections (HSS) E92-16 Standard Test Miethods for Vickers Hardness ønd Knoop Hardness oƒ Metallic Materials K 94-04 (2010) Standard Guide ƒor Radiographic Examination E140-12 Standard Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, and Scleroscope Hardness E164-13 Standard Practice ƒor Contact Ultrasonic Testing oƒ Weldments E165-12 Standard Practice ƒor Liquid Penetrant Examination for General Industry E709-15 Standard Guide for Magnetic Pqarticle Testing AWS (American Welding Society) A2.4-12 Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination 20 © 2018 Canadian Standards Association May 2018 W59-18 Welded steel construction A3.0M/A3.0-10 Standard Welding Terms and Definitions; Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying A4.3-93 (R2014) 5Standard Methods for Determination oƒ the Diffusible Hydrogen Content oƒ Martensitic, Bainitic, and Ferritic Steel Weld Metal Produced by Arc Welding A5.01M/A5.01-13 Welding Consumables — Procurement oƒ Filler Metals and Fluxes A5.1/A5.1M-12 Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding A5.5/A5.5M-14 Specification ƒor Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding A5.23/A5.23M-11 Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes ƒor Submerged Arc Welding A5.28/A5.28M-05 Specification ƒor Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods ƒor Gas Shielded Arc Welding A5.29/5.29M-10 Specification ƒor Low Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux-Cored Arc Welding C4.1-77 (R2010) Criteria for Describing Oxygen-Cut Surfaces D1.1-15 Structural Welding Code — Steel D1.3/D1.3M-08 Structural Welding Code — Sheet Steel D1.6/D.16M-07 Structural Welding Code — Stainless Steel Qc1-07 Standard for AWS Certification oƒ Welding Inspectors CGSB/ISO (Canadian General Standards Board/International Organization for Standardization) CAN/CGSB-48.9712-2006/1SO 9712:2005 Non-destructive Testing — Qualification and Certification oƒ Personnel CISC (Canadian Institute of Steel Construction) Moment Connections for Seismic Applications, second edition (2014) May 2018 © 2018 Canadian Standards Association 21 Ws9-18 Welded steel construction CISC/CPMIA (Canadian Institute of Steel Construction/Canadian Paint Manufacturers Association) 1-73a (1975) A Quick-drying One-coat Paint ƒor Use on Structural Steel 2-75 (1975) A Quick-drying Primer for Use on Structural Steel CSICC (Canadian Steel Industries Construction Council) Industry Research Project No. 175 Strength oƒ Arc Spot Welds in Sheet Steel Construction Industry Research Project No. 130 Study of Hardness and Cooling Rates in Arc Spot Welds (WIC Report RC 54-1-80) ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 3690:2012 Welding and allied processes — Determindtion oƒ hydrogen content in arc weld metal NRC (National Research Council of Canada) National Building Code of Canadg, 2015 USDOT FHA (U.S. Department of Transportation — Federal Highway Administration) Report No. FHWA-IF-99-004 Heat-Straightening Repairs of Damaged Steel Bridges — Manual oƒ Practice and Technical Guideline USAF (United States Air Force) TO33B-1-1 Non-Destructive Inspection Methods, Basic Theory WIC/CSSBI Project (Welding Institute of Canada / Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute) WIC Report RC 163 Fracture Tests on Arc Spot Welds Other publications Dexter, R., Connor, R., Kaczinski, R. 1997. Fatigue Design oƒ Miodular Bridge Expansion Joints, National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 402. Fisher, J., Nussbaumer, A., Keating, P., Yen, B. 1993. Resistance oƒ Welded Details under Variable Amplitude Long-Life Fatique Loading, NCHRP Reportt 354. Frank, K.H. and Fisher, J.W. 1979. Fatigue Strength of Fillet Welded Cruciform Sections, Journal oƒ the Structural Division, ASCE Vol. 105 ST9, September: 1727-1740. Packer, J.A. and Henderson, J.E. 1997. Hollow Structural Section Connections and Trusses, A Design Guide. Chapter 12. Canadian Institute of Steel Construction. 22 © 2018 Canadian Standards Association May 2018 W59-18 Welded steel construction 2.2 Definitions 2.2.1 The following definitions apply in this Standard: Approved — approved by the engineer. Contractor — the fabricator or erector who performs the welding. Contractor's engineer — the professionally-qualified engineer responsible to the contractor for all matters within the scope of this Standard. Construction documents — the most recent IFC (issued for construction) drawings, specifications, computer output, models and electronic/digital data used to govern the construction of the works. CWB — the Canadian Welding Bureau. Demand critical welds — welds designated by the engineer in the contract documents that are required to meet the provisions of Annex W. Design documents — drawings and specifications, including computer models, electronic documents and other data, as prepared by the Engineer showing member sizes and dimensions and all required forces for connection design, i.e. shears, axial forces, moments and torsions. (Refer to the governing technical standard for the entire list of mandatory requirements). Engineer — the professionally qualified engineer who acts as the designated representative of the regulatory authority or of the Purchaser, as applicable, for all matters within the scope of this Standard. Fabrication and erection documents — a collection of documents (hard copy, electronic and/or models) prepared by the fabricator and/or erector related to steel fabrication and erection. HSS — hollow structural section. January design temperature — the lowest temperature at or below which only a certain smaill percentage of the hourly outside air temperatures in January occur as specified in the Ngtional Building Code oƒ Canada. Low hydrogen — a term applied to consumables manufactured to deposit weld metal having a specified maximum limit to the diffusible hydrogen content or to processes having inherently low diffusible hydrogen levels. Multiple electrodes — the combination of two or more single or parallel electrode systems. Each of the component systems has its own independent power source and its own electrode feeder. Primary member — an element or assembly of elements within a structural system that performs an essential role in load transfer and, on becoming ineffective, will substantially reduce the load-carrying capacity of the system. Primary tension members — a primary member or component of a primary member, within a multiple load path structural system, that is subject to tensile stress. Protected zone — areas designated on the structural design documents as part of the seismic force resisting system that undergo large inelastic strains (commonly termed plastic hinges) and in which limitations apply to fabrication and attachments. May 2018 © 2018 Canadian Standards Association 23 W59-18 Welded steel construction Purchaser — the owner or owner”s representative. Procedure Qualification — acceptance by the CWB or the engineer. Acceptance by the CWB granted on the basis of one of the following, at the discretion of the CWB: 3) b) c) d) rulings by applicable evidence of previous evidence of test data testing witnessed by may be governing codes providing for prequalified joints; test data accumulated by the CWB; accumulated by the contractor witnessed by an independent authority; or the CWB, but only ïf Item (a), (b), or (c) does not apply. Seismic force resisting system (SFRS) — the structural elements in the building that resist seismic loads. Note: These structural elements must be identified in the contract documents and include the columns, beums, girders, braces, and the connections between these elements specifically desiqned to resist seismic loads, either alone or in combination with other loads. Welding inspection organization — a group competent in welding inspection that is either completely independent of the contractor or does not report directly to supervision responsible for producing the work to be inspected. 22) Welding terms referred to in this Standard are defined in Annex E. 3 General requirements 3.1 Qualification requirements 3.1.1 Contractor When mandated in the contract or in the governing design Standard*, all contractors performing work under this Standard shall comply with CSA W47.1 for welded fabrications. * Examples: CSA S6 and CSA S16. 3.1.2 Welding processes 3.1.2.1 This Standard covers the following processes: a) shielded metal arc welding (SMAW); bì submerged arc welding (SAW); c): gas metal arc welding (GMAW); d) gas tungsten arc (GTAW); e) flux-cored arc welding (FCAW); Ð)metal-cored arc welding (MCAW); g) electroslag welding (ESW); h)electrogas welding (EGW); and ) studwelding (SW). Filler metals and allied materials for the various processes shall conform to the requirements set forth in CSA W48, except for stud welding, which shall conform to the requirements of Clause 3.1.2.2 of this Standard. 24 © 2018 Canadian Standards Association May 2018 W59-18 Welded steel construction Any welding process not covered directly by CSA W48 or not written into this Standard shall be subject to the acceptance provisions of CSA W47.1. 3.1.2.2 Stud welding procedures shall conform to the requirements of Clause 6 and their approval shall be based on satisfactory tests prescribed in Clause H.4. 3.1.3 Welding procedures — Conditions of prequalification 3.1.3.1 Joints for SMAW, SAW, FCAW, MCAW (spray transfer mode), GTAW, and GMAW (spray and pulse transfer mode)* that conform to the provisions of Clause 10 shall be deemed as prequalified and, therefore, approved for use without performing procedure qualification tests, provided that welding procedures also conform to Clauses 4, 5, and 10. * See Annex N ƒor a discussion of modes oƒ metal transfer across the arc. 351.3.2 Joint details may depart from those prescribed in Clause 10, only ïf the contractor has the proposed Joint and joint welding procedure qualified in accordance with the requirements of CSA W47.1. 3.1.3.3 A combination of the welding processes listed in Clause 3.1.3.1 may be used to weld a joint deemed as prequalified under the requirements of Clause 10. In such instances, the joint geometry shall meet the provisions of Clause 10 for both processes; when this occurs, the joint shall be deemed as prequalified and, therefore, shall be approved for use without performing welding procedure qualification tests. 3.1.4 Selection of type of groove and welding procedures Unless otherwise specified in the contract documents, the selection of the type of groove, the geometry of preparation, the welding process, and the related welding procedures shall be the responsibility of the contractor's engineer. 3.2 Base metal 3.2.1 General Steel base metal to be welded under this Standard shall conform to the requirements of the CSA or ASTM Standards listed in Clauses 3.2.2 and 3.2.3 or other recognized specifications of equivalent welding quality as determined by the contractor”s engineer and approved by the engineer. Equivalent welding quality shall be established on the basis of composition and carbon equivalent. Carbon equivalent shall be determined in accordance with the International Institute of Welding formula: CEnw = C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15 3.2.2 CSA G40.21 Steel base metal to be welded under this Standard shall conform to the requirements of CSA G40.21 in the following grades: a) b) 260W (38W) and 260WT (38WT); 300W (44W) and 300WT (44WT); May 2018 © 2018 Canadian Standards Association 25 W59-18 h) j) Welded steel construction 345WM (50WM), 345WMIT, 350W (50W), (50AT); 380W (55W) and 380WT (55WT); 400W (60W), 400WT (60WT), 400A (60A), 450W (65W) and 450WT (65WT); 480W (70W), 480WT (70WT), 480A (70A), 550W (80W), 550WT (80WT), 550A (80A), 7000 (1000) and 700QT (100QT). 350WT (50WT), 350A (50A), 350R (50R) and 350AT and 400AT (60AT); and 480AT (70AT); and 550AT (80AT); and 3.2.3 ASTM Standards Steel base metal to be welded under this Standard shall conform to the requirements of the following ASTM Standards in the grades listed in Tables 11.1 and 12.1: A36/A36M; A53/A53M; A106/A106M; A131/A131M; A139/A139M; A242/A242M; A381; A441/A441M; A500/A500M; A501; A514/A514M; A515/A515M; A516/A516M; A517/A517M; A524; A529/A529M; A537/A537M; A570/A570M; A572/A572M; A573/A573M; A588/A588M, 345 MPa (50 ksi) minimum yield point to 100 mm suitable for welding); A595/A595M; A606/A606M (4 in) thick (with properties (Types 2 and 4; Type 4 shall have properties suitable for welding); A607; A618/A618M; A633/A633M; A709/A709M; A710/A710M; A808/A808M; A847/A847M; A852/A852M; A913/A913M; A992/A992M; A1008/A1008M; A1011/A1011M; A1018/A1018M; and ©2018 Canadian Standards Association May 2018 W59-18 ak) Welded steel construction A1035/A1085M. 3.2.4 API Standards Steel base metal to be welded under this Standard shall conform to the requirements of API Specification 5L in the grades listed in Tables 11.1and 12.1. 3.2.5 ABS Standards Steel base metal to be welded under this Standard shall conform to the requirements of ABS in the grades listed in Tables 11.1and 12.1. 3.2.6 IACS Standards Steel base metal to be welded under this Standard shall conform to the requirements of IACS in the grades listed in Tables 11.1 and 12.1. 3.2.7 Lloyds Standards Steel base metal to be welded under this Standard shall conform to the requirements of Lloyds in the grades listed in Tables 11.1 and 12.1. 3.3 Welding terminology Most of the welding terms used in this Standard are defined ¡in AWS A3.0M/A3.0. See Annex E for a selected list of definitions derived from that Standard. Annex E also includes definitions of terms used in this Standard that are not covered in AWS A3.0M/A3.0. 3.4 Symbols Welding symbols shall be as shown in AWS A2.4. See Annex D for symbols from that Standard and additional conventions developed for incorporation into this Standard. Special requirements shall be fully explained by notes or details. 4 Design of welded connections 4.1 General requirements 4.1.1 Documents 4.1.1.1 Design documents 4.1.1.1.1 The design documents shall include all information necessary for preparation of fabrication and erection documents. 4.1.1.1.2 Welded structures shall be designed to permit adequate accessibility to the joints during construction. 4.1.1.1.3 Inspection requirements shall be defined on the plans or in the specifications. May 2018 @ 2018 Canadian Standards Association 27 W59-18 Welded steel construction 4.1.1.1.4 _ In the case of partial joint penetration groove welds, the design documents shall specify the required effective throat (E) as defined in Clause 4.3.1.4. Design documents shall show groove weld requirements, i.e., complete joint penetration (CJP) or partial Joint penetration (PJP), as follows: (E;) (E¡) PJP =complete u CJP. joint penetration partial joint penetration (E¡) = effective throat on the arrow side (E;) = effective throat on the other side Special groove details shall be specified, where required. 4.1.1.1.5 In the case of fillet welds or groove welds in skewed joints, the design documents shall specify the required effective throat (E) as defined in Clause 4.5. 4.1.1.1.6 The engineer shall identify welded joints that are cyclically loaded in the design documents or construction documents. In the absence of any identified cyclically welded joints, the provisions of Clause 11 shall apply. 4.1.1.2 Fabrication and erection documents 4.1.1.2.1 Complete information regarding location, type, size, and length of all welds shall be clearly shown in the fabrication and erection documents. The documents shall distinguish between shop and field welds and shall distinguish groove welds as either CJP or PJP. Note: For welding symbols, see Annex D. 4.1.1.2.2 In the case of partial joint penetration groove welds, fabrication and erection documents used in the shop or field shall specify the groove depth (S) and geometry applicable to the effective throat required for the welding process and position of welding to be used. 4.1.1.2.3 In the case of welds in skewed joints (see Figures 4.8 and 4.9), fabrication and erection documents used in the shop or field shall specify the effective leg size (S) for fillet welds or effective throat (E) for groove welds as appropriate. In the case of groove welds, additional information to the welding symbol shall be required to allow for in-process measurement. This may be contained in the tail of the welding symbol or on an additional sketch. 28 © 2018 Canadian Standards Association May 2018 W59-18 Welded steel construction 4.1.3.1.3 A partial joint penetration groove weld is defined as one having joint penetration less than complete. For additional conditions defining partial joint penetration groove welds that are considered prequalified, see Clause 10.1.2. 4.1.3.1.4 Flare groove welds shall be as defined in Clause 4.3.1.6 (see also Annex E). 4.1.3.2 Continuity of welds 4.1.3.2.1 Groove welds shall be continuous for the full length of the joint, except as provided in Clause 4.1.3.2.2 Or as otherwise permitted by the engineer. 4.1.3.2.2 Members of an assembly connected by groove or fillet welds throughourt their length may, at points of external framing, have additional welding to accommodate the external load, but this need not be continuous for the full length of the members. 4.1.3.2.3 Fillet welds may be continuous or intermittent. For restrictions on the use of intermittent fillet welds iïn cyclically-loaded structures, see Clause 12.4.14(e). 4.1.3.2.4 All corners of slots provided for fillet welds shall be rounded and the fillet welds shall extend completely around the periphery of the slots (see Clause 4.4.2.3). A fillet weld along only one side of the slot may be used only when specified or approved by the engineer. 4.1.3.3 Use of welds 4.1.3.3.1 Groove and fillet welds may be used to transmit any combination of loads using the factored resistances as defined in Clause 11.3 for statically-loaded structures or as defined in Clause 12.3 for cyclically-loaded structures. 4.1.3.3.2 Single fillet and single partial joint penetration groove welds shall not be subjected to bending about the longitudinal axis of the weld if it produces tension at the root of the weld. 4.1.3.3.3 Fillet welds may be used in joints with fusion faces forming an included angle of 60° to 135? (see Figure 4.8). Angles less than 60° may be used; however, in such cases the weld shall be considered to be a partial joint penetration groove weld. For angles over 135?, fillet welds shall not be relied upon to transmit calculated loads (see Clause 4.5). 30 © 2018 Canadian Standards Association May 2018 W59-18 Welded steel construction 4.1.1.2.4 Special fabrication procedures shall be prepared and issued with or on the fabrication or erection documents where it is important to minimize shrinkage stresses or distortion or to control the general sequence of fabrication operations. 4.1.1.2.5 The required weld lengths specified on the fabrication or erection documents shall be the effective lengths as specified in Clause 4.3. 4.1.2 Lamellar tearing Note: See Annex Q ƒor additional information on lamellar teqaring. 4.1.2.1 Corner or T-joint details causing through-thickness tensile stresses resulting from welding executed under conditions of restraint shall be avoided when possible. lf this type of joint cannot be avoided, measures shall be taken to minimize the possibility of lamellar tearing, such as the selection of materials with improved through-thickness ductility. 4.1.2.2 In the case of corner joints using single bevel or J-grooves, the preparation should be as shown in Figure 4.1. 4.1.3 Requirements for welds 4.1.3.1 Types 0f welds 4.1.3.1.1 For the purpose of this Standard, welds shall be classified as groove, fillet, plug, or slot welds. 4.1.3.1.2 A complete joint penetration groove weld is defined as one having fusion of weld and base metal throughout the thickness of the joint. For additional conditions defining complete joint penetration welds that are considered as prequalified, see Clause 10.1.1. Joints welded from one side for the full thickness of material and a) outside the provisions of Clause 10.1.1; b)where this welding involves the use of backing material other than steel; or c)› where no backing is used, but where welding is done by a “T” classification welder, may be given the status of complete joint penetration welds only when qualified in accordance with appropriate provisions of CSA W47.1 (except for flare bevel groove welds, see Clause 4.3.1.6). Upon similar qualification, the same status may be given to joints welded from both sides without back gouging, provided that the use of such joints is approved by the engineer. The engineer may require additional quality control measures in production as a condition of his approval. May 2018 ©2018 Canadian Standards Association 29 W59-18 Welded steel construction 4.1.3.3.4 Plug and slot welds in lap joints may be used to transmit shear or to prevent buckling or separation of lapped parts, except as governed by the provisions of Clause 12.4.14 g). Plug and slot welds on quenched and tempered steels may be used only with the express consent of the engineer. 4.2 Design values The factored resistances for base and weld metal for statically-loaded or cyclically-loaded structures proportioned by limit states design methods shall be as given in Clauses 11.3.2 or 12.3.2, respectively. For cyclically-loaded structures, where applicable, the allowable ranges of stresses in the base and weld metal under the specified loads shall be as given in Clause 12.3.4. Note: To reference the allowable stress design inormation on the aliowable stresses for base metal and the aliowable stresses on effective throat areas oƒ welds for statically- or cyclically-loaded structures, see Annex §S. 4.3 Effective weld area, length, throat, and fillet size 4.3.1 Groove welds 4.3.1.1 Effective weld area The effective area of a groove weld shall be the effective weld length multiplied by the effective throat. 4.3.1.2 Effective weld length The effective weld length for any groove weld, perbendicular or skewed to the direction of stress, shall be the width of the part joined. 4.3.1.3 Effective throat for complete joint penetration groove welds The effective throat of a complete joint penetration groove weld shall be the thickness of the thinner part joined. There shall be no increase in effective throat for weld reinforcement. 4.3.1.4 Effective throat for partial joint penetration groove welds The effective throat of a partial joint penetration groove weld for joints with no root opening shall be the depth of the chamfer less 3 mm (1/8 in) for grooves having an included angle at the root of the groove less than 60° but not less than 45°. The effective throat of a partial joint penetration groove weld shall be the depth of chamfer for grooves having an included angle at the root of the groove of 60° or greater (see Figure A.1). 4.3.1.5 Effective throat for partial joint penetration groove welds with reinforcement The effective throat for shearing forces of a partial joint penetration groove weld reinforced with a fillet weld shall be the shortest d