Paraphrasing in Academic Writing PDF

Paraphrasing in Academic Writing FEDA ANISAH MAKKIYAH Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Why do we paraphrase? Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Uses your own words to explain or interpret another author’s ideas MUST reference the original source...

Paraphrasing in Academic Writing FEDA ANISAH MAKKIYAH Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Why do we paraphrase? Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Uses your own words to explain or interpret another author’s ideas MUST reference the original source May be longer or shorter than the length of the original text Exercise_pre test https://content.bridgepointeducation.com/curriculum/file/42cb0066- f548-4e0d-800b- cf15ac861eac/1/Paraphrasing%20Practice%20Activity.zip/story_html5. html Paraphrasing in Academic Writing We paraphrase to: avoid plagiarism avoid including too many direct quotes in our academic writing demonstrate to our professors we understand the original content enough to rewrite it in our own words Steps to quality paraphrasing: Paraphrasing 1. Understand the original text fully 2. Rewrite the ideas using your own words and sentence structure (grammar) 3. Keep the original meaning 4. Use correct citation format  Strategies to paraphrase Be sure to combine several of these strategies in one paraphrase! Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Strategy 1: Synonyms Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Strategy 1: Synonyms Rewriting a sentence or phrase using new words or phrases. Original: “More than half of the women who attended the one-day meeting were in business with their spouses” (Bowes Cashen, 2021, p. 41). Paraphrase: The majority of the women who went to the one- day meeting were in business with their life partners (Bowes Cashen, 2021). (*these two sentences have the same meaning!) (*note the different citations and use of “ ”*)  Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Strategy 1: Synonyms - Now you try! Rewriting a sentence or phrase using new words or phrases. Original: “Although the coach’s strategy was a little dangerous, the team was successful” (Jones, 2020, p. 220). Paraphrase: Even though the coach’s plan was risky, the team was successful (Jones, 2020). Original: “Two students were kicked out of school because of the no fighting rule” (Currie, 2019, p. 31). Paraphrase: Two students were expelled from school due to the no fighting policy (Currie, 2019). (*note the different citations and the use of “ ”*) Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Strategy 2: Change the Verb, Adjective, or Noun to Negative/Positive  Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Strategy 2: Change the Verb, Adjective, or Noun to Negative/Positive Find the verb, adjective, or noun in each sentence that carries the emphasis of meaning in the sentence. Then rewrite the sentence using the negative/or sometimes positive form of a word with the opposite meaning. Original: “Take slow deep breaths to relax” (Smith, 2001, p.1). Paraphrase:DO Do NOTtake not fast shallow breaths to relax (Smith, 2001). (*these two sentences have the same meaning!) (*note the different citations and the use of “ ”*)  Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Strategy 2: Change the Verb, Adjective, or Noun to Negative/Positive - Now you try! Original: “South Korea is a small country compared to Canada” (Brock, 2001, p.1). Paraphrase: South Korea is not a large country compared to Canada (Brock, 2001). Original: “Most researchers are proud of their work” (Avery, 2018, p. 76). Paraphrase: Most researchers are not ashamed of their work (Avery, 2018). (*these examples have the same meaning!) (*note the different citations and the use of “ ”*) Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Strategy 3: Switching Active/Passive Verb Tenses  Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Strategy 3: Switching Active/Passive Verb Tenses Rewrite a passage changing the verb from Active to Passive or Passive to Active Example: Active- “A tornado destroyed the house”(Elm, 2020, p.6). Passive - The house was destroyed by a tornado (Elm, 2020). (*these two sentences have the same meaning!) Example: Active -“The doctor had treated hundreds of patients before he received his medical license” (Mason, 2008, p. 76). Passive – Hundreds of patients were treated by the doctor before he received his medical license (Mason, 2008). (*these two sentences have the same meaning!) (*note the different citations and the use of “ ”*)  Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Strategy 3: Switching Active/Passive Verb Tenses – Now You Try! Rewrite a passage changing the verb from Active to Passive or Passive to Active Original: “We all knew the team would finish the project on time” (Silver, 2005, p.354). Paraphrase: We all knew the project would be finished by the team on time(Silver, 2005). Original: “A student was being tutored by their professor when the fire alarm sounded” (Crowell, 2016, p. 997). Paraphrase: The professor was tutoring a student when the fire alarm sounded (Crowell, 2016). (*note the different citations and the use of “ “*) Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Strategy 4: Change Nouns to Verbs or Verbs to Nouns Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Strategy 4: Change Nouns to Verbs or Verbs to Nouns Change the Noun into a Verb or the Verb to a Noun, then rewrite the sentence around it. Noun to Verb: Original: “You have to give us your decision by tomorrow” (Jacques, 2021, p. 22). Paraphrase: You have to decide by tomorrow (Jacques, 2021). (*these two sentences have the same meaning!) Verb to Noun: Original: “Researchers investigated the issue” (James, 2011, p.87). Paraphrase: Researchers conducted an investigation into the issue (James, 2011, p. 87). (*these two sentences have the same meaning!) (*note the different citations and the use of “ “*) Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Strategy 4: Change Nouns to Verbs or Verbs to Nouns – Now You Try! Change the Noun into a Verb or the Verb to a Noun, then rewrite the sentence around it. Original: “We did a review of the company’s annual reports” (Jacques, 2021, p. 22). Paraphrase: We reviewed the company’s annual reports (Jacques, 2021). (*these two sentences have the same meaning!) Original: “This essay analyzes climate change and describes a potential solution” (Bowes, 2015, p. 87). Paraphrase: This essay gives an analysis of the problem of climate change and describes a potential solution (Bowes, 2015). (*these two sentences have the same meaning!) (*note the different citations and the use of “ “*) Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Strategy 5: Paraphrase with Conjunctions (combining phrases) Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Strategy 5: Paraphrase with Conjunctions (combining phrases) Combine two sentences into one sentence using Coordinating Conjunctions and Subordinating Conjunctions. Coordinating Conjunctions: FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Subordinating Conjunctions: after, although, because, before, since, unless, while Combining Phrases using Coordinating Conjunctions: Original: “Jennifer excelled at science. Her sister struggled with mathematics” (Cashen, 2017, p. 43). Paraphrase: Jennifer excelled at science, but her sister struggled with mathematics (Cashen, 2017). (*these two sentences have the same meaning!) Combining Phrases using Subordinating Conjunctions: Original: “Some university classes are challenging. Other classes are boring” (Avery, 2021, p. 46). Paraphrase: Some university classes are challenging while others are boring (Avery, 2021). (*these two sentences have the (*note the different citations same meaning!) and the use of “ “*) Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Strategy 5: Paraphrase with Conjunctions (combining phrases) Now You Try! Combine two sentences into one sentence using Coordinating Conjunctions and Subordinating Conjunctions. Coordinating Conjunctions: FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Subordinating Conjunctions: after, although, because, before, since, unless, while Combining Phrases using Coordinating Conjunctions: Original: “I really dislike that teacher. I still want to take her class”(Smith,2016, p. 8). Paraphrase: I really dislike that teacher, but I still want to take her class (Smith, 2016). (*these two sentences have the same meaning!) Combining Phrases using Subordinating Conjunctions: Original: “My pet needs a bath. My pet has fleas” (Cashen, 2015, p. 2). Paraphrase: My pet needs a bath because she has fleas (Cashen, 2015). (*these two sentences have the (*note the different citations same meaning!) and the use of “ “*) Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Strategy 6: Paraphrase With Word Definitions Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Strategy 6: Paraphrase With Word Definitions Paraphrase sentences by removing words and replacing them with their definitions. Original: “Sellers are taking advantage of the significant increase in in the housing market” (Currie,2021,p. 34). Paraphrase: People selling their homes are exploiting the very serious growth in the housing market (Currie, 2021). (*these two sentences have the same meaning!) (*note the different citations and the use of “ ”*) Paraphrasing in Academic Writing Strategy 6: Paraphrase With Word Definitions – Now You Try! Paraphrase sentences by removing words and replacing them with their definitions. Original: “Most economic analysts predict the financial crisis will persist in the new year” (Jacques, 2009, p. 8). Paraphrase: The majority of economic analysts believe that the financial crisis will continue into next year(Jacques,2009). (*these two sentences have the same meaning!) Original “Student-athlete award winners were selected based on exceptional performance to the sport and their team” (Lumpston, 2021, p.45). Paraphrase: Student-athlete award recipients were chosen because of their very impressive performance to the sport and their team (Lumpston, 2021). (*these two sentences have the same meaning!) (*note the different citations and the use of “ “*) Citing a Paraphrase in Academic Writing How to Cite a Paraphrase Citing a Paraphrase in Academic Writing How to cite a paraphrase: In-text: Author (last name) Year In parenthesis ( ) Format: At the end of the paraphrase o MSVU International students are highly active students (Jones, 2021). Can refer to the author at the beginning of the paraphrase o According to Jones(2021), MSVU International students are highly active students. Reference List: Reference according to the appropriate citation style guide  TIP: Don’t just change the author’s words or use synonyms. Read the passage to understand its meaning, then cover it and write the idea in your own words, as you would explain it to a friend or colleague. If you do end up with borrowed phrases, put them in quotes. Adapted from “Summarizing, Plagiarizing, and Quoting: A Comparison.” Online Writing Lab at Purdue University. December 2012. Citing a Paraphrase in Academic Writing To sum up We paraphrase to: avoid plagiarism avoid including too many direct quotes in our academic writing demonstrate you understand the original content enough to rewrite it in your own words 6 strategies for paraphrasing: use Synonyms change the Verb, Adjective, or Noun to Negative/Positive change Active to Passive or Passive to Active Use change Nouns to Verbs or Verbs to Nouns multiple paraphrase with Conjunctions (combining phrases) strategies paraphrase With Word Definitions in a single paraphrase Citation: (author (last name) + year) reference list 1. Reflect 4. Reference Choose the Use reference transitions information from the passage you want to “According too...” use. “As seen in...” 2. Reword Use Citations Reword all major (Author, Year) vocabulary words Synonyms Don't forget a Reference Page Use your language 5. Review “Your Voice” Check your paraphrase with the original passage. 3. Restructure There should be a difference between your work and Change the structure the original passage. Use your grammar Plagiarsm exercise https://www.adelaide.edu.au/english-for-uni/essay-writing/exercise- 6-plagiarism