The College of Animal Welfare - Veterinary Nursing Zoonosis & Barrier Nursing PDF

Terminology Match-Up ==================== 1. **Infection** -- Colonisation of an individual by micro-organisms that can successfully invade, establish and multiply within the host to cause disease. 2. **Contagion** -- The transmission of disease from one individual to another. 3. *...

Terminology Match-Up ==================== 1. **Infection** -- Colonisation of an individual by micro-organisms that can successfully invade, establish and multiply within the host to cause disease. 2. **Contagion** -- The transmission of disease from one individual to another. 3. **Colonisation** -- Presence of a microorganism on/in a host, with growth and multiplication of the organism. 4. **Contamination** -- Introduction of a micro-organism into an area where they are not naturally occurring (e.g., a wound). 5. **Notifiable disease** -- You are legally obliged to report this to the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA). 6. **Fomite** -- Inanimate objects or material on which disease-producing organisms may be carried. 7. **Zoonotic** -- Diseases that are transmissible between animals and humans. A close-up of a cell Description automatically generated - They're microscopic but can only be seen under and electron microscope so it cannot be seen under a normal microscope. - Viruses cannot reproduce out of a host cell, so if it is a respiratory virus it isn't then going to infect the gastro system. - What diseases can be spread from viruses? FELV, Herpes, Rabies, Distemper, canine hepatitis, canine influenza, Kennel cough, Feline corona virus (FIP), Parvo virus, RHD Rabbit haemorrhagic disease and Myxomatosis for rabbits is what we vaccine for. - They have a nucleus acid in the middle so it is obvious under a scope, then it had a layer of protein capsid around it. - Enveloped virus, the yellow bit with green spines coming off of it are called fusion protein this helps the virus bind on the a receptor cell making it easier to spread. - Viruses do not respond to antibiotics. - Only way to encourage it to go it using the correct disinfectant to reduce the spread, but the enveloped virus is harder to kill but we can disrupt the spines making it unable to replicate. A diagram of a virus Description automatically generated - Only replicate within certain cell, and specie specific meaning they will not reproduce if it is not the right cells or animal. - Remember Nucleus Acid Is the DNA, Envelope, Protein capsid. - Attach and bind onto a cell, Its tricks the cell and get it to engulf it (east it), once within the cell the protein capsid breaks down and then it releases into the cell, the nucleus acid (DNA) it takes over the running of the cell, it tells the cell to produce more virus within it, once it is full it will burst and die releasing more viruses into the body, repeating the same pattern replicating the virus.  - This explains it - [**https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FqlTslU22s**](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FqlTslU22s) - **lytic cycle - virus gets into cell, cell reproduces virus within it until it cannot hold anymore. the cell then bursts and lots of virus\' go out into the body to find new cells etc.** - **lysogenic cycle -- virus tricks the cell and gets into the cell, the dna/virus stays hidden and the cell reproduces and creates new cells with hidden virus\' in them. Something then causes the virus to go into the lytic cycle so this happens in multiple cells all at the same time. Mitosis is part of this and this is where the infected cells produces 2 identical cells (daughter/twin) cells and when the two cells bursts with the infectious info/strains/nucleus acid DNA, it produce four identical cells and so on so forth and continues to multiply.** - There is sometimes a delay between viral replication and the on set of clinical signs, what is this called? [Incubation period] - **Basically viruses have DNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein capsid round them, need an certain host in order to replicate. they trick the cell and once the cell accepts the virus it command the cell to regenerate the DNA to the point it bursts and spreads from there into other cells.** A screenshot of a medical test Description automatically generated  - It is spread through fleas, and it was deliberately introduced to rabbits to reduce the population originally in Australia and it was affecting other native species. It can spread from direct contact with fleas. - It affect the respiratory disease, causing bleeding internally and shuts down the organs eventually, it does kill them. A diagram of a cell Description automatically generated **Components of a Generalised Bacterial Cell:** **Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane):** Lies just inside the cell wall; selectively permeable, controlling substance passage in and out of the cell. ** Controls movement of nutrients in and out the cell** **Mesosomes:** Infoldings of the membrane that increase surface area for respiration and may play a role in cell division. **Cytoplasm:** A gel-like fluid containing nutrients, waste products, and enzymes. ** Gel-like fluid inside the cell.** **Ribosomes:** Sites of protein synthesis, containing ribonucleic acid (RNA). **Make proteins.** **Plasmids:** Extra circular DNA, capable of independent replication. **Contain genetic material** **Chromosome:** Contains the genetic material (DNA), determining cell function and heredity. **Flagella:** Tail-like structures enabling movement; bacteria can swim up to 100 μm/s. **Helps it move** **Capsules and Slime Layers:** Protective layers that shield against phagocytosis, aid in adherence to surfaces, and offer resistance to harsh environments. **Not always present -- extra protection** **Cell Wall:** Rigid structure giving shape and preventing the cell from bursting. Thickness and composition vary between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. **Gives structure and protection** **Pili (Fimbriae):** Hair-like appendages aiding in attachment, DNA transfer, or surface adherence. **Helps bacteria attach onto other surfaces and bacteria.** **Storage Granules:** Reserve materials like nutrients. - **Nucleus -- DNA**  - Bigger then virus and we can see them under a scope. We can use stains too see the bacteria in different colour and the positions of the flagella (tails) and if they need different oxygens. A close-up of a diagram Description automatically generated - Dip -- double dip, Staph (staff in a staff room), Strep (strip)  - Lepto spirosis is a spirochete. A close-up of a paper Description automatically generated - Using a special type of stain called a Gram stain that we can stain our slide with, if the bacteria absorb the purple it is gram positive and the negative will be pink. - **Binary fission - cell splits in two creating two identical cells. This is Mitosis, this is how they reproduce. Asexual - cell does not need another cell to reproduce (it does it by itself).**  - During conjugation (passing over of information). This happens are the little pilli (hair) when two bacteria cells find eachother and join at the pilli, they then get dragged together to connect. The bacteria cells once connected pass information from one to another via the plasmid then when they come apart they have the same genetic info in them. This is how antimicrobial resistance happens if lets the other cell know how to survive the antibiotics. So information is passed/happens through conjugation through the plasmid. A newspaper with black text Description automatically generated - **1. animal has a bacterial infection.** - **2. the animal gets given antibiotics.** - **3. some bacteria remembers what that antibiotic was.** - **4. this bacteria then passes on the information of how to resist the antibiotic to the next bacterial cell via conjugation.** - **5. the information is passed via the plasmid to the next cell through conjugation.** - **MRSA -** Methicillin resistant staphycoccus aureus **is a type of staphylococcus (staff) and it become resistant to call drugs.** - **Antibiotic resistance occurs through conjugation and the passing over of genetic information via the plasmid. REMEMBER!!**  - **Sporulation -- Does NOT reproduce but this is a protective mechanism/response.** - **Bacteria spores are very resistant to cold and heat, and disinfectants. This is why we have to sterilise our equipment above 120 degrees as this will kill the spores.** A screenshot of a computer Description automatically generated - Cats can get chlamydia in its eyes, we can get it from cats which means we could get it in the eye too.  - **Bacterial - bordetella bronchiseptica (this is the one up the nose), Viral -- parainfluenza (routine vaccines, DHP).** - **If it is viral the animal can get rid of it itself, if it bacterial we have to swab and give antibiotics.** A diagram of yeast and yeast Description automatically generated - **Both are fungi.** - **Moulds -- are multicellular, they are aerobic (need oxygen -aerobic to reproduce) they produce spores. A mould infection in animals is aspergilliosis, ringworm.** - **Yeasts -- are unicellular (can be both aerobic or anaerobic) and yeast needs moisture this is produced by budding.**  - **Parasitic -- feeds off on living organism** - **Saprophytic -- died or decaying matter** A white background with black text Description automatically generated - The spores of the mould can spread by just blowing on them off of mouldy bread but the main way they produce is sporulation, if we get two types of mould and they touch they can also reproduce.  - When a tiny cell grows and they it just keeps going this is BUDDING and this is how it is reproduced. A close-up of a petri dish Description automatically generated - We can do a hair pluck, swab, tape strip, coat brushing, skin scrape, if is had aspergilliosis we can flush the lungs and suck up some of the fluid and send it away. - If we suspect ringworm we can shine a woods lamp on it there is a green and blue light/lamp to see the lesions or the ring worm will show up green (microsprum canis most common) will show up 50% of the time, Persian cats carry it without showing symptoms. Another way if doing this is taking a sample and growing it on a Sabourauds agar plate and if it is a fungi it will turn red on the plate. Ringworm is not a worm it is a fungi. Treatment with antifungal mediation. - Giardia is zoonotic and will give us diarrhoea. - Toxoplasma is also zoonotic but it doesn't after normal humans but it is dangerous is pregnant women, this is shed in the cat faeces. They can - They are cells, they have a nucleus, they are free living they reproduce with or without a host, it is spread often through faeces.  - Causes diseases,mycoplasma felis causes the red blood cells attach each other, often spread from fleas and ticks. The M. Cynos causes respiratory infections. Prions caused mad cow diseases (**bovine spongiform encephalopathy) BSE**, is effects the neurological system it causes the cow to go crazy. A white background with black text Description automatically generated  - Physical is the first attempt of immunity then innate immunity is the second. Acquired immunity is gained. - Cilla - are tiny, hair-like structures found on the surface of certain cells. Cilia are involved in movement or sensory functions cilia move mucus and trapped particles out of the lungs like a breadcrumb it will make you cough it up. - Phago -- eat/engulf. - Acquired - **active- when the body actively produces antibodies. So this is contracted naturally or through a small amount in injections, Like having covid or parvo, if you get it once the body is able to destroy it better/quicker the next time you get it. Passive - putting antibodies that have been made somewhere else into the animals body, they can get this maternal could be through the placenta or the colostrum. So maternal antibodies last up to 8 weeks hence why we start our vaccine program as the antibodies will be diminishing.** - Colostrum in dogs is the first milk produced by the mother after giving birth. It is rich in nutrients, antibodies, and immune-boosting components that help protect newborn puppies from infections and support their early development. Puppies must consume colostrum within the first 24 hours to gain its full benefits. - Passive is when we put the immunity into the body of the animal and this can be done artificially i.e snake bite anti toxin jab will only work once so if bitten again the jab will not work. A diagram of a community Description automatically generated - Humoral -- produces anti bodies for the diseases. This is what happens with our vaccines. - Cell mediated -- kills the cells that aren't natural, so it knows how to kill the diseases.  - **[Infection Control]** Sterilisation The complete destruction of all microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores, typically using heat, chemicals, or radiation. -------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Disinfection The process of reducing or eliminating harmful microorganisms (excluding spores) on surfaces or equipment using chemical agents or heat. Fomite An inanimate object (e.g., bedding, equipment) that can carry and spread infectious agents between animals or humans. Biological Vectors Living organisms (e.g., ticks, fleas) that transmit pathogens by actively hosting and allowing the pathogen to multiply before passing it to a new host. Mechanical Vectors Organisms (e.g., flies) that passively carry pathogens on their body surfaces without the pathogen multiplying in them. Zoonosis can transfer from animal to human Reportable disease reportable diseases - diseases that must be reported to APHA (Animal, plant, and health agency), (DEFRA, goverment) if we have a confirmed case, like salmonella. Notifiable disease notifiable disease - diseases that you must report if you suspect them, Rabies, foot and mouth in cows, bird flu, TB. - Zoonotic (can transfer from animal to human) diseases -- tb, ringworm(fungal) , salmonella, giardia, lepto, leishmania, Brucella, campylobacter, ecoli, lymes, mites, toxoplasma (protozoa), rabies. A blue background with black text Description automatically generated  - Covid 19 is classed as transboundary. Spread very quickly, they are reportable or notifiable. It will cause economic problems and cause public health consequences/zoonotic. A blue screen with black text Description automatically generated **Fomite - inanimate object i.e food bowl, pen, uniform** **Biological vectors -- carry the disease inside their body -- i.e mosquitos carrying malaria, tick carrying lymes.** **Mechanical vectors -- carry the disease on their body -- ie flies landing on faeces.**  **disinfectants - are used to get rid of pathogens (bacteria/virus etc)\ \ detergents - clean organic material (food, blood, faeces etc)**, washing up liquid, this should be used first then then disinfectant. cidal -- will kill bacteria static -- stops it from being able to reproduce 1. **Alcohols**: Isopropyl alcohol (70%) -- Used for disinfecting small equipment or skin prior to injections. 2. **Biguanide/Chlorhexidine**: Hibiscrub -- Used for hand washing and pre-surgical skin preparation. 3. **Halogens**: - **Chlorine-based**: Domestos or diluted bleach -- Used for cleaning floors, kennels, or surfaces. - **Iodine-based**: Povidone-iodine -- Used as a pre-surgical antiseptic for the skin. - **Halogenated tertiary amines**: Vetaclean Parvo Advance -- Used for disinfecting high-risk areas. 4. **Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs)**: F10 Disinfectant anigene -- Commonly used for cleaning surfaces, surgical equipment, and animal housing. 5. **Oxidizing Agents**: Hydrogen peroxide-based products like hydrogen peroxide -- Used for cleaning endoscopes and delicate instruments. 6. **Phenols**: Trigene, Dettol, Jeyes Fluid -- Used for disinfecting outdoor areas or large animal housing. 7. **Aldehydes**: Parvocide, Formaldegyde, Vetcide-- Used for sterilizing surgical instruments that cannot withstand autoclaving. A white background with black text Description automatically generated  - Dilution calculation is a 1:100 more concentrated than a 1:200 dilution? Yes 1 part of disinfection to 100 water instead of 200 water. - Covert 5L into mls, so 1000 mls per 1L A screenshot of a math problem Description automatically generated  - The best one to use for antiseptic clean is iodine it is less irritant, 1:10 for skin, 1:100 eye surface, 1:50 dilution rate around the eye. Contact time is 2 minutes. If there is blood or eye goo this would need to be removed or it wont work. - Hibi scrub is an irritant. A blue and white background with black text Description automatically generated  A screenshot of a computer Description automatically generated  A person in a room with a glass door Description automatically generated Hazardous waste -- orange bag.  - Can you think of way you could improve cleaning protocols in your practice? SOP, Audits. Debrief meetings, look for common denominators, review the cleaning products, daily/weekly tick sheets, this is all part of clinical governance and evidence based nursing. A diagram of a diagram of a problem Description automatically generated with medium confidence - [**https://www.vettimes.co.uk/article/using-clinical-audits-as-tools-for-positive-change-in-practice/**](https://www.vettimes.co.uk/article/using-clinical-audits-as-tools-for-positive-change-in-practice/)  A white background with black text Description automatically generated  A white background with black text Description automatically generated  A close-up of a text Description automatically generated  A screenshot of a phone Description automatically generated  A white background with black text Description automatically generated  -