Volatile Oils Lecture PDF

VOLATILE OILS Class Rule Learning outcome At the end of the session the students will be able to: 2.E.1. Biosynthesis of Volatile Oils 2.E.2. Shikimic Acid Pathway 2.E.3. Extraction and Purification 2.E.4. Classes of Volatile Oils 2.E.5. Tests for Volatile Oils 2.E.6. Sources, Composition, and Us...

VOLATILE OILS Class Rule Learning outcome At the end of the session the students will be able to: 2.E.1. Biosynthesis of Volatile Oils 2.E.2. Shikimic Acid Pathway 2.E.3. Extraction and Purification 2.E.4. Classes of Volatile Oils 2.E.5. Tests for Volatile Oils 2.E.6. Sources, Composition, and Uses of Volatile Oils VOLATILE OILS 1. Also called ethereal or essential oils, these are odorous principles found in various plant parts. 2. Volatile oils evaporate at ordinary temperatures and are immiscible with water but impart their odor to water. 3. Typically colorless when fresh but may oxidize and resinify upon prolonged exposure to air, leading to darkening. 4. Stored in cool, dry places in tightly stoppered amber glass containers to prevent oxidation. Biosynthesis Produced via the shikimic acid pathway or the acetate-mevalonic acid pathway. Shikimic acid pathway: ○ Leads to the synthesis of aromatic amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine. ○ Intermediates such as gallic acid contribute to phenolic compounds. Secretory Structures of Volatile Oils Glandular hairs: Found in the family Lamiaceae. Modified parenchymal cells: Found in Piperaceae. Oil tubes (vittae): Found in Apiaceae. Lysigenous or schizogenous cavities: Found in Pinaceae and Rutaceae. Chemical and Physical Properties High refractive indices and often optically active. Can be classified as terpene derivatives or aromatic compounds based on their biosynthetic origin. Two portions: Eleoptene: Liquid portion (e.g., eucalyptol, eugenol). Stearoptene: Solid portion (e.g., menthol, thymol). Methods of Extraction 1. Distillation: Water distillation: For dried plant material (e.g., turpentine oil). Water and steam distillation: For dried or fresh materials prone to injury by boiling. Direct steam distillation: Used for fresh plant drugs (e.g., peppermint). WATER DISTILLATION WATER AND STEAM DISTILLATION Methods of Extraction 2. Expression: Mechanical extraction for citrus oils (e.g., lemon, orange). Methods of Extraction 3. Ecuelle method: Involves puncturing oil glands in citrus fruits. Methods of Extraction 4. Enfleurage: A method using fats to absorb oils from flower petals. Methods of Extraction 5. Enzymatic hydrolysis: Glycosidic volatile oils like mustard oil are released through enzymatic activity. Classes of Volatile Oils Hydrocarbon volatile oils Alcohol volatile oils Aldehyde volatile oils Ketone volatile oils Phenol volatile oils Phenolic ether volatile oils Oxide volatile oils Ester volatile oils INDIVIDUAL OUTPUT: THIS MUST BE PLACED ON THE INDEX PAPER OR ANY CHOICE OF PAPER AND THIS SERVES AS YOUR FLASHCARDS CIs NOT IN CHARGED OF READING THIS, STUDENTS MUST COMPLY 1. Hydrocarbon Volatile Oils Turpentine Oil or Spirits of Turpentine – Is the volatile oil distilled from the oleoresin obtained from Pinus palustris (Fam. Pinaceae) Miller and from other species of Pinus Linne that yield terpene oils exclusively. – Turpentine oil is a odorless liquid having a characteristic odor and taste, both of which become stronger and more disagreeable as the oil ages or is exposed to air. Rectified Turpentine Oil – Is turpentine oil rectified by distillation from an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. – It has been used as an expectorant. Terpin hydrate or terpinol – Is formed by the action of nitric acid on rectified turpentine oil in the presence of alcohol. – It is a stimulant to mucous membranes; therefore, it is used as an expectorant in the form of terpin hydrate elixir. Terpine hydrate SN: Pinus palustris (Pinaceae) Ac/s: terpinol Use/s: expectorant 2. Alcohol Volatile Oils Peppermint – Consists of the dried leaf and flowering top of Mentha piperita (Fam. Labiatae) – Menthol Peppermint Oil – Is the volatile oil distilled with steam from the fresh over ground parts of the flowering plant of Mentha piperita (Fam. Labiatae), rectified by distillation and neither partially nor wholly dementholized. Peppermint Oil – Mentha piperita (Laminaceae) – It is used as pharmaceutic acid (flavor). – It has been used as a carminative, a stimulant, and a counterirritant. Used commercially as a flavor for confections, especially for chewing gum. Japanese Peppermint oil or Mentha arvensis oil – Is obtained by steam, distillation from Mentha arvensis var piperascens. – This oil is considerably higher in menthol content but is inferior in flavor to peppermint oil. It is, therefore, solely employed as a source of menthol. 2. Alcohol Volatile Oils Menthol or Menthan-3-ol – Is an alcohol obtained from diverse mint oils or prepared synthetically. – It occurs as colorless, hexagonal crystals that are usually needlelike, as fused masses, or as a crystalline powder. – It has a pleasant, peppermint like odor. – Menthol is used as topical antipruritic, counterirritant, antiseptic, and a stimulant; it is topically applied as 0.1 to 2% preparations for use on the skin. – Solid portion of volatile oils Menthol SN: Mentha arvenis Use/s: 0.1-1% - dilates the blood vessel causing sensation of coldness followed by depression of sensory cutaneous receptor (antipruritic) o 1-16% counterirritants o Small dose (mouth) – carminative o Large dose – depressant on the heart 3. Aldehyde Volatile Oils Cinnamon – Cinnamon or Saigon cinnamon is the dried bask of Cinnamomum loureirii (Fam. Lauraceae). Cinnamon oil – Is used as a flavoring agent; it is also a carminative and pungent aromatic. It has antiseptic properties. – cinnamaldehyde / cinnamic aldehyde Lemon Peel – Lemon is the fruit of Citrus limon (Fam Rutaceae). – Lemon peel is the outer yellow rind of the fresh ripe fruit of Citrus limon. It is used as a flavoring agent, a stimulant, and a stomachic. – Division in which volatile oil and volatile oil containing drug are placed: 4. Ketone Volatile Oils – Ketones occurring in volatile oils maybe divided into: a. monocyclic terpene ketones – menthone – carvone – pipertone – pulegone – Diosphenol b. Dicyclic ketones camphor fenchone thujone 4. Ketone Volatile Oils Camphor – Is acetone obtained from Cinnamomum camphora (Fam Lauraceae) (natural camphor) or produced synthetically (synthetic camphor). – Camphora is from the Arabic Kafur, meaning chalk. – Camphor is a topical antipruritic, rubefacient, and anti-infective employed at 1 to 3% in preparations for use on the skin. Commercially it is used in the manufacture of certain plastics. Spearmint – Spearmint consists of the dried leaf and flowering top of Mentha spicata (common spearmint) or of M. cardiaca (Scotch spearmint) (Fam Labiatae). – Spicata is from the Latin spica, meaning a spike, and refers to the arrangement of the flowers. – Spearmint is classed as a flavor. It possesses carminative properties. Spearmint Oil – Spearmint oil is a colorless, yellow or greenish yellow liquid that has the characteristic odor and taste of spearmint. – Spearmint oil is a flavor. It possesses carminative properties and is used to a considerable extent in the chewing gum indu 5. Phenol Volatile Oils Thymol – Thymol is a phenol obtained from thyme oil Thymus vugaris from horsemint oil (Monarda punctata , from Monarda didyna oil, from ajowan oil (Carum copticum Bentham et Hooker), or it may be prepared synthetically from m-cresol or p- cymene. – Thymol is an antifungal and antibacterial agent. It is employed topically in lotions, creams, and ointments in concentration ranging from 0.1 to 1%. Thymol SN: Thymus vulgaris (thyme); Monarda punetata (horsemint); Monarda didyma (tea); Carum copticum (ajowan) Use/s: antifungal, antibacterial 5. Phenol Volatile Oils Clove – Clove or cloves is the dried flower bud of Eugenia caryophyllus (Fam. Myrtaceae) – Eugen, eugenol acetate, B-caryophyllene – carminative , flavorant, antiseptic and counterirritant Clove Oil – Clove oil is the volatile oil distilled with steam from the dried flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllus. – Clove oil is a colorless or pale yellow liquid that becomes darker and thicker by age or exposure to air and has the characteristic odor and taste of clove. – Clove oil is classed as a flavor. It is commonly employed as a toothache remedy; it also possesses antiseptic, counterirritant, and carminative properties Eugenol or 4-allyl-2- methoxyphenol – Is a phenol obtained from clove oil and from other source. Eugenol is classes as a dental analgesic. It is applied topically to dental cavities and is incorporated in dental protective. 6. Phenolic Ether Volatile Oils Nutmeg – Nutmeg or myristica is the dried, ripe seed of Myristica fragrans deprived of its seed coat and arillode and with or without a thin coating of lime – myristicin – Myristica is a flavor and a condiment, useful agent for controlling diarrhea associated with certain carcinomas. – Carminative Nutmeg Oil – Nutmeg oil or myristica oil is the volatile oil distilled with steam from the dried kernels of the ripe seeds of Myristica fragrans. – The oil is a colorless or pale yellow liquid that has the characteristic odor and taste of nutmeg. – Nutmeg oil is a flavoring agent. It possesses carminative properties. – Eg. anethole 7. Oxide Volatile Oils Eucalyptus oil – Eucalyptus oil is the dried, scythe-shaped leaf of Eucalyptus globules or of other species of Eucalyptus. – Eucalyptus the oil is colorless or pale yellow liquid that has a characteristic, aromatic, somewhat camphoraceous odor and a pungent, spicy, cooling taste. – Eucalyptus oil is classed as a flavor. It is frequently used as an antiseptic, diaphoretic, and expectorant – Eg. Eucalyptol Cineole – Cineole or Eucalyptol is obtained from eucalyptus oil and from other sources. – It is a colorless liquid that has a characteristic, aromatic, camphoraceous odor and a pungent, cooling, spicy taste. – Cineole is classed as a flavor. It has properties similar to those of eucalyptus oil 8. Ester Volatile Oils Gaultheria Oil – Gaultheria, wintergreen, teaberry, or checkerberry consists of the dried leaves of Gaultheria procumbens (Fam Ericaceae) Methyl Salicylate – Methyl salicylate is produced synthetically or is obtained by maceration and subsequent distillation with steam from the leaves of G. procumbens Linne (Fam. Ericaceae) or from the bark of Betula lenta Linne (Fam Betulaceae) – This oil is also known as gaultheria oil, wintergreen oil, betula oil, or sweet birch oil. – Methyl salicylate is a pharmaceutic acid (Flavor) for aromatic cascara sagrada fluidextract. In addition, it has local irritant, antiseptic, and anti-rheumatic properties.  NAME BOTANICAL ORIGIN ACTIVE USE CONSTITUENT/S Anise Pimpinella anisum (Fam. anethole flavorant Apiaceae) Caraway Carum carvi (Fam. carvone flavorant Apiaceae) Citronella oil Cymbopogon winterianus Citronellol, geranoil Perfume, insect repellant and Cymbopogon nardus Eucalyptus oil Eucalyptus globulus cineole Antiseptic, mild anesthetic, stimulating expectorant Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Anethole, limonene, Flavorant, carminative (Fam. Apiaceae) fenchone, methyl chavicol Lavender oil Lavandula angustifolia Linalyl acetate, linalool, perfume (Lamiaceae) cineole Lemon oil Citrus limon limonene Orange oil Citrus sinensis (Rutaceae) Decanal, limonene flavorant Pine oil Pinus palustris Terpineol, methyl Disinfectant. deodorant chavicol Rose oil (otto of rose) Rosa gallica citronellol perfume Spearmint oil Mentha spicata carvone Flavorant, carminative Thyme Thymus vulgaris Thymol, carvacol, cymene flavorant Turpentine oil Pinus palustris α-pinene counterirritant Wintergreen oil Gautheria procumbens 98% methyl salicylate Flavorant, counterirritant, (gautheria oil, betula oil, anti-inflammatory