Verbal Reasoning PDF

[]**https://quizlet.com/in/14480693/manhattan-prep-1000-gre-words-definitions-flash-cards/ [ ]** **[Verbal reasoning ]** 1. Orthodox: ordinary or usual type, normal "Her approach to solving the problem was quite orthodox, relying on well-established methods rather than innovative or expe...

[]**https://quizlet.com/in/14480693/manhattan-prep-1000-gre-words-definitions-flash-cards/ [ ]** **[Verbal reasoning ]** 1. Orthodox: ordinary or usual type, normal "Her approach to solving the problem was quite orthodox, relying on well-established methods rather than innovative or experimental techniques." 2. Eccentric: عجیب و غریب "His eccentric style of dressing, always made him stand out in a crowd." 3. Trifling: insignificant, of little importance or value "Despite their seemingly trifling differences, the two proposals had a significant impact on the project\'s final outcome." 4. Ameliorated: بهبود یافته "The new policies implemented by the government significantly ameliorated the living conditions in the impoverished neighborhoods." 5. Temperance: self-control "Her temperance in managing her finances allowed her to save enough money for a down payment on a house." 6. Notoriety: بدنامی "The actor\'s notoriety increased dramatically after his scandalous behavior was exposed by the tabloids." 7. Eminence: fame, recognized superiority "The professor\'s eminence in the field of astrophysics earned him international recognition" 8. Tumultuous: پر سر و صدا, vociferous, turbulence "After the scandalous revelations, the company faced tumultuous times as investors questioned its leadership and future direction." 9. Providential: مشیت (مداخله) الهی "The sudden and unexpected arrival of the rescue team at the remote mountain village seemed almost providential, as they appeared just in time to save the stranded hikers from the impending storm." 10. Imperceptibly: به طور نامحسوس "The cat moved imperceptibly through the shadows, its stealthy approach unnoticed by the bird perched on the branch." 11. Precariously: risky, dangerously "He balanced precariously on the edge of the cliff, knowing that one wrong move could send him plummeting into the abyss below." 12. Overshadowed: outshine "Despite his remarkable talent, John always felt overshadowed by his older brother\'s accomplishments." 13. Obscure: vague "The obscure references in the ancient manuscript puzzled the scholars." 14. Incongruous: contradictory "The sight of a penguin waddling through the desert was incongruous and surreal, defying all logical expectations of where such creatures should be found." 15. Discrepancy: difference "The accountant noticed a discrepancy in the financial report, indicating a possible error in the recorded transactions." 16. Diffidence: modesty or shyness resulting from a lack of self-confidence "Despite her immense talent, she approached the stage with diffidence." 17. Thrift: صرفه جویی "The family practiced thrift by carefully budgeting their expenses and shopping for bargains to save money for future needs." 18. Avidly: مشتاقانه "She avidly read every book she could get her hands on, immersing herself in the stories with great enthusiasm and interest." 19. Ephemeral: کوتاه مدت - زودگذر "The beauty of the sunset was ephemeral, fading quickly as the sky darkened into night." 20. Plutocratic: a society governed either directly or indirectly by extremely wealthy people 21. Converging: come together from different directions so as eventually to meet "The company\'s innovative strategy is converging with the latest market trends." 22. Vigilant: هوشیار "The security guard remained vigilant throughout the night, ensuring that no unauthorized individuals entered the premises." 23. Wariness: احتیاط 'Despite his excitement about the new business venture, John approached the proposal with wariness.' 24. Acreage: a unit for measuring area, 4,047 square meters 'The farmer was pleased with the substantial increase in acreage dedicated to corn this season, anticipating a higher yield than last year.' 25. A trickle of: قطره ای از 26. 'Despite the significant resources dedicated to the project, only a trickle of results have been observed.' 27. 'The scientist employed infrared spectroscopy to analyze the molecular composition of the samples, revealing subtle chemical interactions that were previously undetectable through conventional methods.' 28. Stiffens: to become stronger and difficult, rigidity 'Her argument began to stiffen as she encountered more objections, revealing her growing frustration and reluctance to consider alternative viewpoints.' 29. Recalcitrant: سرکش 'Despite the manager\'s repeated attempts to address the issue, the recalcitrant employee continued to resist change.' 30. Amenable: open and responsive 'Her supervisor found her to be particularly amenable to feedback, which made the process of refining her research presentation much smoother.' 31. Disquieting: نگران کننده 'The novel\'s portrayal of ancient, disquieting rituals served not only as a chilling backdrop but also as a metaphor for the protagonist\'s inner turmoil.' 32. Rumination: deep and thoughtful consideration or contemplation 'Her prolonged rumination over the ethical implications of the research led her to question the validity of her initial conclusions.' 33. Aloof: گوشه گیر 34. Unseemly: inappropriate, indecorous 'The senator\'s outburst during the committee meeting was deemed unseemly by his colleagues, who expected a more dignified and respectful discourse.' 35. Placid: calm and peaceful 'Despite the turbulent political climate, the mayor remained remarkably placid.' 36. Skittish: nervous and easily frightened behavior 'Despite the thorough training and preparation, the investor remained skittish about the volatile market, hesitant to commit to any high-risk assets.' 37. Restive: ناآرام 'The restive audience grew increasingly agitated as the speaker droned on past the allotted time.' 38. Prosaic: dull, ordinary 'While the scientist\'s groundbreaking theories captivated the academic community, his writing style remained disappointingly prosaic, lacking the eloquence that could have brought his ideas to a broader audience.' 39. Plausibility: likely to be true, باورپذیری 'The plausibility of our hypotheses was rigorously tested through a series of controlled experiments, ultimately lending credence to our scientific theory.' 40. Kagan maintains that an infant's reaction to its first stressful experiences are part of a natural proves of development, not harbingers of childhood unhappiness or prophetic signs of adolescent anxiety. 41. The judges standing in the legal community, though shaken by phony allegations of wrong doing, emerged, at long last undiminished/undamaged. 42. Like Bela Bartok, Ruth Crawford not only brought a composers' acumen to the notion of folk music, she also had a marked reverence for the task. This was clear in her agonizing over how far to try to represent the minute details of a performance in a written text, and this fastidiousness makes her work a landmark in ethnomusicology. 43. Statements presented as fact in a patent application are presumed verifiable unless a good reason for doubt is found. The invention has only to be deemed "more likely than not'' to work in order to receive initial approval. And, although thousands of patents are challenged in court for other reasons, no incentive exists for anyone to expend effort debunking the science of an erroneous patent. For this reason the endless stream of bogus devices will continue to yield occasional patents. 44. Ever demanding the reader of the fiction of others, the novelist Chase was likewise often the object of exacting/meticulous analyses by his contemporaries. 45. Human nature and long distances have made exceeding the speed limit a cherished tradition in the state, so the legislators surprised no one when, acceding to public demand, they rejected increased penalties for speeding. 46. Serling's account of his employer's reckless decision making belies that company's image as a cautious bureaucracy full of wary managers. 47. No other contemporary poet's work has such a well-earned reputation for near impenetrability, and there are few whose moral vision is so imperiously unsparing. Of late, however, the almost belligerent demands of his severe and densely forbidding poetry have taken an improbable turn. This new collection is the poet's fourth book in six years -- an ample output even for poets of sunny disposition, let alone for one of such penitential austerity over the previous 50 years. Yet for all his newfound volubility. 48. Managers who think that strong environmental performance will bolster their company's financial performance often uncritically accept claims that systems designed to help them manage environmental concerns are valuable tool. By contrast, manager who perceive environmental performance to be peripheral to financial access may view an environmental management system as extraneous, in either situation, and whatever their perceptions, it is a managers commitment to achieving environmental improvement rather than the mere presence of a system that determines environmental performance. 49. Overlarge, uneven, and ultimately disappointing, the retrospective exhibition seems too much like special pleading for a forgotten painter of real but limited/circumscribed. 50. Incriminate: to make (someone) appear guilty of a crime or wrongdoing 51. Valorize: to give value to 52. To some degree, no doubt, this rhetoric was a necessary palliative for a traumatized nation, but coming amidst a fierce and -- in terms of international law -- illegal assault on the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, it had sobering implications. 53. Decrepitude: the state of being worn out or ruined 54. Many surgeons continue to advocate preemptive analgesic treatment despite the fact that clinical studies and meta-analyses have failed to demonstrate unequivocally that such treatment reduces postoperative pain more effectively than one started after surgery. 55. Intractably: difficult to manage or influence 56. A country that has some success with defanging Pyongyang\'s fledgling but rapidly developing missile program, is probably safer than one that throws up its hands in despair. 57. Denigrating: criticize unfairly 58. Mellifluous: pleasingly smooth and musical to hear 59. Voluble: passionately and fluently talkative 'The professor, usually known for his reserved demeanor, became surprisingly voluble during the lecture.' 60. Albert Baldwin Wood, who invented the first screw pump in 1913, later designed a 14-foot pump. There was lagniappe: Disease rates fell because fetid floodwater could be pumped out faster before mosquitoes had a chance to breed there and proliferate. 61. Macabre: وحشتناک 'The detective\'s investigation into the abandoned asylum revealed a series of macabre artifacts, including old medical instruments and eerie photographs, which hinted at the dark and unsettling history of the place.' 62. Obviate: prevent, remove 63. Dwindle: کاهش 'As the summer vacation drew to a close, the once-bustling beach resort began to dwindle in activity.' 64. Juxtaposition: the fact of two things placed close together with contrasting effect 'The juxtaposition of the sleek, modern skyscrapers against the dilapidated, historic buildings highlighted the city\'s contrasting eras of prosperity and decay.' 65. Coinages: new words/phrases in a language 66. Apostle: messenger 67. Anachronistic: out-of-date 68. Dogmatism: stating your opinions in a strong way and not accepting anyone else\'s opinions 69. The lionization of Vladmir Nabokov as one of the North America's literary giants has thrown the spotlight on his peripheral activities and has thus served to foreground his efforts as an amateur entomologist. 70. Caprice: a sudden change of mood/behavior 'Her decision to move to a new city seemed to be a sudden caprice rather than a carefully considered plan.' 71. Forfeit: از دست دادن 'If the team fails to show up for the match, they will forfeit their chance to compete in the championship.' 72. Lulled into: to make someone feel safe in order to trick them 'She was lulled into a false sense of security by the calm, reassuring words of the financial advisor.' 73. Unenlightened authoritarian managers rarely recognize a crucial reason for the low levels of serious conflict among members of democratically run work group: a modicum of tolerance for dissent often prevents schism. 74. Demur: disagree/refuse 'Although he was initially eager to join the project, he began to demur once he realized the additional time commitment it would require.' 75. Shortsightedness: lack of imagination or foresight 'The company\'s shortsightedness in ignoring emerging technology trends led to its rapid decline in the market.' 76. The novelist devotes so much time to avid description of his character's clothes that the reader soon feels that such sartorial concerns, although worthy of attention, have superseded any more directly literary aims. 77. Didactic: instructive, educational 'the professor\'s didactic approach to teaching ensured that even the most complex concepts were explained.' 78. Syntactical: relating to the grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence/ structure of statement 'The professor\'s lecture on syntactical structure revealed how variations in sentence construction can significantly alter the meaning of a text.' 79. Frivolous: بیهوده 'Her frivolous spending on designer shoes left her with little money for necessities.' 80. Belanger dances with an undemonstrative panache that draws one's attention as if by seeking to deflect it; through finesse and understatement, he manages to seem at once intensely present and curiously detached. 81. Gawkiness: awkwardness 82. Realities that constrain him. He does not, however, piously brandish political principles only to betray them in practice. Rather, he attempts in subtle ways to balance his political self-interest with a deeply felt moral code, viewing himself as an instrument of some unchanging higher purpose. 83. Confounding: گیج کننده 84. Posthumous: پس از مرگ 'The artist received widespread acclaim for his work, but it was only after his death that he achieved posthumous fame.' 85. Acquisition: purchase, gain 'The company\'s acquisition of the smaller tech startup significantly boosted its innovation capabilities and market share.' 86. Attenuation: تضعیف 87. The plan, which the engineers said would save the aquifer by reducing pumping to innocuous/ benign levels, has passed a governmental environmental review nut faces opposition from outdoor and environmental groups. 88. Though feminist in its implications, Yvone Rainer's 1974 film antedated/preceded the filmmaker's active involvement in feminist politics. 89. Congress is having difficulty developing a consensus on energy policy, primarily because the policy objectives of various members of congress rest on such disparate/divergent assumptions. 90. Arbitrary: random, unrestrained, خودسرانه 'The judge's decision seemed arbitrary to the lawyers, as it appeared to be based on personal opinion rather than legal precedent.' 91. Elated: thrilled, happy 92. Only by ignoring decades of mismanagement and insufficiency could investors conclude that a fresh infusion of cash would provide anything other than a fleeting/momentary solution to the company's financial woes. 93. Invigoration: give strength/energy 'The morning jog through the park provided a much-needed invigoration.' 94. Given the flood of information presented by the mass media, the only way for someone to keep abreast of the news is to rely on synoptic/abridged accounts. 95. Lurid: وحشتناک 96. Always circumspect, she was reluctant to make judgments, but once arriving at a conclusion, she was intransigent/resolute in its defense. 97. Lax: not sufficiently strict 'The coach was criticized for being too lax with his training regimen, which some felt led to the team\'s poor performance.' 98. Obsequious: خایمال 'The intern's obsequious behavior towards the CEO was evident in every exaggerated compliment and overly eager offer of assistance.' 99. Flourish: 'Her garden really began to flourish after she started using organic compost.' 100. Alleviate: reduce 'The study aimed to identify strategies that could alleviate the socio-economic disparities affecting underprivileged communities, thereby contributing to more equitable economic development.' 101. A Shaft of: پرتو 'The study revealed that a shaft of sunlight penetrating through the forest canopy significantly influences the growth patterns of understory plants by altering the local microclimate.' 102. Ironically, the writer so wary of extravagance was profligate with ink and paper, his novel running to 2500 shagreen-bound folio page--a fortune in stationery at the time. 103. Disapprobation: مخالفت, disapproval 'The manager's disapprobation was evident when he frowned and shook his head after reviewing the project\'s incomplete report.' 104. Complacency: خوشنودی 'Her complacency about the project's progress led to unexpected delays, as she assumed everything was on track without regularly checking in.' 105. Just as the authors' book on eels is often a key text for courses in marine vertebrate zoology, their ideas on animal development and phylogeny inform teaching in this area. 106. Perfunctory: carried out without real effort, quick 'Her apology seemed perfunctory, lacking any real emotion or sincerity.' 107. In the midst of so many evasive comments, this forthright statement, whatever its intrinsic merit, plainly stands out as an anomaly. 108. The activists' energetic work in the service of both women suffrage and the temperance movement in the late nineteenth century undermines the assertion that the two movements were inimical. 109. Pecuniary: relating to money 110. Peculiarity: feature, ویژگی 111. Pellucidity: شفاف بودن ' The pellucidity of the lake\'s water allowed us to see all the way to the bottom, revealing a vibrant world of aquatic life beneath the surface.' 112. Wills argues that malarial parasites are especially malignant because they have more recently entered humans than and species and therefore have had insufficient time to evolve toward benignity yet there is no reliable evidence that the most harmful Plasmodium species has been in humans for shorter time than less harmful. 113. Virulence: the severity or harmfulness of a disease or poison 'the proportion of birds which die depends on the virulence of the virus.' 114. Volatile: escape, flee 115. Clergy: روحانیت, formal leaders within established religions. Their roles and functions vary in different religious traditions, but usually involve presiding over specific rituals and teaching their religion\'s doctrines and practices. 116. Conspicuous: evident, obvious 117. Menacing: threatening, شوم 'The study examined the menacing implications of unchecked artificial intelligence on privacy and security.' 118. Far from being banished from the corporate world because of cutbacks, serious researchers are playing a growing role in innovation at many times. 119. Immured in: imprison 'Despite her outwardly successful career, she felt immured in a routine that stifled her creativity and passion.' 120. The brief survey, published under the title The Work of Nature: How the Diversity of Life Sustains Us, is surprisingly comprehensive. Indeed it makes several longer treatment of the effects of lost biodiversity seem redundant. 121. The government has no choice but to heed the incessant demands for land reform, and yet any governmental action that initiated land reform without requisite attention to agrarian reform would compromise the overall goal of economic modernization. 122. Discernible: visible, noticeable 'the scandal had no discernible effect on his career.' 123. Putting a cash value on the ecological services provided by nature---such as the water filtration "service" provided by a forested watershed---has, historically been a problematic process. Early attempts at such valuation resulted in impressive but unsound figures that were seized on by environmental advocates and then, when these figures were late discredited, they were used by opponents to tar the whole idea. 124. Only with the discovery of an ozone hole over Antarctica in 1985 did chemical companies finally relinquish their opposition to a ban on chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which destroy ozone. The discovery suggested that strong political action to halt production of CFCs might be imminent, and fortunately, the chemical industry no longer felt compelled to oppose such action: although companies had recently curtailed their research into CFC substitutes, studies they had initiated years earlier had produced encouraging results. 125. Imprudent: unwise, incautious 126. Corroborated: confirm 'The witness\'s testimony was corroborated by multiple pieces of physical evidence, strengthening the case significantly.' 127. Inconclusive: بی نتیجه 128. The incipient row regarding taxes could affect trade between the two countries much more than the festering dispute over banana imports, which has been going in for years. Unfortunately, the trade regulators seem to be ignoring both disagreement. 129. Predicament: issue, trouble 'She found herself in a difficult predicament when her car broke down in the middle of nowhere with no cell service. 130. Contend: claim 131. Consolidation: تحکیم 'The company achieved significant growth through the consolidation of its various divisions into a more streamlined organizational structure.' 132. Notwithstanding their disagreement/divergence regarding other issues, township residents have consistently passed the board of education's annual budget. 133. Reined in: bringing something under control 'After realizing the project was going over budget, the manager reined in the spending by cutting unnecessary expenses.' 134. Bolstered: تقویت 'Her confidence was bolstered by the positive feedback she received from her colleagues after the presentation.' 135. Indemnified: compensate for harm or loss, جبران 'each of the parties shall indemnify me for all reasonable costs of defending such actions and proceedings.' 136. Propped up: lean something against something else 'she propped the picture up on the mantlepiece.' 137. Manacled: restrain, handcuff 138. Lionized: give a lot of public attention to someone, treat as a celebrity 139. Skeptics contend that any scheme for charging visitors to Web sites that rewards the vendor adequality would require steep prices, bridling/inhibiting the kind if frequent, casual use of Web sites that surfers now take for granted. 140. Concealing: hide, veil, cover up 141. Feasible: possible 142. Attribution: documents, اسناد 143. Digression: the action of moving away from the main subject you are writing or talking about. 144. The belief that politicians might become venal after their election to office led to the appointment of ethics officers at various levels of government. 145. Scrupulous: careful, thorough 146. Entrenched: establish (an attitude, habit, or belief) so firmly that change is very difficult 147. Even the charisma and technical prowess of two fine actors are not adequate the task of full to invigorating a gray domestic drama with a tired tale to tell. 148. Inferior to: lower in rank or quality 'schooling in inner-city areas was inferior to that in the rest of the country.' 149. There may be a threshold below which blood pressure reductions become superfluous given that a long-running study showed no decreased heart risk for drops in blood pressure below a certain point. 150. Indiscernible: unnoticeable, indistinguishable 151. Arduous: difficult 152. Cloaked: hide, cover 153. Unlike the problems in recent financial scandals, issues raised by the regulators in this case appear largely to pertain unwieldy accounting rules that are open to widely divergent interpretations---not to sham transactions designed to cloak corporate malfeasance. 154. Unpremeditated: unplanned, spontaneous 155. Longitude and Latitude: طول و عرض 156. Impetuously: impulsive and vigorous 157. Ploddingly: dull, boring or a hardworking person lacking intelligence 158. Sporadically: occasionally or at irregular intervals 'he worked sporadically at part-time jobs.' 159. Entails: requires, مستلزم 160. Rather viewing the Massachusetts Bay Colony's antinomian controversy as the inevitable collision of the intransigent opposing forces of radical and orthodox beliefs, male and female piety, cerebral and secular power, and the like, as other critics have, Winship argues that the crisis was not "fixed and structural." 161. Clerical: religious, office 162. Erosional: فرسایش 163. Adjacent: very near, next to 164. Barring: "We should arrive at ten o\'clock, barring any (= if there are no) unexpected delays." 165. Elucidating: explain, clarify 'The reasons for the change in weather conditions have been elucidated by several scientists.' 166. Multistory: a multistory apartment building = several floors 167. Perennial: all the time 'The film \"White Christmas\" is a perennial favorite.' 168. It would have been disingenuous of the candidate to appear ecstatic/ euphoric when her opponent won the election, but she congratulated the victor nonetheless. 169. Crestfallen: disappointed 170. Disgruntled: unhappy 171. As market forces penetrate firms and bid up the value of attributes of labor that are more measurable than is the knowledge born of experience, it can be expected that trends in wages will not aid/favor those whose main value lies in such experiential knowledge. 172. Forsake: abandon 173. Astounding: astonishing 174. Faraway: distant, preoccupied 175. Humdrum: ordinary, no excitement 176. Locust: ملخ 177. Entomologist: حشره شناس 178. Withering look: bitchy resting face 179. Robust: strong, tough 180. Crude: simple, rude 181. Vaulted: ساختمان طاقدار 182. Embellished: decorated 183. Ridges: mountain range 184. Render: provide 185. Aqueous-based: contains water as the solvent 186. Excerpt: a short part taken from a speech 187. The challenges we face today are [by no means of equal magnitude] to those we encountered in the past, but they still require careful attention and action = nowhere near the same size 188. [In defiance of various claims] that the project would fail, the team successfully completed it ahead of schedule = Contrary to numerous assertions 189. Prosperity: welfare 'A country\'s future prosperity depends, to an extent, upon the quality of education of its people.' 190. Willfully and wantonly to have thrown off the companion of my youth: عمدا و خودسرانه همدم جوانی ام را دور انداخته ام 191. Patronage: support 'The charity enjoys the patronage of many prominent local business people.' 192. Exertion: exert your influence in; exert pressure on: use 193. Depravity: corruption, فساد 194. Bestowed: اعطا 195. Cordage: طناب 196. Indisputable: true, no doubt 197. Raiment: clothing 198. Sorcerer: wizard: Conjuror 199. Entwined: Splice: closely connected: Adjacent 200. Emblazoned: marked/shown to be noticeable 201. The handles on each side of the box are purely ornamental (= they are for decoration only). 202. Bewildering: confusing and uncertain 203. Endeavored: try, effort 204. a [ruin]ous effect on the environment 205. The hotel we stayed in was really dilapidated. = old and poor in condition 206. Proprietor: مالک 207. Burrow: a hole in the ground dug by rabbits to live in 208. The degree to which the frogs toes are webbed is directly proportional to the amount of time the species lives in the water. 209. Arboreal species: live in trees. 210. Substrate: platform, بستر 211. Unfeigned: genuine; sincere 212. Convoluted: complex 213. Counterfeit: جعلی 214. Annabelle, to whom praise was paramount, did not care so much about earning good grades in school for the knowledge; it was the approbation/ censure that she craved. 215. Ennui: boredom 216. universities offering an eclectic mix of courses= wide-ranging 217. Bucolic: countryside 218. These ancient scholars were steeped in poetry and painting, as well as maths and astronomy. = know a lot about it 219. Tortuous: twisty 220. Most spacecraft are still at little risk of collision with space debris during their operational lifetimes, but given the numbers of new satellites launched each year, the orbital environment in the future is likely to be less benign. 221. Zeal: great enthusiasm 222. The unironic representation of objects from everyday life is missing from serious American art of the twentieth century: "high" artists ceded the straightforward depiction of the complex to illustrators, advertisers, and packaging designers. 223. Although he has long had a reputation for impudence, his behavior toward his coworkers has always been courteous, suggesting he may not be as insolent as people generally think. 224. Contemptuous: تحقیرآمیز 225. If one could don magic spectacles---with lenses that make the murky depths of the ocean become transparent---and look back several centuries to an age before widespread abuse of the oceans began, even the most casual observer would quickly discover that fish were formerly much more abundant. Likewise, many now-depleted species of marine mammals would appear plentiful. But without such special glasses, the differences between past and present oceans are indeed hard to discern. 226. Grazing: land where farm animals feed on grass 227. Sediment: رسوب 228. Last year, Mayor Stephens established a special law-enforcement task force with the avowed mission of eradicating corruption in city government. The mayor's handpicked task force has now begun prosecuting a dozen city officials. Since all of these officials were appointed by Mayor Bixby, Mayor Stephens' predecessor and longtime political foe, it is clear that those being prosecuted have been targeted because of their political affiliations. 229. Deviously: not straightforward 230. Craftily: clever and dishonest: deceit 'His parents had craftily concealed from him the fact that they were planning to rent out his room.' 231. By about age eight, children's phonetic capacities are fully developed but still plastic/malleable; thus children at that age can learn to speak a new language with a native speaker's accent. 232. Vestigial: small remaining part 233. In medieval philosophy every physical phenomenon is presumed to have some determinate cause, leaving no place for happenstance/ chance in the explanation of particular events. 234. Although the film is rightly judged imperfect by most of today's critics, the films being created today are beholden to/ indebted to it, since its release in 1940 provoked sufficient critical discussion to enhance the intellectual respectability of cinema considerably. 235. Duplicity: دورویی 236. Shrewdness: زیرک 237. Equivocation: doubt, uncertainty 238. ambient odors: surrounding odors 239. perceptual: the ability to notice something or come to an opinion about something using your senses 240. Pursuits: I don\'t have much opportunity for leisure pursuits these days. 241. I am sure your fears are unwarranted: unjustified 242. Sway towards: To become inclined to do something, especially as a change or in contrast to a previous decision or inclination. 'We are swaying toward withdrawing our company from the summit.' 243. Forethought: anticipation 244. Allocate: assign 245. reared by: raised by 246. Communal: collective 247. Memorandum: note 248. Viable: ماندگار 249. It is granted that hard work and perseverance often lead to success. = it is acknowledged that 250. Ostensibly: apparently 251. Revenues: income 252. refunneling to: redirection of efforts 'The company is refunneling its resources to focus more on research and development.' 253. Detract: reduce 254. Plummet: drop 255. Ethos: spirit, character 256. Disparate: different, not comparable 257. Derivative: imitate, unoriginal 258. Illuminate: clarify, explain 259. Shrug off: dismiss, ignore 260. Insidious 261. Sated 262. Carping 263. Seethed 264. Disinclined 265. Incipient: early, just starting out 266. Affinity: fondness, liking 267. Aggregate: collect, mass, bundle 268. Allure: attract, lure 269. Ambiguous: unclear, doubtful 270. Ambivalence 271. Amenity 272. Anachronism 273. Anarchy 274. Antipathy: dislike, hostility 275. Apposite 276. Apprise 277. Approbation 278. Ascetic 279. Assuage 280. Bolster 281. Chicanery: fraud, tricky